Chapter 16. Smallest particles of matter are called atoms Electrons Protons Neutrons.
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life. 2-1 The Nature of Matter Living things are made of chemical...
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![Page 1: Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life. 2-1 The Nature of Matter Living things are made of chemical compounds Atom = the basic unit of matter - made of protons.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f345503460f94c524dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2The Chemistry of Life
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2-1 The Nature of MatterLiving things are made of chemical
compounds
Atom = the basic unit of matter
- made of protons (positive), electrons (negative), and neutrons (neutral)
- Atomic number = # of protons
- Atomic mass = protons plus neutrons
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Element = a pure substance that consists of just one kind of atom
- Isotopes = atoms of the same element with different # of neutrons
- example: carbon 12, 13, 14
- Isotopes have the same # of electrons so they have the same chemical properties
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- Radioactive Isotopes – Have unstable nuclei and break down at a constant rate over time… used to determine age of rocks and fossils, treat cancer, and kill bacteria
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Compound = two or more elements bonded in definite proportions.
- example: H2O, NaCl
Chemical Bonds – involves valance electrons
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- Ionic bond = one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, then opposite charges attract two ions
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- Covalent bond = electrons are shared between atoms
- Molecule = when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
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- Van der Waals Forces = slight attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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2-2 Properties of Water
Water is the single most abundant compound in most living things.
Properties
- Water expands as it freezes… ice floats on liquid water
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- Polarity – oxygen atom attracts shared electrons stronger than the hydrogen atoms
- causes hydrogen bonds – attraction between slightly + and –
- cohesion = attraction between molecules of same substance; allows beading of water
and surface tension- adhesion = attraction between molecules of different substances; meniscus and
capillary action• Water properties website
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Solutions and suspensions
- mixture = two or more elements physically mixed
- solution = mixture with evenly distributed molecules
- solute = dissolved substance
- solvent = substance in which solute is dissolved
- suspension = mixtures of water and nondissolved material
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Acids, Bases and pH
- Water can split to form ions
H2O H+ + OH- the ions are
equal so water is neutral
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- pH scale = indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)- acids = form H+ ions in water; pH value lower than 7- bases = form OH- ions in water; pH value higher than 7- buffers = weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent changes in pH
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2-3 Carbon Compounds
Carbon has four valence electrons and forms strong chains or rings
Macromolecules means “giant molecules”
- formed by a process of polymerization
- monomers = small units which are joined to form polymers
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- Carbohydrates = main source of energy and used for structure
- made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, ratio 1:2:1
- monomers = sugars or monosaccharides; glucose
- polymers = starches or polysaccharides; glycogen, cellulose
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Starch
Glucose
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- Lipids = energy storage, insulation, makes up membranes- made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- examples: fats, oils, and waxes- saturated – no double bonds… butter- unsaturated – has double or triple bonds… olive oil- steroids – chemical messengers
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- Nucleic acids = store and transmit hereditary information
- made of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and phosphorus
- monomers = nucleotides
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- Proteins = control rate of chemical reactions, regulate cell processes, form bone and muscle, transport substances, fight diseases
- made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- monomers = amino acids; 20 different a.a. in nature
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General structure Alanine Serine
Amino group Carboxyl group
Amino Acid Structure
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Proteins form certain structures
Aminoacids
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2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Chemical reaction = process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another.
- Equation: reactants products
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- Endothermic reaction = requires energy
- Exothermic reaction = releases energy; can occur spontaneously
- Activation energy = needed for most reactions to occur
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Enzymes = proteins that act as biological catalysts, which speed up chemical reactions in the body… lowers activation energy
- usually specific to reaction and not used up in reaction
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- Enzyme-substrate complex = site where reactants are brought together to react; fit like a lock and key
- Enzymes work in specific range of conditions: pH, temp