Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World, 1750-1850
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Transcript of Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World, 1750-1850
Chapter 21: Revolutionary Changes in Atlantic World, 1750-1850
Essential Question:
• How did the costs of imperial wars & the Enlightenment challenge established political structures & forms of governance & religion in Europe & the American colonies?
Prelude to Revolution: Eighteenth-Century Crisis
• European rivalries increased• Dutch attacked Spanish & Portuguese in Americas & Asia• Britain:
– checked Dutch commercial & colonial ambitions– defeated France-Seven Years War (1756–1763)
• French & Indian War in N. America– took over French colonial possessions in Americas & India
• Huge costs drove them to seek new revenue• Enlightenment inspired people to question & protest new ways of
collecting revenue
The Enlightenment & the Old Order
• Enlightenment thinkers applied methods & questions of Scientific Revolution to study of human society
Enlightenment & Old Order
• Enlightenment encouraged reform, not revolution
• Women were instrumental• New ideas attracted
expanding middle class • Americas viewed as new,
uncorrupted- progress would come more quickly
• Benjamin Franklin was symbol of natural genius & potential of America
Folk Cultures & Popular Protest
• Most people didn’t support Enlightenment ideas– tax reforms, etc. were violations of sacred customs
• violent protests meant to restore custom/precedent, not revolutionary change
American Revolution, 1775–1800
• After French defeat in 1763, British faced two problems – Conflict between
settlers & Amerindians
– need to pay debts & defend colonies
• provoked protests in colonies
• policies undermined Amerindian economy
• led to attempts to restrict settlement
• Proclamation of 1763• Quebec Act of 1774
Road to Independence
• British government tried to raise new revenue– Stamp Act of 1765
• Colonists organized boycotts, staged violent protests, and attacked British officials– Boston Massacre
• East India Company granted monopoly on import of tea to the colonies– Boston Tea Party
Course of Revolution, 1775–1783
• Continental Congress formed• Thomas Paine’s pamphlet
Common Sense & Declaration of Independence
• Military sent to pacify colonies– won most battles
– unable to control countryside– unable to achieve compromise
political solution to problems of colonies
Course of Revolution, 1775–1783
• Amerindians allies to both sides
• France entered war as ally of US in 1778– Crucial to success – naval support enabled
Washington to defeat Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia
• Treaty of Paris (1783), gave unconditional independence to former colonies
Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800
• colonies drafted written constitutions
• Articles of Confederation served as constitution for US during & after war
• democratic but only minority of adult male population could vote
• protected slavery
French Revolution, 1789–1815
• Clergy/nobility controlled most wealth
• Clergy exempt from taxes• Third Estate, rapidly
growing, wealthy middle class (bourgeoisie)
• peasants (80% of population), suffered -poor harvests
• violent protests-not revolutionary
• expensive wars drove France into debt
• kings introduced new taxes & fiscal reforms to increase revenue
• met with resistance
Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789–1792
• King called Estates General for approval of new taxes• Third Estate & some members of First Estate declared National
Assembly-pledged to write constitution to incorporate popular sovereignty
• As king prepared to arrest members of National Assembly, common people of Paris rose up against government-peasant uprisings broke out in countryside
• National Assembly issued Declaration of the Rights of Man• As economic crisis grew worse, Parisian market women marched on
Versailles-captured king & family• National Assembly passed new constitution -limited power of
monarchy, restructured French politics and society. • Austria & Prussia threatened to intervene-National Assembly
declared war in 1791
The Terror, 1793–1794
• King’s attempt to flee, led to execution & formation of new government, the National Convention, which was dominated by radical Mountain faction of Jacobins, led by, Robespierre
• Under Robespierre, executive power placed in hands of Committee of Public Safety, militant feminist forces repressed, new actions against clergy approved, & suspected enemies imprisoned & guillotined
• In July 1794, conservatives in National Convention voted to arrest & execute Robespierre
Reaction & Rise of Napoleon, 1795–1815
• Convention worked to undo radical reforms of Robespierre years, ratified a more conservative constitution & created new executive authority, the Directory
• Directory’s suspension of election results of 1797 signaled end of republican phase of revolution
• Napoleon seized power in 1799-began another form of government: popular authoritarianism
• Napoleon provided internal stability & protection of personal/property rights• negotiated agreement w/ Catholic Church (Concordat of 1801)• Created Civil Code of 1804• declared himself emperor (also in 1804) • Napoleonic system denied basic political & property rights to women-
restricted speech & expression• stability depended on military & diplomacy• No single European state could defeat Napoleon-
– occupation of Iberian Peninsula turned into costly war w/ resistance forces
– attack on Russia ended in disaster • Alliance of Russia, Austria, Prussia, & England defeated Napoleon in 1814
Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804
• French Saint Domingue was one of richest European colonies in Americas
• one of most brutal slave regimes • political turmoil in France led to
conflict between slaves & gens de couleur & whites
• slave rebellion under François Dominique Toussaint L’Ouverture took over in 1794
• Napoleon’s attempt to reestablish French authority led to capture of L’Ouverture- failed to retake colony
• became independent republic of Haiti in 1804
1791-Slaves rebel, end slavery, create Western Hemispheres second
independent nation; Haiti
Congress of Vienna & Conservative Retrenchment, 1815–1820
• From 1814 to 1815, Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria met in Vienna to reestablish & safeguard the conservative order in Europe
• The Congress of Vienna – restored the French monarchy– redrew borders of France & other European states– established Holy Alliance of Austria, Russia, Prussia
• Holy Alliance defeated liberal revolutions in Spain & Italy in 1820• Tried, without success, to repress liberal & nationalist ideas
Nationalism, Reform, Revolution, 1821–1850
• Popular support for national self-determination & democratic reform grew
• Greece gained independence from Ottoman Empire • French monarchy forced to accept constitutional rule & extend
voting privileges• Democratic reform in both Britain & in US• In Europe, desire for national self-determination & democratic
reform led to series of revolutions in 1848
Conclusion: The American Revolution
• expense of colonial wars led to imposition of new taxes on colonials
• Resentment over taxation led British American colonies to fight & win independence
• New American government reflected for contemporaries the democratic ideals of the Enlightenment
Conclusion: The French Revolution
• Revolutionaries in France created more radical representative democracy than found in America
• Events in France led to Haitian Revolution & Haiti’s independence
• Entrenched elite forces within & foreign intervention from without, made French & Haitian Revolutions more violent & destructive than American Revolution
• In France, chaos led to rise of Napoleon
Aftermath of Revolution
• Conservative retrenchment after Napoleon prevailed in the short term in Europe-nationalism & liberalism could not be held in check for long
• New social classes that arose w/ industrial capitalism demanded a new social & political order
• New political freedoms were limited to a minority– Women could not participate until twentieth century– slavery endured until second half of 19th century in America