Family Law Reform and the Feminist Debate: Actually-Existing Islamic Feminism in the Maghreb
Chapter 20 Section 2. Feminism The Feminist movement emerged in the 1960s. Feminism is the belief...
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Transcript of Chapter 20 Section 2. Feminism The Feminist movement emerged in the 1960s. Feminism is the belief...
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Chapter 20Section 2
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Feminism
• The Feminist movement emerged in the 1960s.
• Feminism is the belief that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal.
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Women during World War II
• During World War II, while men were overseas fighting in the war, women took their place in the workforce.
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Role as Homemakers
• After the war, many women returned to their roles as homemakers.
• However, more women took jobs outside the home during the 1950s.
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Not Equal
• By the mid-1960s, almost half of American women worked outside the home, often in low-paying jobs.
• Signs of unequal status of women included:– newspapers separated job ads by gender– clubs refused women memberships– banks denying women credit– women often were paid less for the same work as
men
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Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
• In 1961, President Kennedy set up the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women.
• The commission was headed by Eleanor Roosevelt.
• The commission’s report helped create a network of feminist activists who lobbied Congress for women’s laws.
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Congressional Action
• Congress passed the Equal Pay Act in 1963.– It outlawed paying men more than women for the
same job. • Congress also added Title VII (7) to the 1964
Civil Rights Act which outlawed gender discrimination.
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Betty Friedan and NOW
• Betty Friedan, author of The Feminine Mystique, was one of the founders of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966.
• Friedan described the purpose of NOW, which according her was to confront the conditions which denied women the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice.
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Gloria Steinem
• Another important author and the editor of Ms. Magazine was Gloria Steinem.
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ERA
• In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the women’s movement fought battles on many fronts.
• It had many successes but also faced strong opposition.
• In 1972 Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). – If 38 states ratified this amendment, protection
against gender discrimination would become part of the Constitution.
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Opposition to ERA
• By 1979, 35 states had done so.
• However, opposition to the ERA had begun to grow. – Opponents believed ERA
would take away traditional rights, allow women to be drafted, or eliminate laws giving women special protection in the workforce.
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Phyllis Schlafly
• A vocal opponent of the ERA was Phyllis Schlafly.
• She organized the nationwide Stop-ERA campaign.
• By the end of 1979, four states had voted to rescind their approval.
• The ERA failed in 1982, unable to gain ratification by three-fourths of the states.
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Banning Discrimination in Education
• A major accomplishment of the women’s movement was gaining greater equality for women in education.
• Leaders of the movement pushed lawmakers to pass federal laws banning discrimination in education.
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Title IX
• In 1972 Congress passed a collection of laws known as the Educational Amendments.
• One part of these laws was Title IX.
• It stopped federally funded schools from discriminating against females in nearly all areas, including admissions and sports.
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Abortion
• Another important goal for many women was the repeal of laws against abortion.
• Until 1973, the right to regulate abortion was given to the states.
• This was in keeping with the original plan of the Constitution.
• In the mid-1800s, states also had passed laws prohibiting abortion except to save the mother’s life.
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Roe v. Wade• In the late 1960s, some states
began adopting more liberal abortion laws.
• In 1973 the Supreme Court ruled in Roe v. Wade that state governments could not regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy.
• This was interpreted as being within a woman’s constitutional right to privacy.
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Right to Life
• The decision led to the rise of the right-to-life movement.
• Members of this movement considered abortion an absolute wrong and wanted it to be banned.
• The heated battle over abortion continues today.
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Outcomes of the Feminist Movement
• The women’s movement has greatly affected society.
• Many more women have pursued college degrees and careers outside of the home since the 1970s.
• Many employers now offer ways to help make work life more compatible with family life.
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Income Gap & Professionals
• Still, there remains a wide income gap between men and women.
• Most working women still hold lower paying jobs.
• In professional positions, however, women have made dramatic gains since the 1970s.