Chapter 2- The Cell Life Science 7th grade. BELL WORK CH2 L.1 Cell theory: –All living things are...
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Transcript of Chapter 2- The Cell Life Science 7th grade. BELL WORK CH2 L.1 Cell theory: –All living things are...
![Page 1: Chapter 2- The Cell Life Science 7th grade. BELL WORK CH2 L.1 Cell theory: –All living things are made of cells –Cell is the smallest unit of life –All.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022012919/56649ce15503460f949ab72b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2- The Cell
Life Science
7th grade
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BELL WORK CH2 L.1• Cell theory:
– All living things are made of cells – Cell is the smallest unit of life – All cells arise from preexisting cells
• Macromolecule:– Form by joining many small molecules together. – Four kinds: nucleic acid, protein, lipid and carbohydrate.
• Nucleic Acid:– (macromolecule) Formed by nucleotides joining together. Make up
DNA/RNA, contains genetic information.
• Protein:– (macromolecule) Long chain of amino acids used to make everything
in the cell. Contains carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and sometimes sulfur
• Lipid:– (macromolecule) Does not dissolve in water. Great barrier.
• Carbohydrate:– (macromolecule) Made up of sugars. Made up of carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. Main source of energy for the cell.
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Lesson 1: Cells and Life
• Understanding cells– Microscopes allow us to see small things,
like cells.– Robert Hooke built microscope 300 years
ago• Looked at tree bark
– Honeycomb structure
• Small spaces looked like little rooms monks lived in called cells
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Light vs Electron Microscope
• Light: – Magnification up to
1000-2000 times– Can see living cells
• Electron: – Magnification up to 2
million times– Can’t see living cells
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Important Scientists
• Matthias Schleiden: (German) looked at plant cells
• Theodore Schwann: (German) animal cells
• Rudolf Virchow: (German) cells already exist, they arise from previously existing cells
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The Cell Theory
• All LIVING things are made up of cells
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The Cell Theory
• The cell is the smallest unit of life– Unicellular vs multicellular
Budding yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Salmonella bacteria
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The Cell Theory
• Cells arise from previously existing cells– Mitosis/Meiosis– Video
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Basic Cell Substances• Many substances in cells made up of
smaller parts called macromolecules• Small subunits/molecules join to form
macromolecules
• Four kind of macromolecules in the cell– Nucleic Acids– Proteins– Lipids– Carbohydrates
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Nucleic acids• Make up DNA/RNA=
contain genetic information– Passed on from parent to
offspring
• Nucleotides join to form nucleic acids
• Contain information to make everything in the cell including lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
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Proteins
• Long chains of amino acids
• Used for just about everything in the cell
• Each protein has a unique function
• Protein made as a long chain and then folds to make unique structure
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Lipids• Make up
membranes– Don’t mix with
water= good barrier
• Play a role in energy storage and cell communication
ONE STEP UP: KNOWING THAT
WATER IS EVERYWHERE INSIDE
AND OUTSIDE THE CELL, AND
LOOKING A THE STRUCTURE OF
THE LIPID BILAYER, WHAT DO YOU
THINK HYDROPHOBIC MEANS?
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Carbohydrates• Made up of
sugar molecules
• Store energy– Sugars and
starches
• Provide structural support– Cellulose in
plant cells
• Communication between cells ONE STEP UP: SOMETIMES BABIES LEAVE PIECES OF
BREAD IN THEIR MOUTHS FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME
BEFORE SWALLOWING, WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS?
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Basic Cell Substances• Water
– Main ingredient in any cell • +70% volume
– Inside cell • Part of cellular processes
– Outside cell• Insulates and protects
– Maintains homeostasis» stable environment
– Structure H2O• Positive H+• Negative O-
ONE STEP UP: WHY WILL AN UNOPENED CAN
OF SODA EXPLODE IF YOU LEAVE IT IN THE
FREEZER?
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HOMEWORK
• Vocabulary words on flash cards– Memorize for quiz
• Outline Lesson 1
• Page 48. (Lesson 1 review)– Questions 1-10
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BELL WORK CH2 L.2• Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane (PM)) : Flexible covering that
protects the inside of a call from the environment outside the cell• Cell Wall: Stiff structure outside cell membrane that protects a cell
from attack by viruses and other harmful organisms• Cytoplasm: Liquid part of a cell inside the cell membrane; contains
salts and other molecules• Cytoskeleton: Network of threadlike proteins joined together that gives
a cell its shape and helps it move• Organelle: Membrane-surrounded component of a eukaryotic cell with
a specialized function• Nucleus: Part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activity and contains
genetic information stored in DNA• Chloroplast: Membrane-bound organelle that uses light energy to
make glucose (sugar) from water and carbon dioxide in a process called photosynthesis
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Lesson 2: The Cell
• Cell shape and movement– Shape= function– Nerve vs blood cell
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) Nerve cell
ONE STEP UP: WHY DO YOU THINK RED BLOOD
CELLS ARE SHAPED THE WAY THEY ARE?
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Cell Membrane
• Protective covering surrounding cell– Flexible
• Made mostly of phospholipids and proteins
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Cell Wall• Stiff structure outside the cell membrane
• Found in: plant cells, bacteria, some protists and fungi
• Protects cells from attackers, helps retain shape and gives structural support
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Cell Appendages• Used for
movement• Flagella
– Tail-like– Move cell
• Sperm
• Cilia– Short, hair-like– Move a cell
• Paramecium
– Move molecules away from cell
• Upper Respiratory tract
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Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton• Cytoplasm= fluid in
the cell that contains salts and other molecules (also contains cytoskeleton)
• Cytoskeleton= network of threadlike proteins that are joined together– Provides shape
and movement
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Cell Types• Eukaryote vs
Prokaryote– Prokaryotes=
usually unicellular• NO MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES
• Circular DNA
– Eukaryotes= unicellular or multicellular
• Have specialized organelles
• Linear DNA
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Cell Organelles
• Nucleus• Ribosomes• Mitochondria• Chloroplasts• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• Golgi Apparatus• Vesicles/Lyosome• Vacuoles
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Nucleus• Largest organelle in most eukaryotic
cells• Houses genetic information (DNA)
– DNA organized into chromosomes • Number of chromosomes depends on
species– Humans= 23 pairs; Kangaroos= 6 pairs
• Directs cell activities• Nucleolus= within nucleus
– Makes ribosomes
• Surrounded by nuclear envelope– Double membrane– Contains pores
• Ribosomes, small proteins and RNA can move in/out
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Ribosomes
• Makes proteins• Found free in
cytoplasm OR associated with ER
ONE STEP UP: WHY SOME
FREE AND SOME
ASSOCIATED WITH ER?
Think about this, we’ll
come back to it.
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Mitochondria• Powerhouse of the cell
– Makes energy for the cell to use
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• Surrounded by two membranes– Outer membrane– Inter membrane space– Inner membrane– Matrix
• Evolved from bacteria– Endosymbiotic theory
• Has its own DNA and ribosomes
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Chloroplasts
• Membrane bound organelles in plant cells and some protists (algae)
• Use light energy to make glucose– From water and
carbon dioxide
• Glucose= sugar– Sugar= energy
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• Smooth ER
– Synthesis• Cholesterol• Steroid
– Calcium regulation
• Rough ER– Rough because
associated with ribosomes
• Involved in protein production and export
– Lumen (inside) is contiguous with space between membranes in nucleus
ONE STEP UP: WHY ARE THERE
RIBOSOMES FLOATING IN CYTOPLASM
AND RIBOSOMES ASSOCIATED WITH
rER?
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Golgi Apparatus• Looks like stack of
pancakes• Post office of the cell
– Packages and organizes synthesized proteins into vesicles
• Exocytosed• PM• Lysosome
• Cis= part closest to ER• Trans= part closest to
PM
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Vesicles/Lysosome• Tiny membrane bound
balls that are used to move things – Around the cell– Out of the cell– Into the cell
• Lysosome= specialized vesicle– Stomach of the cell– Breaks down things for the
cell to use– Removes waste
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Vacuole
• Usually in plant cells– One large vacuole
• Store food, water and waste
• In some animal cells– As many small
ones, not one big one
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HOMEWORK
• Vocabulary words on flash cards– Memorize for quiz
• Outline Lesson 2
• Page 58 (Lesson 2 review)– Questions 1-11
• QUIZ on Lesson 1 and Lesson 2
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BELL WORK CH2 L.3• Passive transport: the movement of substances through
a cell membrane without using the cell’s energy• Diffusion: the movement of substances from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration• Osmosis: the diffusion of water molecules only through a
membrane• Facilitated diffusion: the process by which molecules
pass through a cell membrane using special proteins called transport proteins
• Active transport: the movement of substances through a cell membrane using the cell’s energy
• Endocytosis: the process during which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane
• Exocytosis: the process during which the cell’s vesicles release their contents outside the cell
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Lesson 3: Moving Cellular Material
• How do materials enter and leave the cell?
• How do materials get around the cell?
• How does the cell size affect the transport of materials?– Different mechanisms for different sizes?
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Membranes
• Act as barriers
• Semi-permeable– Some things can pass through membrane
with no help– Some things have to be transported across
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Passive transport• Passive= no energy required
– Depends on concentration difference on either side of membrane
– Things diffuse FROM high concentration TO low concentration until equal concentration on both sides (equilibrium)
• Move things down concentration gradient• Favorable reaction= no energy required
• Small things like oxygen and carbon can pass through the membrane
• Kinds of passive diffusion:– Simple & Facilitated
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Simple Diffusion• No energy
required and no help required– Can move
across membrane by itself
• Osmosis= special kind of diffusion– This is when
WATER is moving across the membrane
ONE STEP UP: WHAT WILL
HAPPEN IF YOU PUT A
FRESH WATER FISH IN A
SALT WATER TANK?
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Facilitated diffusion
• Still passive diffusion= no energy required
• Facilitated= needs help– Too large to move across
membrane solo– Need help of a transport protein
• Found in PM
– Channel Protein or Carrier protein
• Channel protein– Form pores for the protein to
travel through– Ions go through these
• Carrier protein– Carries protein across membrane
(conformational change)– Sugar molecules do this
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Active transport• Active= needs energy (ATP)
– Going UP/AGAINST concentration gradient– Moving from low to high concentration– Not favorable
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Diffusion vs Active transport
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Endocytosis• Cell takes IN a substance by surrounding it with cell membrane– Too big to pass
through membrane via transporter
ONE STEP UP: WHAT DO YOU THINK HAPPNES
TO THE VESICLE ONCE IT IS ENDOCYTOSED?
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Exocytosis• Substances leave the cell• Vesicles containing particles within the cell fuse
with the PM and dump the contents of the vesicle outside the cell
ONE STEP UP: WHAT
KINDS OF THINGS DO
YOU THINK GET
EXOCYTOSED?
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Cell Size and Transport
• Area of cell membrane is large– Area of membrane= cell surface area
• As the cell grows, the volume grows and the surface area grows– Volume grows faster than area
• Surface area has to be bigger than volume
– Cell can’t get too big• Limited by surface area• Big cell= lots of movement in the cell
ONE STEP UP: HOW DO YOU THINK THINGS
MOVE WITHIN THE CELL?
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MiniLab p.63
• Work in pairs.
• Discuss with your partner as you go through questions.
• Should have 3-column table and answered questions 1-4
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HOMEWORK
• Vocabulary words on flash cards– Memorize for quiz
• Outline Lesson 3
• Page 66 (Lesson 3 review)– Questions 1-11
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BELL WORK CH2 L.4• Cellular respiration: a series of chemical
reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP
• Glycolysis: a process by which glucose, a sugar, is broken down into smaller molecules
• Fermentation: a reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low
• Photosynthesis: a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and carbon dioxide into the food energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen
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Lesson 4: Cells and Energy
• How do cells make energy?
• How do cells make food molecules?
• How does the air you breathe in differ from the air you breathe out?
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Cellular Respiration
• Series of chemical reactions to convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP
• First part takes place in cytoplasm, second part takes place in the mitochondria.
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Glycolysis
• In the cytoplasm• Glucose is broken down
into smaller molecules– Produces some ATP but not
main source of ATP• Has to use some ATP also• Uses 2 and makes 4 so NET 2
ATP
– No oxygen is used in this step
• Anaerobic
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Reactions in Mitochondria• Second part of cellular respiration
– This is where the majority of the energy is made• Remember: mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
• End products of glycolysis are used in the mitochondria to make lots of ATP
• Uses oxygen here• Waste products: carbon dioxide and water
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Fermentation
• Reaction that eukaryotes and prokaryotes can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low– No oxygen= less ATP made than cellular
respiration
• Occurs in the cytoplasm• Two kinds
– Lactic acid fermentation– Alcohol fermentation
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Lactic acid fermentation
• Glucose is used to make ATP but no oxygen so can’t do cellular respiration– Waste product= lactic
acid
• Muscle cells use this during exercise
• Bacteria use this to help make yogurt and cheese
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Alcohol fermentation
• Glucose used to make ATP but no oxygen so can’t do cellular respiration– Waste product= ethanol and carbon dioxide
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Photosynthesis• Plants obtain energy from
light• Series of chemical
reactions that converts light energy, water and carbon dioxide into food-energy (glucose) and gives off oxygen
• Chlorophyll (in chloroplasts) absorb light energy= absorbs all colors except green
ONE STEP UP: WHY IS IT
SO IMPORTANT TO KEEP
TREES ALIVE AND KEEP
PLANTING THEM?
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HOMEWORK• Vocabulary words on flash cards
– Memorize for test
• Outline Lesson 4
• Page 73 (Lesson 4 review)– Questions 1-11
• Quiz next class
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BELL WORK CH2- review
• Write four possible exam questions – Two from Chapter 1– Two from Chapter 2
• Also include complete answer
• Fair questions may be included in exam
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Lab p.74
• Work in pairs
• One person is full light, one person is less light
• Combine data at the end of experiment
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Review/Organize
• Vocabulary
• Outlines
• Key topics
• Review Questions
• Science notebook- CH2
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HOMEWORK
• Test for CH1 & CH2 – Study guide:
• Vocabulary flash cards• Lesson outlines• Lesson review questions• Notes from class
• EXTRA CREDIT (must do all of it): – (+5 points on exam)– Page 78-79 Chapter 2 Review– Page 80-81 Standardized Test Practice