CHAPTER 20: THE EAST ASIAN WORLDThe Ming and Qing Dynasties

THE MING DYNASTY

• Lasted from 1368-1644

• Created by overthrowing the Mongols

• Name came from Ming Hong Wu

• Established capital in Nanjing

• Size of empire• Limited to part of present day China• But politically had control in Mongolia too

THE MING EMPIRE

THE MING DYNASTY

• Ming Government• Centralized bureaucracy• Civil Service Exam system

• Had to be qualified for the job• No longer given as a favor

• Set up National school system• Ran large number of factories and workshops• Improvement of Grand Canal

• Shipping lane across China

THE MING DYNASTY• Yong Le

• Successor to Ming Hong Wu• Creation of Imperial City (1406)

• Beijing• Seen as a sign of prestige and power• AKA Forbidden City

• Naval Voyages (1405-1433)• 7 voyages• Established connection to outside world• Went as far as East Africa• Brought home new goods

THE IMPERIAL CITY

THE MING DYNASTY

• Foreign Interaction• 1514: Portugal

• Portuguese fleet lands in China• China had no interest and paid little attention• Felt that they were more powerful than any European country

• Similar to the Anglo-Saxon superiority complex• Portuguese wore out welcome quickly• Banished to only the small port of Macao

THE MING DYNASTY

• Christian Missionaries• European in origin• Highly educated men• Both the missionaries and Chinese learned much from one another

• Chinese• Introduction of European glasses

• Missionaries• Chinese architecture• Prevalence of books (Printing in Europe still limited in early 1500’s)

THE MING DYNASTY• Decline of the Dynasty

• Power struggles of future emperors• Political corruption• High taxes• Poor growing seasons• Disease outbreaks• Peasant Rebellion (1644)

• Led by Li Zicheng• Overtook Beijing• Emperor commits suicide

THE QING DYNASTY

• Origins• Manchus

• Lived North of the Great Wall• Invaded and took control from the peasants in 1644• Established the Qing Dynasty• Lasted until 1911

THE QING DYNASTY

• Like the Moguls, controlled an empire that they were not native to

• Less than 2% of population were Manchus

• Chinese resisted and established Taiwan as a haven• Manchus prepare to invade• All loyal to Manchus must wear queue• “Lose your hair or lose your head!”

• Over time, Manchus became legit

rulers in China

THE QING DYNASTY

• How do you balance Manchu and Chinese Traditions?• Same questions asked by Moguls in India• Kept the same political system as Ming Dynasty

• Chinese held 80% of political positions• Almost all were at lower level (Like Moguls)

• Manchus held majority of land• Received money from treasury

THE QING DYNASTY

• Kangxi (1661-1722)• Considered possibly the greatest of all emperors• Ruled for 61 years• Insisted on being a hard-working ruler

• “One act of negligence may cause sorrow throughout the country, and one moment of negligence may result in trouble for thousands of generations”

• Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)• China and Russia• Limited Russian movement into China• Established a trading agreement between the two nations

• Proclaimed religious tolerance for Christians• Roughly 300,000 Chinese converted to Catholicism

THE QING DYNASTY-KANGXI

ECONOMICS IN CHINA

• Agricultural society• 85% of population were farmers

• Changes to Society• 1. Population increase

• 80 million to 300 million in 300 years• Aided periods of peace and good growing seasons

• 2. Increased trading and manufacturing• Government controlled and still seen as inferior to agriculture

FAMILY IN CHINA

• Family was the central group in society• Everything revolved around it• Responsible for:

• Educating children• Taking care of unmarried daughters• Taking care of the elderly

• Multiple generations under one roof• Took on the family of your sons as well

WOMEN IN CHINA

• Considered inferior to men in society• Women could not divorce or inherit land• Husband could divorce if:

• Wife did not give birth to sons• Husbands could take on second wife as well

• Footbinding• Began among wealthy but quickly spread to all classes• Estimated that up 2/3’s women went through it at one point• Kept them from walking• Had to be carried everywhere

FOOTBINDING

EUROPEANS IN CHINA

• Qianlong (1736-1795)• Led China to greatest period of prosperity and size• Then came decay

• As he aged, corruption increased• Higher taxes from corrupt officials

• White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804)• Peasant rebellion• Eventually suppressed but greatly weakened Empire

EUROPEANS IN CHINA

• Limitations• Europe could only trade between October and March on island of Guangzhou

• England• Wanted more access• Had unfavorable balance of trade (imported more than exported)• Imported: tea, silk, porcelain• Exported: cotton and silver(paid as debt for tea)

CHAPTER 20: THE EAST ASIAN WORLDReunification of Japan

POLITICAL CHANGES IN JAPAN

• Japan in 1400’s under control by the Daimyo• Noble families taking power from the shogun• Reunification would take years and 3 people to complete

• Oda Nobunga• Seized capital of Kyoto• Placed current government under his control• Unified the central part of Japan

POLITICAL CHANGES IN JAPAN

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi• Moved his capital to Osaka• 1590, persuaded the Daimyo to fall under his rule

• Tokugawa Ieyasu• Takes control after Hideyoshi• Daimyo in control of Tokyo• 1603 took title of shogun• Family had control until 1868

• Period known as “The Great Peace”

THE TOKUGAWA ERA

• Maintained rule for 300 years

• Maintained rule through Hostage System• Daimyo ruled the 25 independent provinces• Tokugawa made Daimyo have 2 residences• When not in Tokyo, their family had to stay there close to shogun• Samurai class became more like managers than warriors

THE TOKUGAWA ERA• Tokugawa Economy and Society

• Paper Money• Became common use among Japanese• Led to development of the Merchant class

• Farmers• Majority could not afford the taxes being waged and became tenant farmers• Led to many revolts among farming class

• Class System• 1. Warriors• 2. Peasants• 3. Artisans• 4. Merchants• Intermarriage was forbidden

THE TOKUGAWA ERA

• The Social Classes• The Warrior Class

• Made up of shogun, daimyo, samurai and ronin• Shogun was the supreme ruler below emperor• Daimyo received land and rice from shogun for military service• Samurai received rice from daimyo for advisory roles• Ronin were warriors looking for work

THE TOKUGAWA ERA

• Tokugawa Economy and Society• The Eta

• The outcasts of Japan• Lowest class of all• Laws regulated:

• Where they lived• Clothes they wore• Hairstyles they could have

• Women• Restricted rights• Arranged marriages• Could be divorced if not meeting expectations

THE TOKUGAWA ERA• Literature and Arts

• Kabuki• Theater productions• Dramas from the teahouses and dance halls of japan• Women could not appear in kabuki

• Believed it corrupted moral standards• Architecture

• Developed because of need for multiple residences• Daimyo built lavish houses in Tokyo

CHAPTER 20: THE EAST ASIAN WORLDThe Kingdoms of Korea and Southeast Asia

KOREA: THE HERMIT KINGDOM• The Yi Dynasty

• Yi Song-gye• Military strategist and overthrower of Koryo Dynasty• Adopted Chinese ideas of bureaucratic government• Wanted to make sure they were like China but not exact• One difference was language/alphabet (Hangul)

• Phonetically based instead of symbols• Everything is sounded out• Still used today in writings

KOREA: THE HERMIT KINGDOM• Trouble in the Yi Dynasty

• Invasion by China and Japan• Hideyoshi (Japan) invades in 16th century

• Wanted Korea to be a travel route to China• Korea won but land was devastated and towns destroyed• Workers killed or kidnapped

• Manchus invade in 1620’s• Recovery from these resulted in period of peace

• Isolationists• Remained hidden from European affairs and connections• Did not allow missionaries or merchants in which gave them the

“Hermit” nickname

KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA• Vietnam

• “March to the South”• Emperors slowly took over more land• Caused the Khmer monarchy to disappear

• Government• Designed to suit each emperor• Followed Chinese and Confucian ideas• Treat people with love and compassion• Intermediary between Heaven and Earth• Appointed by Heaven (Divine Right of Kings)

KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA• Indonesia

• Spice trade attracted Muslim merchants• Islamic ideas came along with them• Led to Islamic political states developing in spice route• Sultan at Melaka

• Used the success of his spice trade to take over whole region• Melaka was in the heart of the trade route and everyone had to go

through it• Government

• Installed the status of sultans• Defender of faith but still mortal• Bureaucracy full of aristocrats and not qualified people

KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA• Other types of Kingships

• Buddhist rulers• Seen in Laos, Burma, Cambodia, and Thailand• Seen as superior to humans• Connection between human society and the universe

• Javanese rulers• Had a sacred quality to them• Maintained balance in sacred and material world• Palace was supposed to represent center of the universe

• Shaped like rays that spread to the rest of the empire