Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1....
-
Upload
jocelin-turner -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1....
![Page 1: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi
Honors Biology
![Page 2: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. Protist Classification
A. The 1st Eukaryotes1. Part of the kingdom Protista2. Placed in the kingdom Protista when they cannot be classified as a plant, animal or fungus3. Most are unicellular
a. Example of a multicellular protest: brown algae or kelp
4. It is very difficult to classify protists5. The ancestors of modern day protists gave rise to all plants, animals & fungi
![Page 3: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
II. Protist Structure & Function
A. Movement1. Amoeboid Movement
a. Move by changing their shape and using cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodsb. ex. AmoebaAmoeboid Movement
Amoeba
![Page 4: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
2. Cilia & flagellaa. Protists that move using cilia are called ciliatesb. Protists that move using flagella are called flagellatesFlagella & Cilia Movement
Euglena
Paramecium
![Page 5: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
3. Passive Movementa. Nonmotileb. Depend on water or air currents to carry around their reproductive cells (spores)c. Ex. Plasmodium forms spores which are carried by mosquitoes & causes malaria
Plasmodium Life Cycle
![Page 6: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
B. Reproduction1. Cell Division
a. Asexual reproduction/ mitosisb. Allows rapid reproductionc. Identical cellsd. Limits genetic diversitye. Ex. Amoebas, paramecium, ciliates
![Page 7: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2. Conjugation a. After conjugating, the protist will go through mitosisb. Not a type of reproductionc. Maintains or Increases genetic variationd. Promotes evolution
![Page 8: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
3. Sexual Reproduction: Alternation of generations
a. alternates between a haploid & diploid phaseb . Water mold produces sexually by forming male & female structures that produce gametes fertilization zygotec. Water mold reproduces asexually by producing spores in a structure called a sporangium
![Page 9: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
III. Ecology of Protists
A. Autotrophic Protists1. Very different, but all are photosynthetic2. Base of the food chain for aquatic life3. Phytoplankton- feeding fish and whales
![Page 10: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
4. red algae- support the coral reefs by providing nutrients from photosynthesis- provides the calcium carbonate needed to stabilize the growing coral reefs
5. brown algae- largest protist, provides shelter for many marine species, provides food
6. euglenas- recycle waste from sewage dischargea. If there is a large amount of waste, an algal bloom
may developb. Dinoflagellates cause a bloom called a “red tide”
when they release toxins into the water
![Page 11: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
B. Heterotrophic protists1. Amoebas
a. Capture their food in way very similar to endocytosis
b. Store their food in a food vacuolec. Digest their food rapidly
![Page 12: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2. Ciliates- paramecium – pg. 612a. Use their cilia to sweep food into their gulletb. Digested by lysosomesc. Wastes removed through the anal pore
![Page 13: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3. Slime Moldsa. Eats decaying matterb. Found in damp placesc. Play a key role in recycling nutrientsd. 2 life stages» Single amoeba-like cells» Group of cells come together and form a
structure know as plasmodium
![Page 14: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
4. Protists that Absorba. Water molds grown on dead matter and absorb
food molecules through their cell walls
![Page 15: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
C. Symbiotic Protists1. Mutualists
a. Both the protist & the host benefitb. Trichonympha lives in the digestive system of
termites and allows for the digestion of wood
![Page 16: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
2. Parasites and Diseasea. Intestinal Diseases»Water borne» Giardi: causes severe diarrhea & digestive
problems» Entamoeba: causes amebic dysentery, destroys
intestines & causes severe bleeding
![Page 17: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
b. African Sleeping Sickness» Caused by the protists Trypanosoma» Spread by the tsetse fly» Destroys blood cells and damages nerves cells» Causes nervous system damage and causes the
person to go into deep, fatal sleep
![Page 18: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
c. Malaria» Caused by Plasmodium»One of the world’s most serious diseases» Carried by a mosquito & humans
![Page 19: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
IV. Fungi
A. Characteristics1. Heterotrophic
a. Contain powerful enzymes that digest food outside their bodies
b. Then they absorb the nutrients2. Cell wall contains chitin3. Eukaryotic
![Page 20: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
B. Structure & Function1. Yeast are unicellular2. Most other fungi are Multicellular
a. Contain branching fibers called hyphaeb. The portion of the fungus that is above ground is
the fruiting bodyc. The mass of branching hyphae beneath the soil is
the mycelium ( root like structures)
![Page 21: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
C. Reproduction- pg. 6201. Asexual
a. Release spores into the wind & waterb. Budding or breaking off a hypha is also considered
asexual reproduction2. Sexual
a. Involves 2 different mating types» No male & female, just “+” and “-“
b. Hypha of opposite matting types meet & fuse to form a 2N zygospore
c. Zygospore goes through meiosis and produces haploid spores that can all make new mycelium
![Page 23: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
D. Major Phyla of Fungi1. Basidiomycota
a. Club fungib. Sexual spores found in a club shaped cell called a
basidiumc. Ex. Mushrooms, puffballs, earthstars, shelf fungi,
jelly fungi, rusts
![Page 24: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2. Ascomycotaa. Sac fungib. Sexual spores are found in a sac-like structure
called an ascusc. Ex. Morels, truffles, Penicillium species, yeast
![Page 25: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
3. Zygomycotaa. Common moldsb. Tough zygospore produced during reproduction
that can stay dormant for long periodsc. Ex. Black bread mold, mycorrhizae on plant roots
![Page 26: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
4. Chytridomycotaa. Chytridsb. Only fungi with flagellated sporesc. Ex. Decomposers in lakes and moist soils
![Page 27: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
E. Ecology of Fungi1. Decomposers
a. Help ecosystems maintain homeostasis by recycling elements & breaking down dead organic matter
2. Parasitisma. Plant Diseases» Corn Smut»Wheat rusts»Mildews» Destroys approx. 15 % of the crops in temperate
climates
![Page 28: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Corn SmutWheat Rust
Mildew
![Page 29: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
b. Animal Diseases» Cordyceps- infects living animals & digests the
cells and tissues until the animal dies» Candida albicans- yeast infection in humans,
thrush (mouth), athletes foot
![Page 30: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
3. Lichensa. mutualistic relationship with cyanobacteria or
algaeb. cyanobacteria or algae give the fungus energy
(glucose)c. fungus gives the cyanobacteria or algae water &
mineralsd. lichens are great indicators of pollution levels in an
environment due to their high sensitivity of air quality
![Page 31: Chapter 21- Protists & Fungi Honors Biology. I. Protist Classification A. The 1 st Eukaryotes 1. Part of the kingdom Protista 2. Placed in the kingdom.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649ed35503460f94be3474/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
4. Mycorrhizaea. Mutualistic relationship with plant rootsb. Fungal hyphae collect water & minerals and bring
them to the rootsc. Fungi releases enzymes that free nutrients in the
soild. The plants provide the fungus with energy from
photosynthesis