Chapter 21 Notes. Bull Run The South They won the battle BUT They won the battle BUT Inflated...

Chapter 21 NotesChapter 21 Notes

Bull RunBull Run

The SouthThe South They won the battle They won the battle

BUTBUT Inflated confidenceInflated confidence Soldiers desertedSoldiers deserted Preparations slackenedPreparations slackened

The UnionThe Union Lost the battle BUTLost the battle BUT

Dispelled illusions for Dispelled illusions for short warshort war

Northerners buckled Northerners buckled downdown

Eventually waged for Eventually waged for EmancipationEmancipation

New York Irish Regiment celebrating MassBoth armies experienced religious revivals during the war. This photograph shows members of a largely Irish regiment from New York celebrating Mass at the beginning of the war. Notice the presence of some female visitors in the left foreground. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Peninsula Campaign / Peninsula Campaign / Seven Days’ BattleSeven Days’ Battle

A Northern failureA Northern failure Although the South lost 20,000 men compared Although the South lost 20,000 men compared

to the North’s 10,000 mento the North’s 10,000 men If McClellan would have succeeded it would If McClellan would have succeeded it would

have restored union as is [Slavery intact]have restored union as is [Slavery intact] The loss actually ensures a war until slavery is The loss actually ensures a war until slavery is

destroyed destroyed Can’t destroy the government without paying a Can’t destroy the government without paying a

priceprice Lincoln Lincoln draftsdrafts the Emancipation Proclamation the Emancipation Proclamation

Six Components of the Northern Six Components of the Northern Military PlanMilitary Plan

1.1. Slowly suffocate South by blockading its coastsSlowly suffocate South by blockading its coasts

2.2. Liberate the slaves and undermine economic Liberate the slaves and undermine economic foundations of the Old Southfoundations of the Old South

3.3. Cut Confederacy in ½ by seizing control of Cut Confederacy in ½ by seizing control of Mississippi River backboneMississippi River backbone

4.4. Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops Chop Confederacy in pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinasthrough Georgia and the Carolinas

5.5. Decapitate by capturing capital at RichmondDecapitate by capturing capital at Richmond

6.6. Try everywhere to engage enemy's main strength Try everywhere to engage enemy's main strength and to grind it into submissionand to grind it into submission

War at SeaWar at Sea

The blockade didn’t start out great but eventually The blockade didn’t start out great but eventually extended by degreesextended by degrees

Britain quick to comply since it was their chief Britain quick to comply since it was their chief offensive weaponoffensive weapon Didn’t want that coming back to slap them in the face in Didn’t want that coming back to slap them in the face in

later warslater wars Merrimack (wooden ship with iron sides vs. Monitor Merrimack (wooden ship with iron sides vs. Monitor

(an actual iron ship) (an actual iron ship) Fought to a standstillFought to a standstill Spells doom for the wooden warships globallySpells doom for the wooden warships globally

Lincoln at Sharpsburg, October 1862Very much the commander-in-chief, President Lincoln visited Union forces on the battlefield on several occasions and was deeply involved in every aspect of the war's execution. Although his only military experience before taking office consisted of brief service in the Black Hawk War, Lincoln's abilities as a military strategist far exceeded that of most of his generals. Here he stands behind Union lines at Antietam with Allan Pinkerton, the detective who provided the Union army with intelligence information, and General John McClernand, who often accompanied the president in his travels. (Library of Congress)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

22ndnd Battle of Bull run Battle of Bull run August 29-30 1862August 29-30 1862

After victory Lee thrusts into MarylandAfter victory Lee thrusts into Maryland Hoping to gain foreign interventionHoping to gain foreign intervention Seducing Border StatesSeducing Border States

Found Lee’s military plansFound Lee’s military plans

AntietamAntietamSeptember 17, 1962September 17, 1962

Most decisive Battle in Civil War (12 hrs)Most decisive Battle in Civil War (12 hrs) Bloodiest Bloodiest SINGLESINGLE day of the war day of the war

Stopped interference from Britain and FranceStopped interference from Britain and France Emancipation Emancipation springboardspringboard

Lincoln wouldn’t do it until they had a military Lincoln wouldn’t do it until they had a military victory victory

It would look like they were incapable of conquering It would look like they were incapable of conquering the South and that they needed slaves to murder their the South and that they needed slaves to murder their masters to win.masters to win.

AntietamIn the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)


Confederate Dead at the Dunker Church by Mathew BradyAn exhibition of photographs from the Battle of Antietam, taken by Mathew Brady, opened in October of 1862 in New York City. Although few knew it, Brady's vision was very poor, and this photograph of Confederate dead was actually made by his assistants, Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson. (Library of Congress)


Antietam by James HopeA painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)


Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)


Freedom to the Slave, 1863This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia)


The Emancipation ProclamationThe Emancipation Proclamation ““The character of the war will be changed. It will be The character of the war will be changed. It will be

one of subjugation…The [old] South is to be one of subjugation…The [old] South is to be destroyed and replaced by new propositions and destroyed and replaced by new propositions and ideas.”ideas.”

Declared slaves in those of the Confederate states Declared slaves in those of the Confederate states still in rebellion “forever free”still in rebellion “forever free” Loyal border states were not affected nor specific Loyal border states were not affected nor specific

conquered areas in the South (total: 800,000)conquered areas in the South (total: 800,000) The proclamation was “an act of justice” and calling The proclamation was “an act of justice” and calling

for the “considerate judgment of mankind and the for the “considerate judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.”gracious favor of Almighty God.”

A stronger proclamation than emancipationA stronger proclamation than emancipation

Consequences…Consequences… Thousands of slaves flocked to the invading union Thousands of slaves flocked to the invading union

Thus crippling already rundown plantations of their Thus crippling already rundown plantations of their workforceworkforce

Lincoln’s immediate goal was not only to liberate the Lincoln’s immediate goal was not only to liberate the slaves but also to strengthen the moral cause of the slaves but also to strengthen the moral cause of the union at home and abroad.union at home and abroad.

Legally achieved by action of the individual states Legally achieved by action of the individual states and by their ratification of the 13and by their ratification of the 13 thth Amendment in Amendment in 1865…8 months after the war had ended.1865…8 months after the war had ended.

Changed the nature of the war because it effectively Changed the nature of the war because it effectively removed any chance of a negotiated settlement.removed any chance of a negotiated settlement. Both sides knew it would be a fight to the finishBoth sides knew it would be a fight to the finish

Consequences…ContinuedConsequences…Continued Opposition mounted in the northOpposition mounted in the north Many soldiers desertedMany soldiers deserted Crucial congressional elections in 1862 went heavily Crucial congressional elections in 1862 went heavily

against the administration against the administration Caused outcry from the SouthCaused outcry from the South Aristocrats of Europe quick to point out only applies Aristocrats of Europe quick to point out only applies

to rebel slaveholdersto rebel slaveholders Old World working class more determined to support Old World working class more determined to support

the North and oppose any interventionthe North and oppose any intervention The North has a stronger moral cause while the moral The North has a stronger moral cause while the moral

position of the South was correspondingly diminishedposition of the South was correspondingly diminished

Fredericksburg, VirginiaFredericksburg, Virginia

A.E. Burnside launched A.E. Burnside launched a rash frontal attack on a rash frontal attack on Lee’s strong position on Lee’s strong position on December 13, 1862December 13, 1862

More than 10,000 More than 10,000 Union soldiers were Union soldiers were killed or wounded in killed or wounded in “Burnside’s Slaughter “Burnside’s Slaughter Pen.”Pen.”

War dead, FredericksburgMany soldiers entered the Civil War expecting excitement and colorful pageantry, but the realities of war were harsh and ugly. This photograph by Union cameraman Andrew J. Russell shows a line of southern soldiers who were killed while defending a position at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Even after Union soldiers had breached the wall, the Confederates fought on, using their rifles as clubs until they were all mowed down. Scenes like this became so common that veterans reported that they became numb to the shock of death. (Library of Congress)


Wounded at FredericksburgIn this photograph, taken outside an army hospital in Fredericksburg, Virginia, one of the many women who served as nurses during the Civil War sits with some of her wounded charges. Medical facilities and treatment for the wounded were woefully inadequate; most of those who were not killed outright by the primitive surgical practices of the day either died from their wounds or from secondary infections. (Library of Congress)


Chancellorsville, VirginiaChancellorsville, Virginia

““Fighting Joe” Hooker Fighting Joe” Hooker takes commandtakes command

Lee sends “Stonewall” Lee sends “Stonewall” Jackson to attack the Jackson to attack the Union flankUnion flank

Victory probably Lee’s Victory probably Lee’s most brilliantmost brilliant

But at a costBut at a cost Stonewall killed by own Stonewall killed by own

men by accidentmen by accident Lee loses “right hand man”Lee loses “right hand man”

First Day at Gettysburg by James WalkerDuring the summer of 1863, Confederate General Robert E. Lee proposed a daring invasion into Pennsylvania in hopes that it might force the Union to end the war. It proved to be a turning point, but not the one Lee anticipated. At Gettysburg, a series of battles like the one shown here--this one on the first day of the fighting--cost Lee more than half of his entire army and forced him to retreat back into Virginia. President Lincoln hoped that the Union army would pursue the fleeing Confederates and destroy the remnants of Lee's force, but he was disappointed when he learned that Lee had escaped. "Our Army held the war in the hollow of their hand," Lincoln complained, "and they would not close it." (West Point Museum, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York)


GettysburgGettysburgJuly 1-3, 1863July 1-3, 1863

Pennsylvania ~ 170,000 union men in combat with lee’s 76,000 menPennsylvania ~ 170,000 union men in combat with lee’s 76,000 men Lee sees it as another chance to win over influence from EuropeLee sees it as another chance to win over influence from Europe The bloodiest battle of the war The bloodiest battle of the war

23,000 Union Soldiers23,000 Union Soldiers 28,000 Confederate soldiers28,000 Confederate soldiers

On July 3 at 3:00 P.M., Confederate general George Pickett led his On July 3 at 3:00 P.M., Confederate general George Pickett led his disastrous charge on Cemetery Ridge. disastrous charge on Cemetery Ridge.

The attack failed and Lee retreated into Virginia. The attack failed and Lee retreated into Virginia. General Meade, recognizing that his men were exhausted, refused to General Meade, recognizing that his men were exhausted, refused to

follow Lee's troops, and the Civil War continued for two more long follow Lee's troops, and the Civil War continued for two more long and bloody years. and bloody years.

Meade was criticized as overcautious for failing to pursue Lee, but Meade was criticized as overcautious for failing to pursue Lee, but military historians tend to exonerate him. military historians tend to exonerate him.

Consequences…Consequences…

Broke the heart of the Confederate causeBroke the heart of the Confederate cause Lincoln refused to let the peace delegation Lincoln refused to let the peace delegation

through the linesthrough the lines From now on the Southern cause was doomedFrom now on the Southern cause was doomed In November 1863 Lincoln returned to In November 1863 Lincoln returned to

dedicate the cemetery giving his Gettysburg dedicate the cemetery giving his Gettysburg AddressAddress

Lincoln’s Gettysburg AddressLincoln’s Gettysburg Address

"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought "Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." He concluded, "government of the are created equal." He concluded, "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." from the earth."

"The world will little note, nor long remember, what "The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but can never forget what they did here."we say here, but can never forget what they did here."

Lincoln's ten sentences are the most famous speech in Lincoln's ten sentences are the most famous speech in American history and, it has been argued, recast the American history and, it has been argued, recast the principles of American government. principles of American government.

A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, July 1863

(Library of Congress)


Injured Confederate Soldiers Captured at Gettysburg, 1863 by Mathew BradyAt the end of the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, Lee's army had suffered over 25,000 casualties. These uninjured Confederate captives, who refused to face the camera and stare off in different directions, may have spent the rest of the war in northern prison camps. (Library of Congress)


Sharpshooter's Last Sleep, Devils Den

This is a Civil War photograph of a sharpshooter at Devil's Den on the Gettysburg battlefield. (Library of Congress)


Chapter 21 Notes. Bull Run The South They won the battle BUT They won the battle BUT Inflated...

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