CHAPTER 20: LOCOMOTION: WHEN SUSPENDED AND FREE OF SUPPORT KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human...

CHAPTER 20:CHAPTER 20:LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:

WHEN SUSPENDED WHEN SUSPENDED AND FREE OF SUPPORTAND FREE OF SUPPORT

CHAPTER 20:CHAPTER 20:LOCOMOTION:LOCOMOTION:

WHEN SUSPENDED WHEN SUSPENDED AND FREE OF SUPPORTAND FREE OF SUPPORT

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

KINESIOLOGYScientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & LuttgensPresentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATCHumboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

20-220-2

ObjectivesObjectives1. Explain the major factors that influence

swinging bodies.2. Describe how to initiate pendular action,

increase the height of a swing, alter the period, change grips, and dismount safely.

3. Explain the major factors that influence the flight path of unsupported bodies.

4. Describe how to initiate and control rotation of unsupported bodies.

5. Analyze the performance of a suspension and a nonsupport movement.

1. Explain the major factors that influence swinging bodies.

2. Describe how to initiate pendular action, increase the height of a swing, alter the period, change grips, and dismount safely.

3. Explain the major factors that influence the flight path of unsupported bodies.

4. Describe how to initiate and control rotation of unsupported bodies.

5. Analyze the performance of a suspension and a nonsupport movement.

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SUSPENSION ACTIVITIESSUSPENSION ACTIVITIES

Climbing, hanging, swinging, and other suspension activities were more commonly engaged in by our early ancestors.

Climbing, hanging, swinging, and other suspension activities were more commonly engaged in by our early ancestors.

Fig 20.1Fig 20.1

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Principles Related to Hanging and Hand Traveling Activities

Principles Related to Hanging and Hand Traveling Activities

1. Muscles of the arm and shoulder girdle must contract to protect the joints.

2. Hand traveling is a locomotor pattern governed by the principle of action and reaction.

3. The action used in hand climbing activities is essentially a pull-up action.

4. Sequential hand support movements should be continuous, so that momentum of one action contributes to the next action.

1. Muscles of the arm and shoulder girdle must contract to protect the joints.

2. Hand traveling is a locomotor pattern governed by the principle of action and reaction.

3. The action used in hand climbing activities is essentially a pull-up action.

4. Sequential hand support movements should be continuous, so that momentum of one action contributes to the next action.

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Principles Related to Swinging MovementsPrinciples Related to Swinging Movements

1. The movement of a pendulum is produced by the force of gravity.

2. As the pendulum swings downward, gravity causes its speed to increase; as it swings upward, gravity counteracts its speed.

3. The upward movement of a pendulum is brought about by the momentum developed in the downward movement.

1. The movement of a pendulum is produced by the force of gravity.

2. As the pendulum swings downward, gravity causes its speed to increase; as it swings upward, gravity counteracts its speed.

3. The upward movement of a pendulum is brought about by the momentum developed in the downward movement.

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4. The potential energy of the pendulum is greatest at the height of the swing and zero at the bottom.

5. The centripetal force in pendular movements increases as the mass or velocity increases and decreases as the radius increases.

4. When a pendulum reaches the end of its arc, it reaches a zero point in velocity.

4. The potential energy of the pendulum is greatest at the height of the swing and zero at the bottom.

5. The centripetal force in pendular movements increases as the mass or velocity increases and decreases as the radius increases.

4. When a pendulum reaches the end of its arc, it reaches a zero point in velocity.

r

mvFc

2

20-720-7


7. The height of a swing may be increased by lengthening the radius of rotation on the downswing and decreasing it on the up swing.

8. To increase height, the decrease in radius should be initiated at the moment that the center of gravity of the body is directly under the axis of rotation.

7. The height of a swing may be increased by lengthening the radius of rotation on the downswing and decreasing it on the up swing.

8. To increase height, the decrease in radius should be initiated at the moment that the center of gravity of the body is directly under the axis of rotation.

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9. The time taken by the pendulum to make a single round trip excursion (know as its period) is related to the length of the pendulum.

10. The period of the pendulum is not influenced by its weight.

9. The time taken by the pendulum to make a single round trip excursion (know as its period) is related to the length of the pendulum.

10. The period of the pendulum is not influenced by its weight.

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11.When a body consisting of two segments reaches the vertical, proximal segment leading on the downswing, the distal segment will accelerate relative and precede the proximal on the upswing (beat swing).

11.When a body consisting of two segments reaches the vertical, proximal segment leading on the downswing, the distal segment will accelerate relative and precede the proximal on the upswing (beat swing).

Fig 20.3Fig 20.3

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12.The rotation of the hands about a bar is opposed by frictional forces.

13.In all mounts involving swinging, the center of gravity must be brought as near as possible to the center of rotation.

14.In support swings the center of gravity should be at the point of support.

12.The rotation of the hands about a bar is opposed by frictional forces.

13.In all mounts involving swinging, the center of gravity must be brought as near as possible to the center of rotation.

14.In support swings the center of gravity should be at the point of support.

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Suspension Analysis Example

Suspension Analysis Example

Half-turn Flying Hip Circle with Hecht Dismount

Fig 20.4Fig 20.4

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Suspension Analysis ExampleHalf-turn Flying Hip Circle

with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountMechanical Essentials Start down swing from a handstand;

push against the bar. Reactive force pushes back in opposite

direction. The backward push and stretch increase

the distance between center of gravity and the axis of rotation. Increases torque on the downswing.

Mechanical Essentials Start down swing from a handstand;

push against the bar. Reactive force pushes back in opposite

direction. The backward push and stretch increase

the distance between center of gravity and the axis of rotation. Increases torque on the downswing.

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with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountMechanical Essentials Time for gravity to act on the downward

swinging body is also increased. Half-twist is performed at the beginning of

the downswing when the forces on the hands are minimal and the grip change can be accomplished with ease.

At the bottom of the swing gymnast flexes the hips, shortening the radius of rotation and increasing angular velocity on the upswing.

Mechanical Essentials Time for gravity to act on the downward

swinging body is also increased. Half-twist is performed at the beginning of

the downswing when the forces on the hands are minimal and the grip change can be accomplished with ease.

At the bottom of the swing gymnast flexes the hips, shortening the radius of rotation and increasing angular velocity on the upswing.

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with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountMechanical Essentials The piked position also enables the

“wrap” around the low bar as she moves into the back hip circle.

As hands leave the high bar, she pushes up and forward, causing the reactive force to add to the downward trunk rotation.

Hip circle should be accomplished with the hips close to the bar.

Mechanical Essentials The piked position also enables the

“wrap” around the low bar as she moves into the back hip circle.

As hands leave the high bar, she pushes up and forward, causing the reactive force to add to the downward trunk rotation.

Hip circle should be accomplished with the hips close to the bar.

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with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountMechanical Essentials Near the end of the hip circle the

gymnast forcefully extends by lifting the upper trunk and arms forward and upward.

This action has several effects: Legs extend in reaction so body is straight. Moment of inertia is increased. Rate of rotation decreases.

Mechanical Essentials Near the end of the hip circle the

gymnast forcefully extends by lifting the upper trunk and arms forward and upward.

This action has several effects: Legs extend in reaction so body is straight. Moment of inertia is increased. Rate of rotation decreases.

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with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountMechanical Essentials The body pushes down and back against

the bar; bar pushes the body forward and up.

This results in the body rotating up and away from the bar for the dismount.

Once the body has left the bar the back should be arched to decrease the radius and aid in rotation of the body, allowing feet to move slightly ahead of the center of gravity at the moment of landing.

Mechanical Essentials The body pushes down and back against

the bar; bar pushes the body forward and up.

This results in the body rotating up and away from the bar for the dismount.

Once the body has left the bar the back should be arched to decrease the radius and aid in rotation of the body, allowing feet to move slightly ahead of the center of gravity at the moment of landing.

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with Hecht Dismount


with Hecht DismountAnatomical Essentials Strength of shoulders, arms, and

hands are important in swinging movements.

Range of motion is also needed for these movements, particularly in the shoulder during the swing and in the hip and lower back during the pike of the hip circle.

Anatomical Essentials Strength of shoulders, arms, and

hands are important in swinging movements.

Range of motion is also needed for these movements, particularly in the shoulder during the swing and in the hip and lower back during the pike of the hip circle.

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NONSUPPORT ACTVITIESNONSUPPORT ACTVITIES

The unsupported body moves through the air along a pathway determined prior to the beginning of flight.

Principles governing the flight path of the body relate to those of the projectile.

The unsupported body moves through the air along a pathway determined prior to the beginning of flight.

Principles governing the flight path of the body relate to those of the projectile.

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Principles Related to Nonsupport ActivitiesPrinciples Related to Nonsupport Activities

1. The path of motion of the body’s center of gravity in space is determined by the angle at which it is projected into space, the force of the projection, and the force of gravity.

1. The path of motion of the body’s center of gravity in space is determined by the angle at which it is projected into space, the force of the projection, and the force of gravity.

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2. The time a body remains unsupported depends on the height of its projection, which is governed by the vertical velocity of the projection.

2. The time a body remains unsupported depends on the height of its projection, which is governed by the vertical velocity of the projection.

Fig 20.5

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3. Most rotary movements are initiated before the performer leaves the supporting surface

3. Most rotary movements are initiated before the performer leaves the supporting surface

Fig 20.6Fig 20.6

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4. The angular momentum of an unsupported body is conserved.

5. When a body is free in space, movement of a part in one direction results in movement of the rest of the body in the opposite direction.

4. The angular momentum of an unsupported body is conserved.

5. When a body is free in space, movement of a part in one direction results in movement of the rest of the body in the opposite direction.

Fig 20.7Fig 20.7

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6. A performer who is rotating about a horizontal axis in the air may initiate a twist about a vertical axis by tilting the body to one side.

6. A performer who is rotating about a horizontal axis in the air may initiate a twist about a vertical axis by tilting the body to one side.

Fig 20.8Fig 20.8

20-2420-24

Nonsupport Analysis ExampleThe Reverse Dive Layout

with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 Twist Diver starts the dive facing the end of

board. Performs a reverse spinning somersault

about a transverse axis in a layout position completing a one-half revolution.

At the same time, he twists one-half a revolution about the vertical axis.

Diver starts the dive facing the end of board.

Performs a reverse spinning somersault about a transverse axis in a layout position completing a one-half revolution.

At the same time, he twists one-half a revolution about the vertical axis.

20-2520-25

Mechanical essentials Diver must end the approach by pushing

backward toward the back end of the board with the feet.

The rebounding board will push back, causing the legs to move forward.

This action of the board causes reverse spin to develop in the body.

It also causes the entire body to move forward away from the board.

Mechanical essentials Diver must end the approach by pushing

backward toward the back end of the board with the feet.

The rebounding board will push back, causing the legs to move forward.

This action of the board causes reverse spin to develop in the body.

It also causes the entire body to move forward away from the board.


with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 Twist

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with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 TwistMechanical essentials The amount of rotation (spin) about the

transverse axis must be determined at take off.

The angular momentum of the dive is determined and conserved at take off and cannot be altered.

The twist in this dive is accomplished through the use of two methods of initiating twists.

Mechanical essentials The amount of rotation (spin) about the

transverse axis must be determined at take off.

The angular momentum of the dive is determined and conserved at take off and cannot be altered.

The twist in this dive is accomplished through the use of two methods of initiating twists.

20-2720-27


with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 TwistMechanical essentials As the diver leaves the board, he also pushes

slightly to the right to initiate a twist to the left. As diver twists to the left, the left arm is

brought across the chest, causing his body to move in the opposite direction (left) in reaction.

Head is kept in line with the body and the right arm straight overhead decreases the moment of inertia of the rotating body and increases the speed of the twist.

Mechanical essentials As the diver leaves the board, he also pushes

slightly to the right to initiate a twist to the left. As diver twists to the left, the left arm is

brought across the chest, causing his body to move in the opposite direction (left) in reaction.

Head is kept in line with the body and the right arm straight overhead decreases the moment of inertia of the rotating body and increases the speed of the twist.

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with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 TwistMechanical essentials Turning the head to the left toward the

water helps in the turn and the diver’s orientation.

In spite of the spin about the vertical and horizontal axis, the center of gravity follows a parabolic curve controlled only by the velocity and angle of projection and the downward acceleration of gravity.

Mechanical essentials Turning the head to the left toward the

water helps in the turn and the diver’s orientation.

In spite of the spin about the vertical and horizontal axis, the center of gravity follows a parabolic curve controlled only by the velocity and angle of projection and the downward acceleration of gravity.

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with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 TwistMechanical essentials At entry, body is stretched with arms

overhead to create the greatest moment of inertia and therefore the slowest rotation.

Rotation is still present. The diver should continue to turn

underwater in the same direction. The angle of entry should be a continuation

of the parabolic path of the center of gravity.

Mechanical essentials At entry, body is stretched with arms

overhead to create the greatest moment of inertia and therefore the slowest rotation.

Rotation is still present. The diver should continue to turn

underwater in the same direction. The angle of entry should be a continuation

of the parabolic path of the center of gravity.

20-3020-30


with 1/2 Twist


with 1/2 TwistAnatomical essentials Dive requires good strength, flexibility, and

control. Good range of motion in the ankle joint. Strength in the extensors of the hip and

knee is important in lifting the body. Strength of abdominals and back extensors

is important to control vertical alignment. Flexibility of the back and hips for full

flexion in tuck and pike positions.

Anatomical essentials Dive requires good strength, flexibility, and

control. Good range of motion in the ankle joint. Strength in the extensors of the hip and

knee is important in lifting the body. Strength of abdominals and back extensors

is important to control vertical alignment. Flexibility of the back and hips for full

flexion in tuck and pike positions.

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Free FallFree Fall Body will reach terminal

velocity between 100 & 200 mph.

Depends on surface area presented to air flow.

By manipulating body shape velocity can be partially controlled.

Body will reach terminal velocity between 100 & 200 mph.

Depends on surface area presented to air flow.

By manipulating body shape velocity can be partially controlled.

Fig 20.9Fig 20.9

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WeightlessnessWeightlessness

The laws of motion still apply. Objects still possess inertia based

on mass or momentum. Acceleration is still directly related

to force and mass. Every action has an equal and

opposite reaction. The only difference is no gravity.

The laws of motion still apply. Objects still possess inertia based

on mass or momentum. Acceleration is still directly related

to force and mass. Every action has an equal and

opposite reaction. The only difference is no gravity.

20-3320-33

WeightlessnessWeightlessness

A thrown ball will not follow a parabolic path.

Prolonged exposure decreases bone density because the constant resistance to the effects of gravity is eliminated.

There are only concentric muscle actions.

CHAPTER 20: LOCOMOTION: WHEN SUSPENDED AND FREE OF SUPPORT KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human...

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