Chapter 2Chapter 2The The

Chemistry of Chemistry of LifeLife

DO NOW 1) Grab a Chapter 2 packet and a weekly

(Due Friday)

2) Use the information below to answer questions on page 1

Atomic Number

Element Symbol

Element Name

Atomic Mass

protons electrons

protons neutrons

Today’s Learning Targets

1) I can – differentiate between elements, compounds, and mixtures

2) I can – differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

Section 1: Nature of Matter

Matter: anything that has mass and volume

All matter consists of atoms the smallest unit of matter that cannot be broken down

What is Matter?

Think – Pair - Share Atoms consist of 3 subatomic particles

Use the picture below to help you name and label all three

Neutron (neutral)

Proton (positive charge)Electron (negative

charge)

Elements, Compounds, & Mixtures

With your group, use the pictures below to create a definition for an element, compound, and mixture

Element: Compound: Mixture:

Clean up – Close up

1) I can – differentiate between elements, compounds, and mixtures

2) I can – differentiate between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

1 = Element

2 = Compound

3 = Mixture

DO NOW1) Take out Chapter 2

packet

2) Complete p. Do Now #1

3) Wait quietly to begin

Today’s Learning Targets

1) I can – distinguish between acids and bases

2) I can – perform multiple pH tests to draw conclusions on the acidic or basic characteristics of a solution

Aqueous Solutions The term aqueous means “dissovled in water”

An aqueous solution is a mixture with substances that are evenly distributed (they dissolve)

Can you name some examples of aqueous solutions?

Because substances can dissolve in water they can move easily throughout our body to our cells

Ex: Sugar (sucrose) couldn’t get to our cells if it wasn’t dissolved in water

Polarity We call water the “universal solvent”

WHY? – Water is considered a “polar” substance because of its positive and negative ends (remember hydrogen bonds)

Substances dissolve BEST in polar substances like water

A non polar substance – like OIL or FAT – doesn’t dissolve in water well (separates)

The properties of polar and non polar substances are significant for living things

Think – Pair - Share

With your shoulder partners, try to think of two acids and two bases to share with the class

Acids and Bases Acids & bases are aqueous solutions

When acids dissolve in water they form hydrogen ions – H + , and make the solution more acidic

Bases form hydroxide ions (OH-)

Bases lower the acidity of a solution and make it more basic

pH Scale All solutions have a pH value between 0 and

14

0 – 6.9 = Acid

7 = neutral

7.1 – 14 = Base

Acid/Base Indicators An acid/base indicator is a substance that

turns to a specific color depending on whether it comes into contact with an acid or a base

Example Demo: Phenolphthalein – Turns pink for base, colorless for an acid

Other Examples: Red & Blue litmus paper

Red Litmus – stays red for acid

Blue Litmus – stays blue for base

Clean up – Close up I can – distinguish between acids and bases

I can – perform multiple pH tests to draw conclusions on the acidic or basic characteristics of a solution

1) Write your name on an index card.

2) Give an example of an acid and base and give their pH using the pH scale

DO NOW1) Take out Chapter 2

packet

2) Complete p. Do Now #2

3) Wait quietly to begin

Today’s Learning Targets

1) I can – list two characteristics and examples of each organic compound

2) I can – describe the structures and functions of each organic compound

3) I can – explain the role and significance of ATP in cells

Carbon Compounds Most matter in your

body that is not water is made up of organic compounds

ALL organic compounds have the atom carbon in them

They are usually attached to hydrogen, oxygen, and other carbon atoms

4 Organic Compounds There are four classes of organic compounds

found in living things Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Without these compounds, cells could not function!

Research 1) You will have the majority of the class to

research the characteristics, structures, and functions of each biological molecule

2) You will use your textbook – pages 34 – 37 to complete your research

3) **These are your notes! You are responsible for taking good notes that you will use to study for your upcoming test

4) My PowerPoint on these molecules has been uploaded to my website if you need extra assistance when studying

Clean up – Close up 1) Grab an index card from the center basket and put

your name on it

2) List letters A, B, C, and D

3) Identify and name each biological molecule below

AB

C

D

Carbohydrates Organic compounds made mostly of carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Key source of energy

Found in foods – fruits, vegetables, grains

Monosaccharides: simple sugars, the building blocks of carbs

Ex: Glucose and Fructose

Monosaccharides If you can tell

me the chemical formula for glucose hold up one finger

Simple Sugars

Other SugarsDisaccharides

Double sugars

Form when two monosaccharides join

Ex: Sucrose (table sugar) contains glucose and fructose

Polysaccharides

Chains of 3 or more monosaccharides

Ex: Starch, Cellulose (provides structural support for plants)

Lipids Nonpolar molecules

that are not soluble in water

Ex.) Fats, phospholipids (make up lipid bilayer of cell membranes), steroids, and waxes

Store Energy

LipidsSaturated Fats

Butter, lard, grease

Considered “bad” cholesterol

Solid at room temp.

Unsaturated Fats

Plant oils, olive oil, fish oils

Considered “good” cholesterol

Liquids at room temp.

Proteins Large molecules

Amino Acids are the building blocks of proteins

There are 20 essential amino acids in proteins

Examples:

Collagen In skin, tendons,

ligaments

Hemoglobin Carries oxygen

throughout your body

Nucleic Acids All cells contain

nucleic acids

Long chain of smaller molecules nucleotides – consists of 3 parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group

2 types of nucleic acids:

DNA- has 2 strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other

RNA- ribonucleic acid- single strand of nucleotides

DNA & RNA

ATP – Final biological molecule

Adenosine triphosphate – single nucleotide with 2 extra energy-storing phosphate groups

When food is broken down inside cells, some energy is stored in ATP

Cells need a steady supply of ATP to function

ATP helps organisms obtain materials, move them around, and get rid of waste

Food As Fuel Using the characteristics of the

different biological molecules we discussed try to list at least two foods rich in Carbs Proteins Lipids

DO NOW1) Take out Chapter 2

packet

2) Complete p. Do Now #3

3) Wait quietly to begin

Today’s Learning Targets

1) I can – describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions

2) I can – identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules

Enzymes The chemical reaction in cells occur quickly

and at low temperatures because of enzymes

Enzyme: substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions

Most enzymes are proteins

Enzymes help organisms maintain homeostasis

Enzyme - Catalyst Most enzymes are catalysts: lower the

activation energy of a chemical reaction (speed up reaction rate)

Why do we need them? Without enzymes chemical reactions in our

body would not occur quick enough for us to survive

Ex: Amylase – helps break down glucose

Ex: Carbonic anhydrase – increases the rate of a reaction that releases carbon dioxide from your body (increases the the reaction rate by 1 million times!)

Enzyme Specificity Enzymes need their SPECIFIC substrate to

attach to in order to speed up a reaction

Ex: Starch,

Amylase, Glucose

An enzymes shape determines its function/activity

Enzymes have deep folds and pockets called active sites

Lock & Key An enzyme acts only on a specific substrate

because only that substrate fits into its active site

Factors in Enzyme Activity Any factor that changes the shape of an

enzyme affects the enzyme’s activity

1. Temperature (too low or too high)

2. pH value (each enzyme works best at a different range of pH values)

Close up - Create an enzyme!

1) Create an enzyme with a specific active site

2) Create its “lock & key” substrate

3) Name your enzyme (enzyme’s end with the suffix “-ase” – Ex: amylase)

4) Tell me what your enzyme is used for

5) Give a detailed example of how your enzyme may be destroyed

** These will be due on Tuesday 9/29, Chapter 2 Test on Monday**

DO NOW1) Turn in your weekly and

check off your name

2) Grab a Chapter 2 study guide from the front

**Test Monday**

3) Wait quietly to begin

Parts of an AtomThe Nucleus

The nucleus is located in the center of an atom

It contains the protons and neutrons

The Electron Cloud

The electron cloud is the mostly made of empty space

Surrounds the nucleus and is filled with electrons

Elements Element- a pure substance made of only one

kind of atom

There are more than 100 known elements, each represented in the periodic table

What elements are found in living things?

The Element Box Last year, we discussed the element box and

used it to determine the number of protons, neutrons, electrons, the atomic number, AND the atomic mass

Lets Review This!

The Element Box The Oxygen Atom

Atomic Number

Element Symbol

Element Name

Atomic Mass

p+ e-

p+ n0

How would you find JUST the number of neutrons in an atom?

Try it on Your Own! Complete the two examples in your notes for

an oxygen atom and a zinc (Zn) atom.

Once your finished, take out the whiteboards under your desk and draw just the oxygen atom

Once the whole class is finished, I will ask for specific answers for each atom!

Elements, Compounds, & Mixtures

**Remember – Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom

Compounds: are formed when two or more different elements joined together

Mixture: two or more substances are together but not joined

Drawing Atoms **Remember the

protons and neutrons in an atom are always in the nucleus (the center)

The electrons are in the cloud

Electron Levels: Level 1 = 2 electrons

Level 2 = 8 electrons

Level 3 = 18 electrons

Try it on Your Own! Using your whiteboards and your notes on the oxygen atom, draw the

oxygen atom placing all subatomic particles in their correct places

Try it on Your Own! Draw a sodium atom on your whiteboards

Use the information below to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

Solutions, Solutions, Acids, & Acids, & BasesBases

Section 3: Section 3: Chemistry of Chemistry of

CellsCells

EnzymesEnzymes