HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Chapter 22 Chapter 22

THE CIVIL RIGHTS THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTMOVEMENT

Section 1:Section 1: Freedom Now! Freedom Now!

Section 2:Section 2: Voting Rights Voting Rights

Section 3:Section 3: Challenges for the Movement Challenges for the Movement

Section 4:Section 4: The Movement Continues The Movement Continues

HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2

The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives:How was nonviolence used in the civil rights How was nonviolence used in the civil rights

movement, and how effective was it?movement, and how effective was it?How did protests in Albany, Georgia, and How did protests in Albany, Georgia, and

Birmingham, Alabama, differ?Birmingham, Alabama, differ?Why did supporters push for a civil rights bill, and Why did supporters push for a civil rights bill, and

what led to its passage?what led to its passage?

Section 1: Freedom Now!Section 1: Freedom Now!

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Nonviolence in the civil rights movementNonviolence in the civil rights movementSit-ins led to desegregation of lunch counters and Sit-ins led to desegregation of lunch counters and

restaurants.restaurants.March through Birmingham led to increased public March through Birmingham led to increased public

support for civil rights.support for civil rights.Freedom Rides led the Interstate Commerce Freedom Rides led the Interstate Commerce

Commission to strengthen regulations.Commission to strengthen regulations.Montgomery Bus Boycott led to desegregation of Montgomery Bus Boycott led to desegregation of

buses in Montgomery, Alabama.buses in Montgomery, Alabama.

Section 1: Freedom Now!Section 1: Freedom Now!

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Albany, GeorgiaAlbany, GeorgiaProtesters were arrested in large masses, but there Protesters were arrested in large masses, but there

was no violence.was no violence.Martin Luther King, Jr. was quietly let go before Martin Luther King, Jr. was quietly let go before

he could gain attention. he could gain attention. The protest was not a success.The protest was not a success.

Section 1: Freedom Now!Section 1: Freedom Now!

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Birmingham, AlabamaBirmingham, AlabamaPolice responded with violence, which caused Police responded with violence, which caused

people to support the protesters. people to support the protesters. The protest was a success.The protest was a success.

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

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A civil rights billA civil rights billSupporters believed that legislation enforced by Supporters believed that legislation enforced by

the federal government was necessary to give the federal government was necessary to give Americans equal rights.Americans equal rights.

Successful passage was aided by the Birmingham Successful passage was aided by the Birmingham protest, the March on Washington, and the support protest, the March on Washington, and the support of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.of Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

Section 1: Freedom Now!Section 1: Freedom Now!

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives: Why did early efforts to register voters in Mississippi fail?Why did early efforts to register voters in Mississippi fail? Why did the Freedom Summer project meet with limited Why did the Freedom Summer project meet with limited

success?success? How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party affect How did the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party affect

relations between the civil rights activists and the federal relations between the civil rights activists and the federal government?government?

How did the Selma protest lead to the passage of the How did the Selma protest lead to the passage of the Voting Rights Act?Voting Rights Act?

Section 2: Voting RightsSection 2: Voting Rights

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Reasons for early failuresReasons for early failuresmurder of Herbert Leemurder of Herbert Leeviolence against African Americansviolence against African Americansviolence against SNCC volunteersviolence against SNCC volunteersarrest of student demonstratorsarrest of student demonstratorsarson at SNCC officearson at SNCC office

Section 2: Voting RightsSection 2: Voting Rights

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Freedom Summer projectFreedom Summer projectmurders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and

Michael SchwernerMichael Schwernerfear of violence against African Americansfear of violence against African Americans

Section 2: Voting RightsSection 2: Voting Rights

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Mississippi Freedom Democratic PartyMississippi Freedom Democratic Partycreated when Mississippi’s Democratic convention created when Mississippi’s Democratic convention

rejected all African American candidatesrejected all African American candidateswanted to be recognized as the legitimate Mississippi wanted to be recognized as the legitimate Mississippi

delegation at Democratic National Conventiondelegation at Democratic National Conventionoffered 2 seats as tokensoffered 2 seats as tokensled to belief that the Democratic Party could not be led to belief that the Democratic Party could not be

trustedtrusted

Section 2: Voting RightsSection 2: Voting Rights

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Selma protest and the Voting Rights ActSelma protest and the Voting Rights ActMany Americans outraged by Selma police Many Americans outraged by Selma police

attacks on marchers.attacks on marchers.Thousands traveled to Montgomery to show Thousands traveled to Montgomery to show

support for marchers.support for marchers.President Johnson, shocked by the attacks, asked President Johnson, shocked by the attacks, asked

Congress to pass a voting rights bill.Congress to pass a voting rights bill.

Section 2: Voting RightsSection 2: Voting Rights

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives:What role did Malcolm X play in the civil rights What role did Malcolm X play in the civil rights

movement during the early 1960s?movement during the early 1960s?Why did nonviolent protest and the goal of racial Why did nonviolent protest and the goal of racial

integration lose support?integration lose support?How did northern racial discrimination and urban How did northern racial discrimination and urban

riots change the civil rights movement?riots change the civil rights movement?

Section 3: Challenges for the MovementSection 3: Challenges for the Movement

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Malcolm XMalcolm Xleading minister of Nation of Islamleading minister of Nation of Islamchampioned African American separatismchampioned African American separatismcalled for freedom “by any means necessary”called for freedom “by any means necessary”rejected beliefs in violence and separatism when rejected beliefs in violence and separatism when

converted to orthodox Islamconverted to orthodox Islamassassinated by Black Muslims in 1965assassinated by Black Muslims in 1965

Section 3: Challenges for the MovementSection 3: Challenges for the Movement

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Loss of support for nonviolence and Loss of support for nonviolence and integrationintegrationThose who had endured violence were frustrated Those who had endured violence were frustrated

with nonviolence.with nonviolence.Activists were angry that deaths of white civil Activists were angry that deaths of white civil

rights workers generated more concern than deaths rights workers generated more concern than deaths of African Americans.of African Americans.

Some believed that white students were taking Some believed that white students were taking over the movement.over the movement.

Section 3: Challenges for the MovementSection 3: Challenges for the Movement

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Effects of northern racial discrimination Effects of northern racial discrimination and urban riotsand urban riotsRace riots decreased white support for movement.Race riots decreased white support for movement.Economic power became emphasized.Economic power became emphasized.King came to believe that the Vietnam War King came to believe that the Vietnam War

diverted spending from social programs.diverted spending from social programs.King planned to lead a Poor People’s Campaign.King planned to lead a Poor People’s Campaign.

Section 3: Challenges for the MovementSection 3: Challenges for the Movement

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Objectives:Objectives:What problems did many leading African American What problems did many leading African American

organizations encounter in the early 1970s?organizations encounter in the early 1970s?How did the Supreme Court limit busing and How did the Supreme Court limit busing and

affirmative action programs?affirmative action programs?What gains did African Americans make during the What gains did African Americans make during the

early 1970s?early 1970s?

Section 4: The Movement ContinuesSection 4: The Movement Continues

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Problems facing African American Problems facing African American organizationsorganizationsloss of support as a result of economic focusloss of support as a result of economic focusfailure of Resurrection City project failure of Resurrection City project decrease in financial supportdecrease in financial supportFBI investigationsFBI investigationsinternal conflictsinternal conflictsimprisonment or death of many leadersimprisonment or death of many leaders

Section 4: The Movement ContinuesSection 4: The Movement Continues

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Supreme Court limitsSupreme Court limitsInIn Milliken Milliken v.v. Bradley Bradley, the Court struck down a , the Court struck down a

lower court’s order to merge city and suburban lower court’s order to merge city and suburban school districts in Detroit.school districts in Detroit.

In In University of California University of California v.v. Bakke Bakke, the Court , the Court ruled that affirmative action plans using quota ruled that affirmative action plans using quota systems are unconstitutional.systems are unconstitutional.

Section 4: The Movement ContinuesSection 4: The Movement Continues

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The American NationThe American NationHOLTHOLT

IN THE MODERN ERAIN THE MODERN ERA

Gains of African Americans in the 1970sGains of African Americans in the 1970s first African American mayor of Clevelandfirst African American mayor of Cleveland more than 4,500 African Americans in office by end of more than 4,500 African Americans in office by end of

decadedecade increase in African American businessincrease in African American business increase in African American enrollment in colleges and increase in African American enrollment in colleges and

universitiesuniversities narrowing of income gap between whites and African narrowing of income gap between whites and African

AmericansAmericans formation of strong alliances and lobbiesformation of strong alliances and lobbies

Section 4: The Movement ContinuesSection 4: The Movement Continues