CHAPTER 2

TECHNOLOGY SHAPES

EXPLORATIONLesson 1

Viking explorers◦ Eric the Red – a red-headed adventurer. He sailed from Norway to Iceland and then

to Greenland.

◦ Leif Ericsson – (Eric the Red’s son) he was an explorer, him and his crew were likely the first Europeans to land in North America. ◦ He founded a settlement in what is today Canada. Did not last very long.

Searching for Riches ◦ 1400s – trade between Europe and Asia had increased.

◦Merchants – people who buy and sell goods.

◦ Asian goods ◦ Silk◦ Spices

Better Navigation Tools◦Navigation – is the process sailors use to plan their course and find their location far

from land.

◦ Chinese invented the magnetic compass.

◦ Astrolabe – invented by the North Africans, this navigation tool measures the height of the sun or a star about the horizon. It helped sailors tell how far north or south of the equator.

◦ These navigation tools also helped Europeans improve maps.

Improved Shipbuilding◦ Technology – is the use of scientific knowledge and new ideas to create practical

tools that improve lives.

◦ Caravel – smaller, lighter caravel had a triangular sails to better control the wind.

◦ Portuguese built wooden decks without gaps, and water proofed the wood.

◦ They braided stronger ropes and made long lasting sails from canvas.

Portuguese Explorers ◦ Portugal lead the search to find a seas route to Asia.

◦ Prince Henry started a school to teach navigation and mapmaking in about 1419.◦ He wanted to know more about the world around him, gain wealth by trading for African

gold and ivory and he wanted to spread his catholic religion.

◦ The sailors he hired explored the west coast of Africa, they set up forts and trading posts – which were stores and small settlements where goods could be bought and sold.

Continued…◦Gold and ivory weren’t the only items being traded in Africa. The Portuguese also

took part In the…

Slave trade – where you bought and sold humans as property.

Reaching India ◦ IN 1487, BARTOLOMEU DIAS LED AN EXPEDITION OF THREE SIPS TO EXPLORE

AFRICA’S WESTERN COAST, AND HAD REACHED THE EASTERN COAST OF Africa.

◦ 10 years later, Vasco da Gama followed Dias’s route around Africa and sailed further then dais to reach India .

◦Da Gama’s voyage allowed Portugal to take a leading positon n India's rich spices.

EXPLORES OF SPAIN

Lesson 2

Columbus sets sail ◦ King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to be Columbus’s patrons.

◦ Patron – gives financial support to another person or cause.

◦ Columbus sailed from Spain with 90 men on three ships.

◦On October 12, 1492 – the ships had landed on an island in the Caribbean Sea, which is part of North America. Thinking he just landed in India he named the island the West Indies and called the people Indians.

◦ In 1494, he founded la Isabela, the first European town in North America.

Cortes and the Aztecs◦ In the early 1500s, a group of Spanish soldiers later called the Conquistadors – or

conquerors – arrived.

◦Hernan Cortes led an expedition – or organized journey – to Mexico in 1519.◦ Hernan Cortes had heard of the Aztec Empire – group of nations or people ruled by a single

group or leader – had many riches. ◦ Cortes planned to conquer the Aztecs.◦ Lead his Spanish army and native people to the capital of the Aztec Empire, Tenochtitlan.◦ Moctezuma, welcomed the Spanish army and gave Hernan Cortes gifts. He repays the favor

by making him a prisoner. Fighting broke out and lasted two years.◦ In 1521, the Spaniards defeated the Aztecs, ending the empire.

Ferdinand Magellan◦ In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, an expert navigator, commanded five ships. Hoping to

find a passage to Asia.

◦He traveled south along the coast of South America, until he found a narrow waterway, leading to the Pacific Ocean.

◦ Took him four months, after reaching the Pacific Ocean, to find land; they landed in the Philippines.

◦Magellan was killed in a battle with the native people weeks after landing in the Philippines. He’s crew continued home, only one ship survived.

◦ It was the first to circumnavigate, or sail completely around the world.

Exploring the North◦ Juan Ponce de Leon settled the island of Puerto Rico in 1508. He heard about the

fountain of youth and led an expedition out of Puerto rice in March 1513. A month later, at Easter time, he landed in present day Florida. Named it Pascua Florida- means Easter Flowers. He was the first European to visit Florida. The natives prevented him from making a settlement there.

◦ In 1539, Hernando de Soto sailed to Florida with 10 ships and 700 men. His expedition spent several years traveling through what is now the southeastern United States. Didn’t find treasure, he learned a great deal about the land. They fought many battles killing many natives.

Coronado’s Expedition◦ Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was serving as a Spanish leader in Mexico. Heard a

rumor of a rich kingdom called Cibola.

◦He set out to find the city in 1540. He traveled through what is now New Mexico, Arizona and other southwestern states. He claimed land for Spain.

◦He found no treasure.

Settling in the Americas◦ A colony is a settlement or area far from the country that rules it.

◦ In 1534, Spain established a colony of New Spain in North America. Over time, they would expand to include many islands in the Caribbean, as well as large parts of North and South Americas.

◦ St. Augustine was founded in 1565 in what is now Florida.

◦ Santa Fe was Founded in 1610 in what is now New Mexico.

◦Different reasons for to settle in New Spain◦ Set up governments◦ Spread Catholicism◦ Start farms and businesses

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Lesson 3

The Columbian Exchange◦ This was the movement of people, animals, plants, cultures, and even disease

between the Easter and Western Hemispheres.

Changing Ways of Life◦ The arrival of the Europeans in the Americas changed the American Indians lives.

◦ They were killed by them and were robbed of their lands as well.

◦ Forced to disregard their beliefs and accept their invaders Catholic faith.

◦ Forced to work in their farms growing sugar cane and other crops. Work in the mines digging for gold, silver, and other minerals

Harmful Effects ◦ Europeans brought disease germs with them that had a terrible impact on the

Native people.

◦ They didn’t have any defense against diseases such as smallpox, measles, and malaria.

◦ Epidemics occurred. Epidemics – is an outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many people.

◦ The devastation, or great harm, was enormous. Millions of people died.

◦ Because many Native Americans were dying, the Europeans searched for a new source of labor. They turned to the slave trade.

◦ Africans were enslaved, forced onto ships and transported across the Atlantic Ocean. Many did not survive the harsh journey. The rest were forced to in to labor in the Americas.

A Powerful Exchange

From the Americas

◦ Corn

◦ Peanuts

◦ Potatoes

◦ Squash

◦ Pineapples

◦ Turkeys

◦Guinea pigs

◦ Llamas

From Europe, Africa, and Asia

◦Wheat

◦ Rice

◦ Peaches

◦ Lettuce

◦Onions

◦ Coffee

• Bananas• Sugar

cane• Horses • Pigs• Chickens • Cattle

New Crops, Changing Diets◦ The Columbian Exchange transformed the way people on both sides of the Atlantic

farmed and ate.

◦ Potatoes was a main crop of the Incas in parts of South America. The Spanish learned of the crop and sent it back to Europe. Europeans found they potatoes were easy to grow, nutritious crop. Potatoes allowed European populations to increase as people became healthier and better fed.

◦ American Indian farmers learned to grow European and African crops such as wheat, rice, and sugar cane and added them to their diets.

Cultures Collide◦ Plants, animals, and diseases were not the only things shared during the Columbian

Exchange. People from the Western and Eastern Hemispheres also exchanged culture.