Chapter 21 1

Chapter 21. Analysis of Signalized Chapter 21. Analysis of Signalized IntersectionsIntersections

Understand the conceptual framework for the HCM 2000 method, Understand the conceptual framework for the HCM 2000 method, including Critical lane group, v/s ratio, saturation flow rate, capacity of a including Critical lane group, v/s ratio, saturation flow rate, capacity of a lane group, v/c ratio for lane group, approach and intersection v/c, LOS, lane group, v/c ratio for lane group, approach and intersection v/c, LOS, and effective green times and lost timeand effective green times and lost time

Have general ideas of the modules in Chapter 10 & 16 of the Highway Have general ideas of the modules in Chapter 10 & 16 of the Highway Capacity Manual 2000: Input module, Volume adjustment module, Capacity Manual 2000: Input module, Volume adjustment module, Saturation flow rate module, Capacity analysis module, and LOS moduleSaturation flow rate module, Capacity analysis module, and LOS module

Will be able to explain how Arrival Type is determinedWill be able to explain how Arrival Type is determined Know how to enter input data into the Highway Capacity Software and Know how to enter input data into the Highway Capacity Software and

interpret the outputinterpret the output Know how to deal with initial queuesKnow how to deal with initial queues Understand how the permitted left turns are modeled by the 2000 HCMUnderstand how the permitted left turns are modeled by the 2000 HCM Understand how the left-turn adjustment factor for compound Understand how the left-turn adjustment factor for compound

(protected/permitted) phasing is modeled.(protected/permitted) phasing is modeled.

Chapter objectives: By the end of this chapter the student will:

Chapter 21 2

21.1 Introduction21.1 IntroductionHighway Capacity Manual 2000Highway Capacity Manual 2000, Chapter 10 & 16, Consisting , Chapter 10 & 16, Consisting primarily of deterministic analytic algorithms developed from primarily of deterministic analytic algorithms developed from theoretical considerations and/or empirical data and regression theoretical considerations and/or empirical data and regression analysis and its companion Highway Capacity Software (HCS)analysis and its companion Highway Capacity Software (HCS)

SOAP (“simulation” and optimization)SOAP (“simulation” and optimization) Synchro Studio 7.0 (“simulation” and optimization, HCS analysis)Synchro Studio 7.0 (“simulation” and optimization, HCS analysis) Transyt 7F (“simulation” and optimization, network of signalized Transyt 7F (“simulation” and optimization, network of signalized

intersections)intersections) PASSER II (Signalized arterial analysis)PASSER II (Signalized arterial analysis) HCS Cinema & SigCinema (HCS + simulation based on HCS Cinema & SigCinema (HCS + simulation based on

NETSIM)NETSIM) SimTraffic (simulation)SimTraffic (simulation) CORSIM (simulation)CORSIM (simulation)

Chapter 21 3

The critical lane The critical lane groupgroup concept concept The The v/sv/s ratio as a measure of demand ratio as a measure of demand Capacity and saturation flow rate conceptsCapacity and saturation flow rate concepts Level-of-service criteria and conceptsLevel-of-service criteria and concepts Effective green time and lost-time conceptsEffective green time and lost-time concepts

21.1 Conceptual framework for HCM 200021.1 Conceptual framework for HCM 2000

Five fundamental concepts of the HCM 2000:

Chapter 21 4

21.1 Conceptual framework for HCM 200021.1 Conceptual framework for HCM 2000

21.2.1. Critical lane group concept

Critical lane analysis (Section 17.3) vs. Critical lane group analysis

Critical lane analysis compares actual flow (v) with the saturation flow rate (s) and capacity (c) in a single lane. Critical lane group analysis compares actual flow (v) with the saturation flow rate (s) and capacity (c) in a group of lanes operating in equilibrium. In either case, the ratio of v to c is the same (when traffic is evenly distributed among the lanes in a lane group). This applies to shared lanes, also.

v cv c

Exclusive right- or left-turn lanes must be separately analyzed because they are separate lane groups.

Lane utilization is considered in computing saturation flow rate.

Chapter 21 5

21.2.2 The v/s ratio as a measure of demand & 21.2.3 Capacity and saturation flow rate concepts

)/3600)(/(1

hcvPHF

VNt

Cc

Ldes

* The simple method in Chapter 18 (as a comparison – Vc is adjusted by converting into tvu (through vehicle unit) & saturation flow is given):

* The HCM 2000 model adjusts saturation flow rate and considers 11 specific conditions affecting intersection operations: (1) Lane width, (2) Heavy vehicle presence, (3) Grade, (4) Parking conditions, (5) Local bus blockage, (6) Location within the urban area, (7) Lane utilization, (8) Left turns, (9) Right turns, (10) Pedestrian-bike adjustment for LT movements, and (11) Pedestrian-bike adjustment for RT movements. All adjustments are used to modify an ideal saturation flow rate to one that represents prevailing conditions for the lane group. (7), (10), and (11) are new additions to the 1994 model.

RpbLpbRTLTLUabbpgHVw ffffffffffNfss 0We may not be able to compare directly lane groups because their conditions are different. So HCM use the flow ratio, v/s. This process is called “normalization.”

Chapter 21 6

Capacity

In the simple timing method in Chapter 18, the capacity of the intersection as a whole was considered.

CNt

hh

TV L

Gc

36003600

1

HCM 2000 as well as 1994 HCM gives the capacity of each lane group.

Demand does not necessarily peak at all approaches at the same time.

Capacity may change for each approach during the day. (like the effect of curb side parking, bus blocking, etc.)

Capacity is provided to movements to satisfy movement demands. (Note: the critical capacity ratio v/c (for the intersection as a whole) is still calculated in HCM 2000)

Chapter 21 7

For each critical lane group analysis calculate:

1. Saturation flow rate

Saturation flow rate for a lane group

Ideal saturation flow rate, 1900 pcphgpl

2. Capacity of a lane group

C

gsc i

ii

RpbLpbRTLTLUabbpgHVw ffffffffffNfss 0

Chapter 21 8

v/c ratios. “degree of saturation”

Three issues:

(1) Capacity is practically always estimated (because it is difficult to measure.)

(2) In existing cases demand is often measured by “departure flows” although it should be “arrival flows.”

(3) For future cases, predicted arrival volumes are given (by a planning model) instead of actually counted volumes.

Case 1 & 2: v/c > 1.0 resulted in a HCM analysis for an existing signalized intersection.

If demand is measured by a departure flow (assuming it was correct), this cannot be accepted because max value v/c = 1.0. If arrival flows are measured, v/c > 1.0 may occur – this becomes obvious because queue forms). Capacity must have been underestimated if queue is not formed despite the fact v/c > 1.0 results because HCM models are based on national average values.

Chapter 21 9

Case 3: v/c > 1.0 resulted in an analysis for a planned signalized intersection.

In a planning case, both demand and capacity are estimates. But, it may indicate that the forecast demand flow exceeds the estimated capacity of the lane group, and a problem will likely exist. Demand is an arrival flow for a predicted case because those values come from a planning model.

Computation of a v/c ratio for a given lane group (this model does not change:

Cg

sv

C

gs

v

c

vX

i

ii

ii

i

i

ii Flow ratio/Green ratio

Chapter 21 10

Computation of a v/c ratio for an intersection as a whole:

The critical v/c ratio for the intersection defined as the sum of the critical lane group flows divided by the sum of the lane group capacities available to serve them (compare this one with the Simple Method in Ch 17).

LC

Csv

CLC

sv

C

g

sv

C

gs

vX ci

ci

ci

ci

cici

cic

LC

CsvX cic

If the Xc > 1.0, then the physical design, phase plan, and cycle length specified do not provide sufficient capacity for the anticipated or existing critical lane group flows. Do something to increase capacity: (1) longer cycle lengths, (2) better phase plans, and (3) add critical lane group or groups (meaning change approach layouts)

LC

CsvX cic

max

maxmin

Chapter 21 11

Computation of a v/c ratio for an intersection as a whole (Additional comments):

If the critical v/c ratio is less than 1.00, the cycle length, phase plan, and physical design provided are sufficient to handle the demand and flows specified.

But, having a critical v/c ratio under 1.00 does not assure that every critical lane group has v/c ratios under 1.00. When the critical v/c ratio is less than 1.00, but one or more lane groups have v/c rations greater than 1.00, the green time has been misallocated.

Chapter 21 12

21.2.4 Level of service concepts and criteria

All the HCM delay models assume random arrivals. Hence, the delay model produce delays for approaches with random arrivals. Urban signals are coordinated; hence, many do not have random arrivals. This is corrected by the “quality of progression” factor called “Arrival Type” factor. See Table 21.5 and 21.6. There are 6 arrival types: 1 = poor coordination, 6 = exceptional coordination.

For uninterrupted facilities, like freeways, v/c has a direct connection with the performance of the facility. So, if v/c = 1.0, the facility is at the capacity.

For signalized intersections (interrupted facilities), this is not necessarily true – especially when delay is used as the MOE.

You may get LOS=F even if v/c is well below 1.0. For instance LT vehicles may have a long stopped delay even if its v/c is low.

HCM 1994 delay model focuses on the first 15-min interval. So, even if it is over-saturated (v/c > 1.0), we get a relatively smaller delay. HCM 2000 has 3 study approaches: Single analysis period for 15 min and 1 hour, and multiple 15-min analysis periods (See Exhibit 16-6 in HCM 2000.)

Chapter 21 13

The 2000 HCM uses “average control delay” consisting of three terms

321 ddPFdd

d1 = uniform control delay. You must divide d1 obtained by HCM 2000 by 1.3 to compare with d1 by HCM 1994 (stopped delay).

d2 = adjustment for randomness

d3 = adjustment for initial queue (left over vehicles caused by oversaturation in the previous cycle)

LOSLOS Control delay per Control delay per vehicle (s/veh)vehicle (s/veh)

AA <= 10<= 10

BB > 10 -20> 10 -20

CC > 20 - 35> 20 - 35

DD > 35 - 55> 35 - 55

EE > 55 - 80> 55 - 80

FF > 80> 80

The delay models are discussed in section 21.3.7.

Chapter 21 14

21.2.5 Effective green times and lost times21.2.5 Effective green times and lost times

GG yy arar RR

ll11 ee ll22 RR

ttLL gg RR

rr gg rr

A

B

C

DA. Actual signal indications

B. Actual use of green and yellow; e is extended green, i.e. part of the yellow used as green

C. Lost times l1 and l2 are added and placed at the beginning of the green for modeling purposes

D. Effective green and effective red

l1 = 2 sec/phase

e = 2 sec/phase

n

iLi

L

tL

llt

aryY

eYl

1

21

2

Default by HCM2000

Chapter 21 15

Effective green times and the application of the lost times:

HCM delay models use “effective green time” and “effective red time.”

HCM 2000 models assume that all lost times happen at the beginning of the phase.

iLii

ii

Liii

gCtRr

elGg

tYGg

1

tL

rigi

Watch out where tL takes place, especially when an overlap phase exists. That’s where you must add y and ar in the phase section of the HCS+ input module.

Chapter 21 16

21.3 The Basic Model21.3 The Basic Model

The HCM 2000 signalized intersection analysis consists of 5 modules. Compare them with the input/output sections of HCS+.

21.3.1 Model structure

Chapter 21 17

21.3.2 Analysis time periods21.3.2 Analysis time periods

The peak 15 minutes within The peak 15 minutes within the analysis hour (no over-the analysis hour (no over-saturation exists, no v/c > 1.0. saturation exists, no v/c > 1.0. Use PHF.)Use PHF.)

The full 60-min analysis hour The full 60-min analysis hour (OK, but masks the peak.)(OK, but masks the peak.)

Sequential 15-min periods for Sequential 15-min periods for an analysis period of one hour an analysis period of one hour or greater (Most or greater (Most comprehensive. PHF = 1.0 is comprehensive. PHF = 1.0 is used.used.

PHF

Vvp

Chapter 21 18

21.3.3 Input Module21.3.3 Input Module

Input Module: Many parameters are considered. See Exhibit 16-3 (Table 21-3 in the text). Geometric, traffic, and signalization conditions are considered Some of them are self-explanatory.

Area type: CBD intersections have lower saturation flow rates (in general). Saturation flow rates for CBD is about 10% less than for non-CBD.

Parking conditions and parking activity: Parking activity within 250 ft of the stop line is considered. Parking activities interfere traffic flow

Conflicting pedestrian flow (for RT vehicles): Pedestrian flow between 1700 to 2100 ped/hr completely blocks right-turn vehicles. HCM 2000 considers bicycles as well. Also, check pedestrian min green times

Local bus volume: Buses must stop to be considered in this parameter. If they pass through the intersection, not stopping for passengers, they are considered as heavy vehicles.

Arrival type: The single most important factor influencing delay predictions.

Chapter 21 19

More discussion on Arrival type (Exhibit 16-4, p.595 text):

11 Dense platoon, containing over 80% (P) of the lane group Dense platoon, containing over 80% (P) of the lane group volume, arriving at the start of the red phase volume, arriving at the start of the red phase very poor very poor progressionprogression

22 About 40 to 80% arriving at the start of the red phase About 40 to 80% arriving at the start of the red phase unfavorable progressionunfavorable progression

33 Main platoon contains less than 40% of the lane group volume Main platoon contains less than 40% of the lane group volume random arrival random arrival

44 40 to 80% arriving throughout the green time 40 to 80% arriving throughout the green time favorable favorable progressionprogression

55 Over 80% arriving at the start of the green phase Over 80% arriving at the start of the green phase highly highly favorable progressionfavorable progression

66 Exceptional progression, with minimal or negligible side-street Exceptional progression, with minimal or negligible side-street entries.entries.

Chapter 21 20

A. Input Module (cont)A. Input Module (cont)More discussion on Arrival type:

Need to compute a platoon ratio:

Cg

PR

ip

Rp = 1.00, when the proportion of vehicles arriving on green is equal to the g/C ratio. (Same as Exhibit 16-11 of HCM 2000.)

These Rp values are used to determine PF values. See Table 21-5 on page 596. See Table 21.8 for PF values.

P = Proportion of vehicles arriving on green.

Chapter 21 21

21.3.4 Volume Adjustment Module21.3.4 Volume Adjustment Module

j

igi vv

3. Determination of total lane group demand flow rates, vgi

2. Establish lane groups for analysis

Defacto LT lane: A shared TH-LT lane is functioning like a left-turn lane because there are so many LT vehicles. There is no way to know it from the beginning. So start the HCM procedure that there is no de-facto LT lane. In the procedure the proportion of LT vehicles in the left lane (PL) is estimated. If PL = 1.00, the lane becomes a Defacto LT lane. And you start the computation from the start! See Eq. 21-52 in page 633 for PL’s definition.

1. Conversion of hourly demand volumes to peak 15-min flow rates

PHF

Vv

Chapter 21 22

21.3.5 Saturation Flow Rate Module21.3.5 Saturation Flow Rate Module

The saturation flow rate module is the most important part of HCM2000. The prevailing total saturation flow rate for each lane group is estimated.

This is a HCM2000 saturation flow model. Compare with the one in the text which comes from HCM1994. First 7 are easy; the last two factors are really involved.

RpbLpbRTLTLUabbpgHVw ffffffffffNfss 0

Chapter 21 23

Chapter 21 24

Chapter 21 25

Right-turn adjustment factor, fRT (modified): The pedestrian effect term was removed and two new factors for pedestrian-bicycle blockage effect were created: fRpb and fLpb)

Chapter 21 26

Left-turn adjustment factor, fLT

1. Exclusive LT lane with protected LT phasing

2. Exclusive LT lane with permitted LT phasing

3. Exclusive LT lane with compound LT phasing

4. Shared LT lane with protected phasing

5. Shared LT lane with permitted phasing

6. Shared LT lane with compound phasing

Case 4 is rare because it may waste green time.

Case 6 may waste green time, also.

Section 21.5 discusses permitted LT and compound phasing cases. Appendix C of the 2000 HCM discusses the models.

Chapter 21 27

Adjustment factors for LT (fAdjustment factors for LT (fLTLT))

(Slower turning speeds are the major factor for this case.)

(When PLT = 1, a defacto LT lane, fLT is about 0.95.)

Logical choices

Chapter 21 28

In a simple signal timing method, critical lane groups were determined by comparing adjusted per lane flows in each lane group using a ring diagram. Chapter 17.3.

In the 2000 HCM, per-lane flows cannot be compared because we have lane group flows. So, we use v/s ratios to determine critical lane groups.

Once the v/s is computed (the outcomes of Module 2 and 3 of the 2000 HCM), v/s is used to determine critical lane groups and a ring diagram is again used to determine them.

HCM-way of determining lane groups and the sum of HCM-way of determining lane groups and the sum of critical lane group v/s ratioscritical lane group v/s ratios

21.3.6 Capacity analysis module

Chapter 21 29

1.1. The The v/sv/s ratio for each ratio for each lane group is computedlane group is computed

2.2. Relative Relative v/sv/s ratios are ratios are used to identify the used to identify the critical lane groups in critical lane groups in the phase plan; the sum the phase plan; the sum of critical lane group of critical lane group v/sv/s ratios is computedratios is computed

3.3. Lane group capacities Lane group capacities are computedare computed

4.4. Lane group Lane group v/cv/c ratios ratios are computedare computed

5.5. The critical The critical v/cv/c ratio for ratio for the intersection is the intersection is computed. computed.

Cg

sv

Cg

s

v

c

vX

i

ii

ii

i

i

ii

LC

Csv

Cg

sv

Cg

s

vX ci

ci

ci

cici

cic

C

gsc i

ii

LCgci

Eq 21-2

Eq 21-3

Eq 21-5

Chapter 21 30

Modifying signal timing based on v/s ratiosModifying signal timing based on v/s ratios After v/s ratios are computed, we may need to make adjustments – either

reallocation of green time, modifying cycle length, or modifying the intersection layout. For the first two cases, v/s ratios can be used to reduce the amount of trial-and-error computations.

First, we solve Xc for C:

LC

Csv

C

g

sv

C

gs

vX ci

ci

ci

cici

cic /

/

cic

c

svX

LXC

/

When Xc = 1.0, it is like C equation for simple signal timing (eq. 17-13).

Suppose sum(v/s) = 0.9, and we desire to achieve Xc = 0.95. What would be the cycle length to serve this (assume max C = 90 sec)?

sec90sec17190.095.0

)95.0(9max

CC

Xc = 0.95 cannot be achieved in this case. C = 171 sec is too long.

Chapter 21 31

Modifying signal timing based on v/s ratios Modifying signal timing based on v/s ratios (cont)(cont)

C needs to be contained within the common cycle lengths (171 sec in the previous example is too long). Typically C = 120 sec is the maximum cycle length accepted. Hence,

973.09120

12090.0/

LC

CsvX ic

Where, Σgi = C – L.

With sum(v/s) = 0.90 and C = 120 sec, Xc = 0.973 is the minimum that can be achieved. Once C is determined, we can compute new effective greens,then new actual greens for the next trial-and-error analysis.

ii

i

i

ii

i

i

ii g

Csv

Cg

sv

Cg

s

v

c

vX )/(

)/(

iii X

Csvg /

LgC i iLii YtgG

Chapter 21 32

21.3.7 LOS module21.3.7 LOS module

This is the last step—estimating average individual stopped delays for each lane group.

1. Delay models for standard cases (for permitted or protected or compound phasing phasing from a shared lane group):

cT

tuQd

cT

kIXXXTd

CgX

CgC

d

ddPFdd

b

11800

81)1(900

,1min1

15.0

3

22

2

1

321

CgfP

PF PA

1

1(eq. 21-30)

(eq. 21-31)

(eq. 21-32)

(eq. 21-35)

AA

AAA

I

i

iii

A

v

vdd

v

vdd

Chapter 21 33

Arrival Type determination reviewArrival Type determination reviewMore discussion on Arrival type:

Need to compute a platoon ratio:

Cg

PR

ip

Rp = 1.00, when the proportion of vehicles arriving on green is equal to the g/C ratio. (Same as Exhibit 16-11)

These Rp values are used to determine PF values. See Table 21.8 on page 608.

P = Proportion of vehicles arriving on green.

Chapter 21 34

Progression adjustment factor (PF)Progression adjustment factor (PF)

Chapter 21 35

Delay adjustment (k) for controller type Delay adjustment (k) for controller type (actuated or non-actuated) for the incremental (actuated or non-actuated) for the incremental

delay term, ddelay term, d22

Chapter 21 36

Upstream Filtering or Metering Upstream Filtering or Metering Adjustment Factor, IAdjustment Factor, I

Degree of Saturation at Upstream Intersection, XuDegree of Saturation at Upstream Intersection, Xu

0.40.4 0.50.5 0.60.6 0.70.7 0.80.8 0.90.9 ≥ ≥ 1.01.0

II 0.9220.922 0.8580.858 0.7690.769 0.6500.650 0.5000.500 0.3140.314 0.0900.090

An I-value of 1.0 is used for an isolated intersection (i.e., one that is 1 mile or more from the nearest upstream signalized intersection). This value is based on a random number of vehicles arriving per cycle so that the variance in arrival equals the mean.)

An I-value of less than 1.0 is used for non-isolated intersections. This reflects the way that upstream signals decrease the variance in the number of arrivals per cycle at the subject intersection. As a result, the amount of delay due to random arrivals is reduced.

Chapter 21 37

Initial queue delayInitial queue delay

Case 1: No initial queue, XCase 1: No initial queue, X≤1.00≤1.00 Case 2: No initial queue, X>1.00Case 2: No initial queue, X>1.00 Case 3: Initial queue, X<1.00, no residual queue at Case 3: Initial queue, X<1.00, no residual queue at

end of analysis periodend of analysis period Case 4: Initial queue, X<1.00, residual queue Case 4: Initial queue, X<1.00, residual queue

exists at end of analysis period but is less than the exists at end of analysis period but is less than the size of the initial queuesize of the initial queue

Case 5: Initial queue, X≥1.00, residual queue Case 5: Initial queue, X≥1.00, residual queue exists at end of analysis period and is the same or exists at end of analysis period and is the same or larger than the size of the initial queuelarger than the size of the initial queue

HCM 2000 cases:

Chapter 21 38

Determining whether Case 3, 4, or 5 exists.Determining whether Case 3, 4, or 5 exists.Total demand (v/hr) during the analysis period T (hr) with Qb initial queue at the beginning of analysis period T:

Ndem = Qb + vT

Capacity (v/hr) during analysis period T:

Ncap = cT

Assuming that an initial queue exists (i.e., Qb > 0):

• Case 3 exists when Ndem ≤ Ncap

• Case 4 exists when Ndem > Ncap and v < c

• Case 5 exists when Ndem > Ncap and v ≥ c

For Cases 1 and 2, there is no delay due to the existence of an initial queue, and d3 is zero.

For Cases 3, 4, and 5, use

cT

tuQd b

1800,1

3

1800 =3600/2: used to convert the unit of C (veh/hr) to (veh/sec) because delay is expressed in sec/veh. ½ is a shape factor for a triangle and a trapezoid showing the effect of delays by the initial queue.

Chapter 21 39

Determining whether Case 3, 4, or 5 exists.Determining whether Case 3, 4, or 5 exists.

)/1(13

5,4

cvc

Q

vc

Q

Xc

Qt

Tt

bbbCASE

CASE

00.1

11

00.0

5

4

3

CASE

bCASE

CASE

u

Q

XcTu

u

T

tTPFd

T

tdd

CgX

CgC

d

dddd

usCASE

CASE

CASE

31

2

5,41

3215,4,3

*,1min1

15.0

t = duration of oversaturation within T, h

u = delay parameter

Hence the total delay for these cases are:

(Unused capacity is used to clear Qb)

CgX

CgC

d,1min1

15.02

1

X = 1 for ds and X = actual for du.

(Note that PF is not multiplied to d1 like equation 21-3.)

Chapter 21 40

The size of the queue at the beginning of any The size of the queue at the beginning of any time period time period (i+1)(i+1)

cvTQXcTQQ ibiibiib ,0max1,0max1

Aggregating delay:

AA

AAA

I

i

iii

A

v

vdd

v

vdd

Chapter 21 41

21.3.8 Interpreting the results of signalized 21.3.8 Interpreting the results of signalized intersection analysisintersection analysis

v/c ratio for every lane groupv/c ratio for every lane group Critical v/c ratio (Xc) for the intersection as a wholeCritical v/c ratio (Xc) for the intersection as a whole Delays and levels of service for each lane groupDelays and levels of service for each lane group Delays and levels of service for each approachDelays and levels of service for each approach Delays and levels of service for the overall intersectionDelays and levels of service for the overall intersection

The following scenarios are possible:

Scenario 1: Xc ≤ 1.00, all Xi ≤ 1.00. No capacity deficiency

Scenario 2: Xc ≤ 1.00, some Xi > 1.00. As long as Xc ≤ 1.00, the current conditions can handle; reallocate green times

Scenario 3: Xc > 1.00, some or all Xi > 1.00. Need to change timing and if necessary physical layout changes

Chapter 21 42

21.4 Some “Simple” Sample Problems21.4 Some “Simple” Sample Problems

Problems 1, 2, and 3. See the discussions in Problems 1, 2, and 3. See the discussions in the textthe text

Chapter 21 43

21.5 Complexities with LTs21.5 Complexities with LTs

Left-turn adjustment factor, fLeft-turn adjustment factor, fLTLT, for , for

permitted left turnspermitted left turns Analysis of compound LT phasingAnalysis of compound LT phasing Using analysis parameters to adjust signal Using analysis parameters to adjust signal

timing (review it by yourself)timing (review it by yourself) Analysis of actuated signals (review it by Analysis of actuated signals (review it by

yourself) – With HCS 2000 you may use yourself) – With HCS 2000 you may use the SOAP’s actuated signal estimator.the SOAP’s actuated signal estimator.

21.5.1 LT Adjustment factor for permitted LTs21.5.1 LT Adjustment factor for permitted LTs

Interaction between LT vehicles and opposing vehicles

No gaps are available for LTs when the standing queue is released right after the signal turns green.

If a LT vehicle arrives during this time, it must wait, blocking the left-most lane, until the opposing queue has cleared.

After the opposing queue has cleared the intersection, LTs may be made through gaps in the unsaturated opposing flow.

LTs have no impact on the subject approach until the first LT vehicle arrives (for a shared LT lane).

gq = avg. amount of green time required for the opposing standing queue to clear the intersection, sec.

gf = avg. amount of green time before the arrival of the 1st LT vehicle, sec (gf = 0.0 sec for an exclusive LT lane)

gu = avg. amount of green time after the arrival of the 1st LT vehicle that is not blocked by the clearance of the opposing standing queue, sec

Chapter 21 45

Modeling permitted left-turns (cont)Modeling permitted left-turns (cont)

fu

qu

ggg

ggg

qf

fq

ggif

ggif

The first LT vehicle must wait.

Green not blocked by the opposing clearing queue, usable by LT vehicles

Green not blocked by the opposing clearing queue, usable by LT vehiclesFirst LT veh has not arrived yet

Opposing queued vehicles clearing

Opp. Queued vehicle clearing

Chapter 21 46

Modeling permitted left-turns (cont)Modeling permitted left-turns (cont)Basic structure of the permitted LT model (general concept)

The model must consider:

How LT vehicles are affected during various portions of the green phase.

How those LT vehicles affect the general operation of the lane group.

1st, determine a LT adjustment factor, fm, that applies only to the left-most lane from which LTs are made.

This factor, fm, is later combined to find the total impact on the lane group. Where there is only one (or double) exclusive left-turn lane in the lane group, fm = fLT.

)()0.1(

)()()](,0max[

)0.1(

1

12

Fg

g

g

gf

Fg

gF

g

gg

g

gf

ufm

ufqfm

1.00 >= F1 >= 0.0

F2 = 0 when opposing approach is multilane. Why?

(eq. C16-2 HCM2000 and 21-42 in the text)

Chapter 21 47

Basic structure of the permitted LT model (cont): multilaneBasic structure of the permitted LT model (cont): multilane

)( 1Fg

g

g

gf uf

m This equation allows for a value of fm of zero. This happens when g = gq (gu = g – gq=0); the opposing standing queue blocks the intersection to LT vehicles for the entire green interval. But, there are always SNEAKERS during Yellow or AR intervals; hence the minimum value needs to be established.

Observations show at least one vehicle can turn during the clearance interval and may be two if the second vehicle is a LT vehicle. 2 = 2 second headway, 1 = minimum 1 LT sneaker, and PL is the proportion (probability, that is) of LT vehicles in the left lane.

g

Pf L

m

12(min)

But the minimum is:

When a single (or double) exclusive-permitted LT lane is involved fLT = fm.

If there are more lanes (meaning through lanes) in the lane group, meaning a shared lane exists, the effective LT adjustment for other lanes is 0.91. N is the number of lanes in the lane group; -1 is the left-most lane.

N

Nff m

LT

)1(91.0

The lane group includes a shared LT lane

Chapter 21 48

Basic structure of the permitted LT model (cont)Basic structure of the permitted LT model (cont)

F1 values are computed as follows:

11

1

11

LL EPF For EL1, see Exhibit C16-3 in HCM

2000. Table 21.18.

Everything discussed up to here applies to all types of lane groups that are opposed by multilane approaches.

Now we consider single-lane opposing approaches.

Chapter 21 49

Basic structure of the permitted LT model (cont): single-lane Basic structure of the permitted LT model (cont): single-lane opposing approachesopposing approaches

When the opposing flow is in a single-lane approach, a LT vehicle on that approach creates a gap in the opposing flow through which a subject LT vehicle may move. We need to consider this available gap (2nd term below), which does not exist if there are multiple lanes in the opposing approach.

)()()0.1( 12)( Fg

gF

g

gg

g

gf ufqf

sm

11

1

22

LL EPF

LTo

nTHo

L P

PE

12

Proportion of through and RT vehicles in the opposing single-lane approach, decimal.

n = No. of opposing vehicles in the period gq – gf, about (gq – gf)/2. n can be zero. 2 is 2 sec/veh headway and n is for joint probability. The numerator is the probability that one or more vehicles are LT vehicles.

Proportion of LT vehicles in the opposing single-lane approach, decimal

(eq. C16-8 and 21-44 in the text)

Chapter 21 50

Now we need to estimate gNow we need to estimate gff

These models are empirical models.

LLTC

f tGeg )882.0( 717.0

When the subject approach has more than one lane (for shared permitted LT lanes):

When the subject approach has one lane (shared single-lane groups):

LLTC

f tGeg )860.0( 629.0

Where, G = actual green time for lane group, sec

LTC = LTs per cycle, [(vLT/3600) x C]

vLT = LT flow rate in subject lane group, vph

tL = total lost time per phase, sec

(eq. C16-5 & 21-47)

(eq. C16-7 & 21-47)

gf = 0 for exclusive LT lanes. A LT veh exists from the beginning of green

Chapter 21 51

Estimating gEstimating gqq

For opposing approaches with more than one lane (theoretical):

For single-lane approaches (empirical):

Loolcsq tqrvg 061.1762.0)( 943.4

Looolc

oolcq t

gqrv

qrvg

/150.0

See pages 631 & 632 for the notations.

o

oolcqoolc

qq g

qrvgqrv

gg

1

25.0

Number of vehicles arriving during the red interval

Average number of vehicles/second during the opposing effective green. These vehicles join the queue during gq.

2 sec saturation headway

The number of opposing vehicles entering intersection during gq.

Chapter 21 52

Estimating PEstimating PLL, the proportion of LT vehicles in the , the proportion of LT vehicles in the

left(-most) lane left(-most) lane

24.4

)1(1

1L

uf

LTL

Eg

g

gNPP

See page 633 for notations and derivation of this formula.

The proportion of LT vehicles in the total lane group, PLT, is known from input data. E.g. Suppose you have 100 LT vehicles in the approach flow of 600 vehicles (PLT = 1/6). Assume a two-lane approach and each lane gets 300 vehicles. All 100 LT vehicles will be in the left lane and hence we have 200 through vehicles in the left lane (PL = 1/3).

If PLT = 1.0, the left(-most) lane must be treated as a defacto left turn lane.

Chapter 21 53

21.5.2 Modeling the LT adjustment factor for 21.5.2 Modeling the LT adjustment factor for compound (protected/permitted) phasingcompound (protected/permitted) phasing

To simplify the model, HCM assumes:

• The protected and permitted portions of the phase are separated, with saturation flow rates and capacities computed separately for each.

• The protected portion of the phase is analyzed as if it were a fully protected phase (fLT = 0.95), while the permitted portion of the phase is analyzed as if it were a fully permitted phase, using the LT model described in the previous section.

• In analyzing the permitted portion of the phase, the algorithms used to predict gf, gq, and gu must be modified. (See Figure 21.12 for one case. See HCM 2000 pages 16-128 through 16-131 for other cases.)

Chapter 21 54

The leading protected LT caseThe leading protected LT casePhase where lost time takes place (starting point of a new phase)

Protected

Permitted

This is NOT a division but the G/Y1 interval. For TH it’s G; for LT it’s Y1.

For the permitted portion of a compound phasing, gf, gq, and gu are modified as shown below—with the * marks.

***

***

fu

qu

ggg

ggg

**

**

qf

fq

ggif

ggif

Permitted turns: Leading green

***qu ggg

SB

NB

(Read as “0 to g*”.)

Chapter 21 55

v/cv/c computation computation For computing v/c we need to have an algorithm to For computing v/c we need to have an algorithm to

estimate how much of traffic will use the protected and estimate how much of traffic will use the protected and permitted portion of green. It is complex because it will be permitted portion of green. It is complex because it will be affected by many factors.affected by many factors.

The HCM 2000 takes a very simplistic view:The HCM 2000 takes a very simplistic view:– Demand utilizes the full capacity of the first portion of the phase, Demand utilizes the full capacity of the first portion of the phase,

regardless of whether it is protected or permitted (meaning the regardless of whether it is protected or permitted (meaning the first phase gets v/c = 1.0)first phase gets v/c = 1.0)

– All demand unserved by the first portion of the first phase is All demand unserved by the first portion of the first phase is assigned to the second portion of the phase (If the second phase assigned to the second portion of the phase (If the second phase gets v/c > 1.0, then the compound phase under study is not gets v/c > 1.0, then the compound phase under study is not capable to handle the demand.)capable to handle the demand.)

Chapter 21 56

LOS (delay computation)LOS (delay computation) The approach assumes a uniform arrival pattern throughout the

compound phase because it is only the uniform delay term, d1, that is modified for compound phasing. It does not consider the protected and permitted phases separately.

Five different cases may arise as you see in the next slide.

Chapter 21 57

Determining the caseDetermining the case

qa = approach flow rate, vph

Total approach volumes during r + g

Capacity (max service flow during g)

sp = proteced phase departure rate, vph

ss = permitted phase departure rate, vph

Chapter 21 58

Uniform delay formulasUniform delay formulas

r g

qa sp

Total arrival volume during a cycle (because we are computing average control delay per vehicle)

Qa

qa gsp g

ap

a

aap

aap

qs

Qg

Qgqgs

gqQgs

Note that this g and gu do not have to be their interval values. Simply, they are the time needed to clear the queues.

Area = total delay (veh.sec)

d1 = [0.5/

Chapter 21 59

A close look at the delay for Case 1A close look at the delay for Case 1Note that the delay computed from this diagram is approach delay. Divide it by 1.3 to get stopped delay.

tc

A B

A Area = (1/2)rQa

B To find the area of B, we need to find tc.

sp*tc = Qa + qa*tc

tc = Qa/(sp – qa)

Area = (1/2)Qa*Qa/(sp – qa)

= (1/2)Qa2/(sp – qa)

Hence, 0.38rQa

(Hence, stopped delay = 0.38Qa

2/(sp – qa))