Chapter 2 Watercrafts
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Watercrafts
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W a t e r c r a f t
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covers a range of
different vehicles
including ships, boats,hovercraft and
submarines, and differsfrom a floatation device
such as a log raft.
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Seafaring has a large corpus
of traditional lore associatedwith watercrafts, in both its
meaning as, as the foundation
of its heritage and culture inwhich most seafarers see a
significant degree of pride,and which forms their trade
and professional identity.
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This is often reflected in
the industry-specific
terminology and
concepts that have beenretained and are now
applied for the sake oftradition alone.
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Aside from small craft
used by individuals,maritime tradition
identifies a ship as anywater vehicle that has,
or is capable of carryingthree masts within its
hull.
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Three mated ships at one
time were called theGreat Ships, and marked
transition in Europeanseafaring from shallow
coastal waters of the Ageof Navigation
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confined of other continents
primarily to the Europeanshores and those of North
Africa, via the age of
Discovery of other continentsin relative proximity of
Western Europe, to the deep
sea oceanic sailing of the Age
of Sail.
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The term a great ship
therefore holds a deeper andfar more significant meaning
to seafarers than
landlubbers, or those who
do not serve on ships or other
vessels, and has remained sothrough the Age of Steam and
into the 21st century.
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While rigged masts have
been discontinued for thevast majority of since the
late 19th century, a rule of
thumb based on the hull
having a wooden
construction woulddetermine her as a ship.
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If the length of the
watercraft deckprevents the mounting
of three masts, it is aboat, while a single-
mated hull can betermed a craft.
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This is paralleled with the
degree of difficulty that wasrequired in the past bydifferent trades constructing
the hull based on complexity.A ship was alwaysconstructed by a shipwright
working with a navalsurveyor or a naval architect
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A boat could be
constructed by a shipscarpenter. A watercraft
such as a lifeboat, adignity, or a runabout
could be constructed byany craftsman familiar
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with woodworking,
such as a builderscarpenter or a joiner,
or by a qualifiedmarine trades person
or shipwright.
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The range of canoe forms isstylistically and geographically
vast. This study will consider
only canoes made forrecreational use by European
construction techniques by
British, American and Canadiancanoeists during the last quarter
of the nineteenth century.
Recreational Canoeing
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It will not address craft
used primarily for work,such as the Chesapeake
Bay log canoe, oraboriginal craft from the
larger area of theAmericans.
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The canoe is an enduring icon
of North American and
particularly Canadian culture.
Long the watercraft of choice
for wilderness travelers in thecountrys early days, its use
had declined through the
nineteenth century as roads,schooners and steamships made
journeys easier.
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By the last quarter of the
nineteenth century, however,the canoe was experiencing a
rebirth. The stalwart
companion of many awoodland journey had been
transformed into a means of
recreation and healthful
exercise.
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The North American
public was gripped by agreat popular
enthusiasm for canoesand canoeing. This
foreshadowed their laterfondness for bicycling.
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This rise of
recreational canoeing
from the mid-1860s
was an extraordinary
flowering of boating
activity.
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Changing economic
circumstances and newsocial attitudes
produced a class of well-heeled sportsmen and
adventures who acted aspatrons of high-quality
boat builders.
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This demand for premium
work attracted andfostered an extremely high
caliber of boatbuilding,
which drew upon rapid
advances in technology and
mechanization toaccomplish its feats.
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Two distinct strains
emerged early in the
development of this
mid-19th century
recreational canoe.
Both were aboriginal
in origin.
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Although it is too simple
a distinction to explainthe matter entirely, one
can begin bydistinguishing among
the canoes by whetheror not they had a deck.
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The unlocked watercraft
which was later tobecome known,
somewhat misleadingly,as the Canadian (or
open) canoe had itsorigin in native birch
bark and dugout craft.
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The main technical
contribution of the canoeistsand canoe-builder of the
recreational era who worked
with his model was in theconstruction techniques, and
only secondarily in the
designs, which remained
relatively unchanged.
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Some commentators
maintain, in fact, thatsuch canoes
approached perfectionthe more closely they
adhered to theiraboriginal roots.
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1960s- Personal Watercraft
(PWC)
1960s- BombardierRecreational Products, known
for its Ski-Door Snowmobiles
1970s- Kawasaki Motor Corp.U.S.A. introduced the JET SKI
Evolution of the PersonalWatercraft
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1980s-Kawasakis JET SKI was
joined by Yamaha Motor CorpU.S.A, their product line of the
Wave Runner model
1980s-Bombardier RecreationalProducts re-joined the market
with their Sea-Door Line
2002-American Honda beganselling its version of a PWC, the
AquaTrax.
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Environmentally-friendly PWC 4-
stroke engine
New Technology
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Personal watercraft manufacturers
are constantly investing in research
and development, leading to newtechnology that improves their
product lines. Since1998, PWC have
evolved substantially to meetconsumer demands. Todays PWC are
larger, seat up to three people, offer
storage space, and are capable of
towing a water skier. They are also
equipped with new, environmentally
friendly engine technology.
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All boats, including PWC, require powerto steer. Each PWC manufacturer tells
users to apply throttle to steer. In
addition, all new sit -down PWC are
equipped with technology that assiststhe operator in turning the vessels by
continuing to supply thrust or activating
small fins while the watercraft is
decelerating. However, an operator can
turn more sharply if the throttle is
applied while turning the handlebar.
Steering Enhancement
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The development and incorporationof new-technology engines and the
sophisticated engine management
systems that accompany todays PWC
have allowed for new features to be
added to PWC. One such system
limits engine speed, thus reducing
the maximum speed of the vessel. AllPWIA member companies produce
vessels with this feature.
Speed-Limiting Systems
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Traditional powerboatpropeller
PWC jet nozzle- noexposed propeller
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PWC engines drive a jet pump
that draws water from the
bottom of the craft into an
impeller, which pressurizes the
water and forces it out a nozzleat the rear of the craft. There is
no expose propeller. This jet
of pressurized water propelsand steers the craft when the
throttle is engaged.
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The design from which a water vehicleis created usually seeks to achieve a
balance between internal capacity
(tonnage), speed and seaworthiness.
Tonnage is predominantly aconsideration in transport operations,
speed is important for warship, and
safety is a primary consideration forless experienced of often smaller and
less stable training and leisure vehicles.
Uses of Watercraft
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Propulsion is the primaryapplication of technology in
watercraft. Historically water
vehicles have been propelled by poles,
paddles or oars, through
manipulation of sailing rigs that
propel by lifting using the wind, and
variety of engineered machinery thatcreates subsurface thrust through
the process of internal combustion.
Propulsion
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The technological history of
watercraft in the Europeanhistory can be divided into
marine propulsion using the
simple paddle craft, oaredgalleys from the 8th century
BCE until 15th
century,
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*lateen sail during the
Age of Discovery fromearly 15th century and
into the early 17th
century
*full rigged ships of the
Age of Sail from 16th to
the mid 19th century
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*the Age of steam
marine steam
engine roughlybetween 1770 and
use of the steamturbine until 1914,
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the internal
combustion engines
using diesel, petrol
and LNG as fuels
from the turn ofthe 20th century,
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which has been
supplemented to
some degree with
the nuclear marine
propulsion sincethe 1950s.
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Current technological
development seeks toidentity cheaper,
renewable and lesspolluting sources of
propulsion forwatercrafts of all shapes
and sizes.
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Secondary applications of technology
in watercraft have been those of used
structural materials, navigation aids,
and in the case of warships, weapon
systems. The purpose of usage andthe physical environment define the
materials used in construction which
had historically included grasses,leather, timber, metals combined
with timber or without, silicate and
plastic derivatives, and others.
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Navigation aids havevaried over time from
astronomical observation,
to mechanical mechanisms,
and more recently analog
and digital computerdevices that now rely on
GPS systems.
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Naval weapon system
have closely followed the
development in landweapons, developing
from:
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Aircraft carriers
Breach-loading rifled guns
Direct enemy hull ramming to use of
basic mechanical projectiles
Firing shells
Missiles and remotely piloted devices
Naval mine layers
Smooth-bore cannon ball firing guns
Torpedo-armed submarines
Warships armed with fire control
directed weapons
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Until development of steam
propulsion was coupled with rapid
firing breach-loading guns, navalcombat was often concluded by a
boarding combat between the
opposing crews. Since the early20th century, there has been a
substantial development in
technologies which allow forceprojection from a naval task force
to a land objective using marine
infantry.
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These tend to be 30ft orlonger and have all the
facilities on board for
living such as sleeping,
cooking and bathroomareas. They can come
with a variety of
propulsion methods
with the most common
being stern drives orinboard. Due to their
fuel consumption, some
models are powered by
diesel engines.
Cruisers
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These are a class of
runabout are most
popular in the
cottage areas. Their
open bow (front)
allows many
passengers, while
their stern (back)sometimes feature a
swimming platform.
More commonly
found with
inboard/outboard
engines, they can also
be used for towed
water sports.
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These boats typically
have a shallow draft
for use in a variety of
waterway to allow
the fishing different
species. They are
simpler in design and
can come with fullinterior trimming or
just a bare hull.
Commonly made form
aluminum they arepowered by an
onboard motor.
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These are more
specialized than fishing
boats for maneuvering
through shallower
waters. They have even
shallower drafts and a
lower freeboard (height
above water) than fishing
boats with a flat bottom.
They are also usually
fitted with live wells and
a bow mounted trollingmotor although powered
by a larger stern mounted
outboard motor.
S ilb i d d
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Sailboats are wind powered
vessels that come in a variety of
shapes and sizes. Larger
sailboats usually have a keel to
provide a counter to the force of
the wind against the sail. They
may also have smaller motors
for maneuvering and can be
equipped with all the creaturecomforts of a cruiser
powerboat. With the hull
typically designed to be
streamlined, they are popular
for racing and require a greatamount of skill to handle. There
are many subtypes of sailboats
to reflect the different interests
and conditions where they are
used.
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The ultimate summer toy,these vessels feature highpowered engines to
provide a fastacceleration to pop theskier/wake boarder to astand from in the water.Ski boats tend to belighter with smallerwakes, while wakeboardboats are heavier tothrow a larger wake.They can featureelaborate sound
equipment andcomfortable seating.
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Sometimes deemed
Party Boats, these are
leisure ready vessels that
feature comfortable
seating, swivel chairs
and sometimes a BBQ.
They are usually
constructed as flat decksbuilt upon 2 or more
pontoons. The multiple
hulls allow for a stable
platform for summeractivities. They can also
be equipped with larger
engines for towed water
sports.
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Jet skis are smallervessels that are similar tomotorcycles, but on the
water. They are poweredby a jet drive whichinternalizes the prop asan impeller. The steeringis done by directing the
water jet, howeverbecause if this theycannot be steered if theengines is turned off. Jetskis that have 3 seats can
be used for towed sports
to accommodate driverspotter and skier.
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Similar in design to a
small bow rider, these
vessels are powered by
a water jet rather thana traditional external
propeller. Like PWC,
they have an active
steering system whichrequires the engine to
be on for it to be
maneuvered. Most
popular with towed
water sports, they are
a fast very agile vessel.
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A large hook
attached to the
ship which is
cast overboard
and digs into
the sea bed to
keep the ship
from moving.Anchor
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The front
of a vessel
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A sparattached at an
angle to the
bow of a ship,used to hold
jibs.
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From the bow
to the stern.Fore is
towards the
front, aft is
towards the
back.
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The main
body of theboat .
Friendships
hull has two
decks
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The timber at
the verybottom of the
hull that ruins
from the bowto the stern,
often called the
shipsbackbone
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The sailors
word for a
rope.
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A large wooden
spar used to hold
up other spars andthe rigging.
Friendshiphas
three masts: thefore mast, at the
bow, the main
mast, in the
middle, and the
mizzen mast, at the
stern
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Whenfacing the
bow, the
left side of
the ship.
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The lines
that
support the
mast and
move the
sails.
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A blade
attached
under the
stern used
for steering.
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A ship like
Friendshipcarries
severaldifferent
types of
sails.
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Triangular
sails at front
of the ship,
attached tothe
bowsprit.
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Rectangular sails that
are placed square, or
perpendicular, to thekeel. Friendshipcarries
11 square sails. The
lowest are the main
sails, the next highest
are the topsails, the
third sails from the
bottom are the
topgallant (pronounced
tgallant) sails, and at
the very tops of the
masts are the royal sails.
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The biggest
sail at the
stern of the
ship.
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Heavy lines
which hold up
the masts from
the sides of the
vessel. Sailorsuse the ratlines
on the shrouds
to climb themasts.
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Whenfacing the
bow, the
right side
of the ship.
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The backof the
ship.
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Long pieces of
wood used tosupport the
sails and
rigging. Thebowsprit,
masts and
yards are allspars.
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Horizontal
spars that
hold the
square sails.
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