Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square...
-
Upload
alexander-holt -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
2
Transcript of Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square...
![Page 1: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2Science Review
![Page 2: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bell WorkA hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha
A web search of environmental organizations yielded a range of estimates of the amount of forest clearing that is occurring worldwide:
Estimate 1: 1 acre per second
Estimate 2: 80,000 acres per day
Estimate 32,000 ha per day
How can we convert these figures so that we can compare them?
![Page 3: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ObjectivesExplain the fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry and apply them to real world situations
Differentiate between the types of energy and explain energy flow
![Page 4: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Explain the fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry and
apply them to real world situations
Understanding Chemistry provides a powerful tool for understanding environmental science and developing solutions to environmental problems
Atoms can form molecules and compounds, and changes at the atomic level can result in alternate forms of elements, such as ions and isotopes
Water facilitates the chemistry of life
Living things depend on organic compounds, which are carbon-based
![Page 5: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reasons to understand Chemistry for APES
Chemistry is crucial for understandingHow gases contribute to global climate change
How pollutants cause acid rain
The effects on health of wildlife and people
Water pollution
Wastewater treatment
Atmospheric ozone depletion
Energy Issues
Etc
![Page 6: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
pH and Solutions
![Page 7: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
What is pH?pH stands for “Potential/Power of Hydrogen”
The negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
A high number = a very small concentration of H+ ions in solution
A low number = a very high concentration of H+ ions in solution
Logarithmic scale = each number on the scale represents 10x more or less H+
![Page 8: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Elements Important to the Study of Environmental
Science
![Page 9: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ions Important to the Study of
Environmental Science
![Page 10: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Brain break
Stand up and turn to the person next to you:
Discuss pH. How many more H ions are found in the next pH level?What is the average pH of rainwater?
![Page 11: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Matter is conserved
Law of conservation of matterMatter can be transformed from one type of substance into others, but it can neither be created nor destroyed
Because the amount of matter stays constantIt is recycled in nutrient cycles and ecosystems
We need to consider the results of our actions, especially in terms of pollution
![Page 12: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Energy & MatterFixed amounts of each in the universe
Can be converted interchangeably (e = mc2)
Earth is an “open system” regarding energy
Earth is a “closed system” regarding matter
Energy & Mass Laws1: Energy/Matter cannot be created or destroyed
2: Energy is always converted to “lower quality” forms whenever work is done
![Page 13: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Atomic Structure
The nucleus is tiny and very dense
The volume is almost entirely the electron cloud
![Page 14: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LecturePLUS Timberlake 14
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons, but
different numbers of neutrons.
Atoms of the same element (same atomic
number) with different mass numbers
Isotopes of chlorine
35Cl 37Cl17 17
chlorine - 35 chlorine - 37
![Page 15: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of IsotopesStable: the nucleus contains enough neutrons to block the repulsive forces of the protons. This keeps the isotope from breaking down over time.
2. Unstable: the nucleus of the atom does not have right amount of neutrons to block the repulsive forces of the protons; this makes the isotope radioactive!
![Page 16: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Radioactive IsotopesRadioactive isotopes have unstable nuclei and undergo nuclear decay (breakdown)
2. Nuclear decay involves the emission of energy and/or particles from the nucleus in an attempt to become more stable.
The energy/particles emitted from the nucleus are termed radiation and can be alpha or beta particles and gamma rays.
Isotopes disintegrate at predictable rates
![Page 17: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radioactive elements are unstable. They decay, and change into different elements over time.
Not all elements are radioactive. Those that are listed below are the most useful for geologic dating of fossils are:
U-238 Half-life = 4.5 Billion YearsK-40 Half-life = 1.25 Billion YearsC-14 Half-life = 5, 730 Years
Radioactive Isotopes
17
![Page 18: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Radioactive Decay and Half Life
The half-life of an element is the time it takes for half of the
material you started with to decay.
Each element has it’s own half-life
Each element decays into a new element C14 decays into N14 while U238 decays into Pb206 (lead), etc.
The half-life of each element is constant. It’s like a clock keeping perfect time.
18
![Page 19: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Nuclear Chemistry Review
Three types of radiation
Alpha (He nucleus)
Beta (electrons)
Gamma (EMR wave)
Differences in penetration
Alpha (sheet of paper)
Beta (block of wood)
Gamma (concrete wall)
![Page 20: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Fission and Fusion
Fission1 nucleus splits into fragments (chain reaction)
Ex. Nuclear reactor
Fusion2 or more nuclei fuse together
Ex. The Sun
![Page 21: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Energy LawsFirst Law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or converted between different forms
Ex. Solar energy to chemical energy during Photosynthesis
During work, energy “in” ALWAYS equals energy “out”
“You cannot get something for nothing”
Second LawDuring work, some energy is degraded into lower quality forms
High Quality (ex. Electricity, Nuclear Fission)
Medium Quality (ex. Normal sunlight)
Low Quality (ex. Geothermal heat)
You always end up with less useable energy than you start with
“You cannot break even”
![Page 22: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Second Law of Thermodynamics in Living
Systems
![Page 23: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Brain break
Look at the person at your table across from you. If you are facing the windows, explain the first law of thermodynamics to your partner. If you are facing the board, explain the second law of thermodynamics.
![Page 24: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
![Page 25: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Environmental “Science”
Some areas of ES research are experimental and lab-based
Most research is field-based, involving the study of highly complex FEEDBACK LOOPS
ES research is characterized byA focus on CONNECTIONS & INTERACTIONS
LONG time periods
SYNERGISTIC connections
![Page 26: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Types of PollutionDegradable
Ex. Human sewage, organic matter
PersistentEx. DDT, certain plastics, laminates
Non-degradableEx. heavy metals, lead & mercury
![Page 28: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Through-Put Economies
High Through-Put EconomyHigh consumption of both matter and energy
Matter Recycling EconomyReduced matter consumption
Still very high energy consumption
Low Through-Put EconomyReduced matter and energy consumption
Is this possible to achieve?
![Page 29: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Inputs, Throughput, and Outputs of an Economic System
![Page 30: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Experimental Design
ProblemQuestion to be answered
HypothesisScientifically testable statement
Independent or Manipulated Variable
The one(s) being tested or changed
Dependent or Responding Variable
The one(s) being measured
Control GroupNo M.V. (for comparison)
ConstantsAll other variables influencing the outcome
![Page 31: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Precision vs. AccuracyAccuracy
The nearness of a measurement to an agreed standard (ex. how close to 1kg is a 1kg standard weight on a particular balance?)
PrecisionThe degree of reproducibility and consistency of a measuring device throughout multiple measurements
![Page 32: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Effects of Deforestation on the Loss of Water and Soil
Nutrients
![Page 33: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Core Case Study: Carrying Out a Controlled Scientific Experiment
F. Herbert Bormann, Gene Likens, et al.: Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in NH (U.S.)
Compared the loss of water and nutrients from an uncut forest (control site) with one that had been stripped (experimental site)
![Page 34: Chapter 2 Science Review. Bell Work A hectare (ha) is a land measurement equal to 10,000 square meters. 1 acre=.40 ha A web search of environmental organizations.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649e2a5503460f94b1863c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fig. 2-4, p. 37
Nit
rate
(N
O3
– )
con
cen
trati
on
(millig
ram
s p
er
lite
r)
1972197119701969196819671966196519641963
Undisturbed(control)watershed
Disturbed(experimental)watershed
60
40
20
Year