Global Involvements and World War I,

1902 – 1920

Chapter 22

2

Readings

• Pp. 663-671• Pp.671-683• Pp. 684-694• Also, make sure you

have read

Company K excerpts• “Our Boys” article• “Influenza, 1918”

3

Introduction

• Jane Addams– Urged increased food

production– Fought for lower infant

mortality rates– Organized Women’s

International League– 1931 Nobel Peace Prize

4

Defining America’s World Role, 1902-1914

• Events of the 1890’s signaled America’s growing involvement in World affairs

5

The “Open Door”: Competing for the China Market

• Open Door– Textile investments– Railroad construction

• Boxer Rebellion– Harmonious Righteous

Fists– Secretary of State John

Hay– “informal empire”– 250,00o international army

• Open Door notes– 1900 Sec. Hay

• 467 million X 1.25 perShirt

6

The Panama Canal: Hardball Diplomacy

• 1879 French company• 1888 bankrupt• 1902 sold to US 40 million• Colombia? NO!• “Greedy little Anthropoids”

• Philippe Bunau-Varilla• New York Hotel revolution

• Nov. 3, 1903• US warship• 10 miles in perpetuity

• Walter Reed– Army Medical Corps

– Yellow Fever– Gorgas

• Panama Canal– 1906– 1914– Colombia gave in– 1921 $25 million

7

Roosevelt Asserts U.S. Power in Latin America and Asia

• Roosevelt– Venezuela

– Great Britain, Germany, Italy

– Dominican Republic– “Roosevelt Corollary”

to the Monroe Doc.– “wrongdoing”

– “Talk Softly but carry a big stick!”

8

Great White Fleet• San Francisco Board of

Education– No Asians in schools!

• “Yellow Peril”– California journalists

• “While Peril”– Japanese journalists

• 16 gleaming battleships• Japan and Russia cut us

out of China!• Oh, if the first Roosevelt had only known!

9

Taft Asserts US Power

• Revolt against Adolfo Diaz in Nicaragua

• Taft sends marines who stay until 1933

• Russia attacks and invades Manchuria

• Russo-Japanese War• Japan sunk Russian fleet 1904

10

Map 22.1: U.S. Hegemony in the Caribbean and Latin America

11

Wilson and Latin America

• John J. Pershing• “Black Jack”

12

War in Europe"Rule Britannia"

"Rule, Britannia! rule the waves:"Britons never will be slaves."

13

The Coming of War

• "I Didn't Raise My Boy to Be a Soldier"

14

The Perils of Neutrality

• Britain loses the Battle of Jutland.

• Britain declares North Sea a “war zone.”

• Germany declares waters off the coast of Britain a “war zone.”

• President Wilson: “Americans are to stay neutral in thought and in actions.”

• American banks loan $27 million to Germany

• American banks loan $4.3 billion to allies.

15

Lusitania

May 7, 1915

Sunk off the coast of Ireland

128 Americans killed

Secretly carrying munitions

16

Presidential Election of 1916

• “He kept us OUT of War”

Wilson defeats Charles Evans Hughes of New York, a Republican. Roosevelt roars, “The only difference in the two is the mustache—cowards.”

17

The United States Enters the War

• Wilson is elected in November.

• Russia is disabled from the war.

• Germany resumes “unrestricted U-boat warfare.”

• Czar is arrested. Democratic government comes to power in Russia. Yea, right!

• U-boats sink 5 American ships.

• Zimmerman Telegram to Germany’s ambassador to Mexico is intercepted.

• “Help us, and get back your lost territories.”

• April 2, 1917 Joint resolution to Congress. “Let us go and make the world safe for democracy.”

18

Mobilizing at Home, Fighting in France, 1917-1918

• Casualties– Allied 70% casualties– US 8% in 19 months

19

Raising, Training and Testing an Army

• Selective Service Act (May 1917)

• Commission on Training Camp Activities

• American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

20

Organizing the Economy for War

• War Industries Board– Fuel Administration– Food Administration

• “Meatless Mondays”• Wheatless Wednesdays• “Serve Beans By All Means”

• Harriot Stanton Blatch

21

Personalities

Kaiser Wilhelm Count Alfred von

Schlieffen

Paul von Hindenburg

22

French Allies

French general

Victor Michel French general Ferdinand Foch

French general

Joseph Joffre

23

British Russian and American

Allies

General Earl Haig, “Butcher Haig” as some came to call him for 2 million British casualties

King George V, Black Jack Pershing, Czar Nicholas II

Notice anything abut George V and Nicholas?Voice of Nicholas II, last Czar of Russia

24

With the Expeditionary Force in France

• As early as 1916 American volunteers jointed a French air unit known as the Lafayette Escadrille (squadron).

25

World War I Artillery

26

Necessary Elements of War

Maxim gun, U-boats, German anti-aircraft,

gas masks and British whistles

27

With the Expeditionary Force, continued…

28

Alabamians who served

Corporal Sidney Manning,

Manning Memorial,

Major General Robert Lee Bullard

29

Alabama Military Installations

Maxwell Field, Lieutenant Maxwell, Red Cross, Fort McClellan, Ft Rucker

30

Map 22.2: The United States on the Western Front, 1918

31

WWI Aircraft

32

WWI Aircraft

33

World War I Posters

34

Flanders Fields

• In the Trenches recreation

"In Flanders Fields"

35

With the AEF

“A German bullet is cleaner than a whore.”

“For God’s sake don’t show this to the President, he’ll stop the war.”

German spring 1918 offensives along the Aisne River and Marne

Harlem Hellfighters

36

Turning the Tide

MUD

St. Mihiel

37

Chateau-Thierry

• 3 US army and marine divisions stopped Germans here.

38

Belleau Wood

• 1 division 27,000 men and 1,000 officers

39

Rheims

• Turning point of war• German attack failed• Counter attack overwhelmed

Germans.

40

Promoting War and Suppressing Dissent

41

Advertising the War

• Committee on Public Information

• The Marne, Edith Wharton

• New Republic

42

Wartime Intolerance and Dissent

43

Phonograph, Popular Music and Home Front Morale

• Make sure and read pp. 680-681

44

Suppressing Dissent

• Espionage Act

• Sedition Amendment

• Schenck v. United States

45

Suppressing Dissent by Law

• Espionage Act

46

Economic and Social Trends in Wartime America

47

Boom Times in Industry and Agriculture

48

Blacks Migrate Northward

49

Women in Wartime

• 19th Amendment

50

Public-Health Crisis: The 1918 Influenza Pandemic

• Spanish Flu

51

Figure 22.1: Death Rate from Influenza and Pneumonia, 1900–1960

52

The War and Progressivism

• 18th Amendment

• War Labor Board

• Bureau of War Risk Insurance

53

Joyous Armistice, Bitter Aftermath, 1918-1920

• 11th Hour

• Of the 11th Day

• Of the 11th Month

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lCEWrrkJ82M

54

Wilson’s 14 Points: the Armistice

55

The Versailles Peace Conference,1919

56

Fight over the League of Nations

57

Racism and Red Scare, 1919-1920

58

Election of 1920

• Warren G. Harding

59

60

Conclusion