Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds 21.1 Functional Groups 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds...
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Transcript of Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds 21.1 Functional Groups 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds...
![Page 1: Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds 21.1 Functional Groups 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds 21.3 Organic Reactions 21.4 Polymers.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56649e905503460f94b95397/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds
21.1 Functional Groups21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds21.3 Organic Reactions21.4 Polymers
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Functional GroupsAlcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groupsAlcohols are used as:
Fuel additivesSoapCologneMakeup
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Naming Alcohols -OH
Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl groupDrop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol)Number the carbonsInsert position numbersPunctuate
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Example
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Alkyl HalidesOrganic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbonSome of the most widely used organic compounds
TeflonCFCs
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Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl
Name the longest chain of carbonsAdd prefixes for attached halidesNumber the carbon atomsInsert position numbersPunctuate
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Example
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EthersOrganic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygenLow boiling pointsAct like alcohols
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Naming Ethers R-O-R’
The word ether will come at the endUsed as fuel additivesAdd the names of the alkyl groupsAdd prefixes if necessary
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Example
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Aldehydes and KetonesAldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain
Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain
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Aldehydes and KetonesUses of Aldehydes
FormaldehydeCinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)Benzaldehyde (nuts)
Uses of KetonesAcetone (nail polish remover)VanillinRaspberry ketone
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Naming Aldehydes R-C=O
Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o)Change –e to -al
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Naming Ketones R-C-R’
Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl groupChange –e to –oneNumber carbonsInsert numbersPunctuate
O
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Carboxylic Acids -COOH
Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional groupUsed for
Acids which occur in plants and animalsUsed to make plastics
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Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH
Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group
Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-
dioic)
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EstersOrganic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl groupUses
Responsible for most flavors and orders
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Naming Esters R-COO-R’
Name the parent carboxylic acidChange the –oic to –oateAdd the alkyl groupsPunctuate
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AminesOrganic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH3
UsesCommon as poison secreted by animalsFormed during protein breakdownCaffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine
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Naming Amines R-N-R’
Name the parent hydrocarbonDrop the –e and add –amineAdd the names of the alkyl groups
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21.3 Organic ReactionsThere are four types of organic reactions
Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination
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Substitution ReactionsOn in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule
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Addition ReactionsOne in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule
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Addition ReactionsHydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule
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Condensation ReactionsOne in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine
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Elimination ReactionOn in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule
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21.4 PolymersPolymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions
Monomer – small units that make up polymers
Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers
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Thermal PropertiesThermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times
Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape
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StructureLinear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)
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StructureBranched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)
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StructureCross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)
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Addition PolymersA polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond
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Addition Polymers
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Natural v. Synthetic Rubber
Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree
Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.
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Natural Rubber
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Synthetic Rubber
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Condensation PolymersA polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups)
Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber
Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers
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Nylon
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Polyester