Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomicshome.gwu.edu/~cdwei/econ2102_chap02_f11_on.pdfCHAPTER 2 The Data...
40
0 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics Measuring the Economic Activity: The value of economic activity: Gross Domestic Product The cost of living: The Consumer Price Index Joblessness: The Unemployment Rate
Transcript of Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomicshome.gwu.edu/~cdwei/econ2102_chap02_f11_on.pdfCHAPTER 2 The Data...
0 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Measuring the Economic Activity The value of economic activity
Gross Domestic Product The cost of living
The Consumer Price Index Joblessness
The Unemployment Rate
1 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Real GDP
2 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Post-War Real GDP
3 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
Two definitions Total expenditure on the economyrsquos final output of
goods and services
Total income of everyone in the economy
Expenditure equals income because every dollar spent by a buyer becomes income to the seller
4 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The Circular Flow
Households Firms
Goods
Labor
Expenditure ($)
Income ($)
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
1 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Real GDP
2 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Post-War Real GDP
3 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
Two definitions Total expenditure on the economyrsquos final output of
goods and services
Total income of everyone in the economy
Expenditure equals income because every dollar spent by a buyer becomes income to the seller
4 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The Circular Flow
Households Firms
Goods
Labor
Expenditure ($)
Income ($)
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
2 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Post-War Real GDP
3 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
Two definitions Total expenditure on the economyrsquos final output of
goods and services
Total income of everyone in the economy
Expenditure equals income because every dollar spent by a buyer becomes income to the seller
4 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The Circular Flow
Households Firms
Goods
Labor
Expenditure ($)
Income ($)
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
3 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
Two definitions Total expenditure on the economyrsquos final output of
goods and services
Total income of everyone in the economy
Expenditure equals income because every dollar spent by a buyer becomes income to the seller
4 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The Circular Flow
Households Firms
Goods
Labor
Expenditure ($)
Income ($)
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
4 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The Circular Flow
Households Firms
Goods
Labor
Expenditure ($)
Income ($)
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
5 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Final goods value added and GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time
The value of the final goods already includes the value of the intermediate goods so including intermediate and final goods in GDP would be double-counting
Value-added The value of output minus the value of the intermediate goods used to produce that output
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
Example
Identifying value-added A farmer grows a bushel of wheat
and sells it to a miller for $100
The miller turns the wheat into flour and sells it to a baker for $300
The baker uses the flour to make a loaf of bread and sells it to an engineer for $600
The engineer eats the bread
Compute value added at each stage of production and GDP
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
7 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The expenditure components of GDP
consumption C
investment I
government spending G
net exports NX
An important identity
Y = C + I + G + NX
aggregate expenditure
value of total output
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
8 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumption (C)
durable goods last a long time eg cars home appliances nondurable goods
last a short time eg food clothing services
work done for consumers eg dry cleaning air travel
definition The value of all goods and services bought by households Includes
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
9 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Sentiment
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
10 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Nondurable Goods Consumption
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
11 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Durable Goods Consumption
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
12 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Services
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
13 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Investment (I) Spending on goods bought for future use
(ie capital goods)
Includes Business fixed investment
Spending on plant and equipment Residential fixed investment
Spending by consumers and landlords on housing units Inventory investment
The change in the value of all firmsrsquo inventories
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
14 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
15 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Private Residential Fixed Investment
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
Example
An expenditure-output puzzle
Suppose a firm
produces $10 million worth of final goods
only sells $9 million worth
Does this violate the
expenditure = output identity
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
17 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why output = expenditure
Unsold output goes into inventory and is counted as ldquoinventory investmentrdquohellip
hellipwhether or not the inventory buildup was intentional
In effect we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
18 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Government spending (G)
G includes all government spending on goods and services
G excludes transfer payments (eg unemployment insurance payments) because they do not represent spending on goods and services
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
19 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
20 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP An important concept
We have now seen that GDP measures
total income
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages in the production of final goods
Example (P42 Q8)
What GDP does not measure (Quote from Kennedy)
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
21 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP vs GDI
Statistical discrepancy (annualized quarterly growth rate)
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
22 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GNP vs GDP Gross National Product (GNP)
Total income earned by the nationrsquos factors of production regardless of where located
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Total income earned by domestically-located factors of production regardless of nationality
GNP ndash GDP = factor payments from abroad minus factor payments to abroad
Examples of factor payments wages profits rent interest amp dividends on assets
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
23 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real vs nominal GDP
GDP is the value of all final goods and services produced
Nominal GDP measures these values using current prices
Real GDP measure these values using the prices of a base year
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
24 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Real GDP controls for inflation
Changes in nominal GDP can be due to changes in prices changes in quantities of output produced
Changes in real GDP can only be due to changes in quantities
because real GDP is constructed using constant base-year prices
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
25 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
US Nominal and Real GDP 1960-2009
$0
$2000
$4000
$6000
$8000
$10000
$12000
$14000
$16000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
(bill
ions
)
Nominal GDP
Real GDP (in 2000 dollars)
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
26 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
GDP Deflator
Inflation rate the percentage increase in the overall level of prices
One measure of the price level GDP deflator
Definition
timesNominal GDPGDP deflator = 100
Real GDP
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
27 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX If your hourly wage rises 5 and you work 7 more hours then your wage income rises approximately 12
1 For any variables X and Y percentage change in (X times Y ) asymp percentage change in X + percentage change in Y
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
28 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
EX GDP deflator = 100 times NGDPRGDP
If NGDP rises 9 and RGDP rises 4 then the inflation rate is approximately 5
2 percentage change in (XY ) asymp percentage change in X minus percentage change in Y
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
29 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
A measure of the overall level of prices
Published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Uses
tracks changes in the typical householdrsquos cost of living adjusts many contracts for inflation (ldquoCOLAsrdquo) allows comparisons of dollar amounts over time
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
30 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
How the BLS constructs the CPI
1 Survey consumers to determine composition of the typical consumerrsquos ldquobasketrdquo of goods
2 Every month collect data on prices of all items in the basket compute cost of basket
3 CPI in any month equals
Cost of basket in that monthCost of basket in base period
100 times
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
31 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
151
424
38
17462
56
30
31
35
Food and bev
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goodsand services
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
32 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation Substitution bias
The CPI uses fixed weights so it cannot reflect consumersrsquo ability to substitute toward goods whose relative prices have fallen Introduction of new goods
The introduction of new goods makes consumers better off and in effect increases the real value of the dollar But it does not reduce the CPI because the CPI uses fixed weights Unmeasured changes in quality
Quality improvements increase the value of the dollar but are often not fully measured
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
33 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
The size of the CPIrsquos bias
In 1995 a Senate-appointed panel of experts estimated that the CPI overstates inflation by about 11 per year
So the BLS made adjustments to reduce the bias
Now the CPIrsquos bias is probably under 1 per year
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
34 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
CPI vs GDP Deflator Prices of capital goods included in GDP deflator (if produced domestically) excluded from CPI
Prices of imported consumer goods included in CPI excluded from GDP deflator
The basket of goods CPI fixed (Laspeyres Index) GDP deflator changes every year (Paasche Index)
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
35 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two measures of inflation in the US
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
36 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Categories of the population
employed working at a paid job
unemployed not employed but looking for a job
labor force the amount of labor available for producing goods and services all employed plus unemployed persons
not in the labor force not employed not looking for work
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
37 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Two important labor force concepts
unemployment rate percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
labor force participation rate the fraction of the adult population that ldquoparticipatesrdquo in the labor force
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
38 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures both total income and total expenditure on the economyrsquos output of goods amp services
Nominal GDP values output at current prices real GDP values output at constant prices Changes in output affect both measures but changes in prices only affect nominal GDP
GDP is the sum of consumption investment government purchases and net exports
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
39 CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
Chapter Summary
The overall level of prices can be measured by either the Consumer Price Index (CPI)
the price of a fixed basket of goods purchased by the typical consumer or the GDP deflator
the ratio of nominal to real GDP
The unemployment rate is the fraction of the labor force that is not employed
- Chapter 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
- US Real GDP
- Post-War Real GDP
- Gross Domestic Product Expenditure and Income
- The Circular Flow
- Final goods value added and GDP
- Example Identifying value-added
- The expenditure components of GDP
- Consumption (C)
- Consumer Sentiment
- Nondurable Goods Consumption
- Durable Goods Consumption
- Services
- Investment (I)
- Private Nonresidential Fixed Investment
- Private Residential Fixed Investment
- Example An expenditure-output puzzle
- Why output = expenditure
- Government spending (G)
- Slide Number 20
- GDP An important concept
- GDP vs GDI
- GNP vs GDP
- Real vs nominal GDP
- Real GDP controls for inflation
- US Nominal and Real GDP1960-2009
- GDP Deflator
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Two arithmetic tricks for working with percentage changes
- Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- How the BLS constructs the CPI
- The composition of the CPIrsquos ldquobasketrdquo
- Why the CPI May Overstate Inflation
- The size of the CPIrsquos bias
- CPI vs GDP Deflator
- Two measures of inflation in the US
- Categories of the population
- Two important labor force concepts
- Chapter Summary
- Chapter Summary
-
