Chapter 2 Research Methodology and Profile of...
Transcript of Chapter 2 Research Methodology and Profile of...
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Chapter 2
Research Methodology and Profile of Respondents
2.01 PROFILE OF THE AREA OF STUDY:
The study has been undertaken in district Almora, located in Kumaon division
of Uttarakhand. "Almora, middle Himalayan District, comes under Kumaon division
of Uttarakhand. In the east, it is bordered by Champawat and Pithoragarh, in the north
by Bageshwar, Chamoli and Rudraprayag, in the west by Pauri and in south by
District Nainital. The total area of the district is 3689.4 sq km. The administrative set
up comprises of 9 Tehsils, 11 Development Blocks, 3 Nagar Panchayat, 1146 Gram
Panchayats and 2249 Revenue Villages."1"Ramganga,Kosi and Suyal are important
perennial rivers flowing in the district. Almora was founded in 1568.It is considered
the cultural heart of the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Nearest railway station is
Kathgodam which is 85 km from district head quarter.The latitude and longitude of
the geographical location of its head quarter is 29°37′N 79°40′E29.62°N 79.67°E .
Almora city has an average elevation of 1,651 meters (5,417 feet). In the shape of a
horse saddle shaped hillock, it is surrounded by thick forests of pine with sporadic
presence of devdar trees. The snow capped Himalayas can be seen in the background.
As per wikipedia, Almora got its name from "Kilmora" a short plant found nearby
region, which was used for washing the utensils of KatarmalTemple. The people
bringing Kilmora were called Kilmori and later "Almori"and the place came to be
known as "Almora". Almora has many noted temples, including Kasar Devi, Nanda
Devi, Doli Daana, Shyayi Devi, Khakmara, Asht Bhairav, Jakhandevi, Katarmal (Sun
Temple), Pataal Devi, Raghunath Mandir, Badreshwar, Banari Devi, Chitai,
Jageshwar, Binsar Mahadev, Garhnath and Baijnath. Kasar Devi temple was visited
by Swami Vivekananda . Rudreshwar Mahadev Temple, near Sanara Ganiya, is
dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is situated beside the river Ram Ganga. A sun temple (only
the second in the world) is located at Katarmal within a short distance from the
district head quarter.
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The famous temple of Manila Devi, Devi Maa, the family goddess of the
Katyuri clan, lies around 85 km from Ranikhet. Udaipur a famous temple of Golu
devta is situated 5 km. from Binta near Dwarahat. Dunagiri has the highly revered
temple of Shakti or Mother Goddess. Dunagiri is also known as the birthplace of
modern day Kriya Yoga."2
2.02 Socio-demographic profile of the district:-
The district has 11 development blocks. "As per census 2011, the total
population of district Almora was 622506 consisting of 291081 males and 331425
females, with nearly 90 percent population residing in rural areas. The district has
5.76 percent of the state‘s geographical area and 6.15 percent of its population. The
sex ratio in the district is 1139 females per 1000 males as compared to the State
average of 963.Only 10 percentof the population lives in urban areas. The overall
literacy level of Almora stood at 81.06 percent, which is higher than the state literacy
rate of 79.63 percent. As per the 2011 census, Almora district comes second just to
Mahe district in Highest Sex Ratio among all the Districts in India.i.e. 1142 females
per 1000 males, whereas that of Mahe being 1147."3The social profile of the district
is given below:
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Table 2.1: Demographic profile of district Almora
Background
Characteristics
ALMORA
UTTARAKHAND
Number Percent to
total Number
Percent
to total
1 Geographic Area
(in sq.kms) 3083 5.76 53483 100
2 Number of blocks 11 -- 95 100
3 Total Population
(2011) 622506 6.15 101,16752 100
Male 291081 5.66 513,7773 100
Female 331425 6.69 4948519 100
Urban 62314
Rural 560192
4
Sex Ratio
(F/M*1000)
Over all Sex Ratio
1139
--
963
--
Child Sex Ratio 922 -- 890 --
5 Child population 0-
6 years (Total) 80082 1355814
A)Male 41672 717199
B)Female 38410 638615
5 Population Growth (-)1.28% - 19.17% -
6 Average Literacy % 81.06 -- 79.63 -
Male % 93.57 -- 88.33 -
Female 70.44 -- 70.70 -
7 Percent of SC/ST
population
SC- 24.26
ST- 0.21 -- 17.6
8 Population density
per sq. km 198 189
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The population of the blocks in Almora varies considerably. For the 11 blocks
of the district the demographic profile is given below:
Table 2.2: Blockwise demographic details of district
Blocks Name of Tehsil Total Population 2001 % of
Population
Hawalbagh Almora 67258 10.67
Lamghara Jainti 47347 7.51
Takula Almora 45325 7.19
Bhasiyachana Almora 26410 4.19
Tarikhet Ranikhet 69092 10.96
Dholadevi Bhanoli 62842 9.97
Chakhutiya Chakhutiya 49020 7.77
Bhikiyasen Bhikiyasen 37893 6.01
Dwarahat Dwarahat 61556 9.76
Syaldey
(Deghat)
Syaldey 49262 7.81
Salt Salt 61540 9.76
Almora Urban Almora 53022 8.40
Total 630567 100.00
Source: Census 2001
"The profile of health facilities as shown in the map of the district is given below"4:
Fig: Map of district Almora showing location of public health institutions.
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2.03 Administrative Setup in the district
"The District has 9 tehsils with 11 development Blocks. There is 1 Nagar
Palika Parishads, and 1 Municipality. Three-tier Panchayat system consisting of Zilla
Panchayat (District Panchayat),Kshetra Panchayat (Block Panchayat) and Gram
Panchayat (Village Panchayat) is in place. Elections for 1 Zilla Panchayats, 11
Kshetra Panchayats and all Gram Panchayats, were held in 2009"5 and next panchayat
elections are expected to be conducted in June 2014.
2.04 Research Design :
For the purpose of study Exploratory cum Descriptive Research Design has
been used to achieve the objectives of the study. The study aims to develop an
understanding of the subject and the manner in which the selected parameters and
health schemes affect the women‘s empowerment in the rural areas of district Almora.
Empowerment as such a very broad concept, encompasses host of factors such as
social, cultural, economic and political. Health of a women is one of the most
important social indicator of women‘s empowerment. If a women is healthy she will
be more productive and will be in better position to contribute towards the
development and welfare of her family, society and nation at large. Empowerment is
also the ability of an individual to make decisions and exercise choices on different
social, economic and political aspects affecting her life. Keeping in mind the
relevance of intrinsic relationship between health and empowerment of women,
during the present study, efforts have been made, to evaluate impact of some
important rural health schemes (under NRHM ) and thereby assessing the women
empowerment affected by them.
In the present study woman has been viewed in three very important roles in
the family as mother, as wife and as daughter. Health of women is very important
and crucial issue at all stages of her life as she passes through the transition from
daughter to wife to mother. The health requirements at different phases of life varies
from each other and therefore need to be addressed accordingly. Different
schemes/programmes evaluated in the present study for women in different roles are
given below:
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Table 2.3Different schemes/programmes evaluated in the present study for women in
different roles
Role of Woman in family Schemes/programmes studied
As a mother Janai Suraksha Yojna(JSY),Village
Health and Nutrition
Day(VHND),Reproductive and Child
Health (RCH), Janani Shishu Shuraksha
karyakram(JSSK).
As a Wife Health related awareness and Family
Planning Programme.
As a Daughter School Health Programme, Adolscent
Reproductive and sexual Health
(ARSH),Weekly Iron and folic acid
supplement (WIFS)programme, Rastriya
Bal Swasthya Karyakram(RBSK).
Universe for the purpose of study is District rlmora.
2.05 Sampling and sample size:
The following steps have been followed for unbiased sampling for the study.
Step-I: Health facilities sanctioned in terms of CHCs, PHCs, APHCs, Sub-centres and
AaganWadi Centres for each development block was assessed on the basis of
secondary data taken from the medical departments.The data for health facilities
available in different development blocks was taken from the office of C.M.O.
Almora.
Step-II: Number of health facilities in all 11 blocks of the district varied from 30.6 to
47.6 per ten thousand females for Chukhutia and Bhikiasain development blocks. On
the basis of health facility density the blocks were stratified into three strata viz:
blocks having health facility density of 30 to 36, 36.1 to 42 and 42.1 to 48 as first,
second and third strata. Chaukhutia, Takula, Deghat and Hawalbagh are in the first
Strata, Lamgarah, Dhauladevi, Bhaisiachhana, Sult and Dwarahat are in the second
strata where as Tarikhet and Bhikiyasain constituted the third strata. Stratified random
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sampling was resorted to for the random selection of one block from each strata. The
outcome of this sampling was the selection of Hawalbagh, Tarikhet and Sult
development blocks.
Step-III: Keeping in view the resource constraints in terms of time and money two
Gram Panchayats from each block were selected using simple random sampling .
This process gave rise to the random selection of two gram panchayats from each of
Hawalbagh, Tarikhet and Sult development blocks. The details of selected gram
panchayats/villages is as follows:
Table 2.4: Description of sample blocks and villages
Sl.No. Development Block Gram panchayat Revenue-villages
1 Hawalbagh Udiyari Udiyari
Kayala Kayala
2 Tarikhet
Walna Walna
Uprari Uprari
Pipalkhand
3 Sult Barkinda Barkinda
Dadholi Dadholi
Step-IV: From within the selected Gram Panchayats all the married women of
reproductive age group 18-49 years were interviewed.
2.06 Sample size determination:
Determining sample size is a very important issue because samples that are too
large may waste time, resources and money, while samples that are too small may
lead to inaccurate results.For the purpose of study universe is District Almora. Using
the following formula we determined the sample size necessary to produce results
accurate to a specified confidence and margin of error. For this study the confidence
level of 95% and confidence interval of 6% has been determined keeping in view the
limitation of resources like finance and time available.
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Sample Size (SS) - Infinite Population (Where the population is greater than 50,000)
Z 2 x (p) x (1-p)
C2
SS= Sample Size
Z = Z values which is 1.96 for a 95 percent confidence level.
P= Percentage of population picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5)
C= Confidence interval, expressed as decimal ( .06 =+/- 6 percentage points)
Z - Values (Cumulative Normal Probability Table) represent the probability
that a sample will fall within a certain distribution.
The Z- value for confidence levels is 1.96 for 95 % confidence level
(1.96) 2 x .5 x .5
(.06) 2
SS = 266.777 or say 267
From above it is thus clear that in order to achieve at least 95% level of
confidence with 6% confidence interval for sampling efficiency, keeping in view the
total population of rural women (302833 in 2011 census ) in district Almora ,the total
sample size in terms of number of women participants for the study was determined to
be 267 and actually 280 rural women were interviewed for collection of primary data
from the sample villages. It is also important to mention that as per the 2011 census
results the total rural female population of district Almora is 302833 but this includes
female of all age group. The number of rural girls in 0-6 years of age group (35770)
are also included in the above figures. Besides this, girls aged between 6-18 years of
age and old women also form sizable number in the area. It is thus clear that the total
population of target rural women is less than 267063.This implies that the actual
confidence interval would be less than 6 and confidence level more than 95%.
The details of actual sample villages and number of respondents are given
below :
SS =
Sample Size(SS ) =
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Table2. 5 :villagewise sample profile
Development Block Village No.of
Respondents
Hawalbagh Udyari 50
Kayala 46
Tarikhet
Valna 50
Uprari 28
Peepalkhand 21
Sult Dhadoli 50
Barkinda 35
Total 280
During the field visit for collection of primary data, the selected Gram
panchayats were visited and the married women of reproductive age group 18-49
years were interviewed.
2.07 Tools of data collection:
Both primary and secondary data was collected and used for the research
study. The following major tools were used to obtain the desired data and
information:
A.Primary Data:To ascertain the qualitative and quantitative aspects of primary
data the following tools were used :
1.Interview Schedule-The interview schedulein Hindi wasprepared and the
questions were drafted and chosen keeping in view the objectives of the study. The
schedule was then pre-tested in the field in the month of May 201 . On the basis of
feedback and experience the interview schedulewas modifiedi finetuned and finalized
for the collection of data in the field. The final version of interview schedule
contained 77 appropriate questions to obtain primary data pertaining to identified
parameters and issues.The schedule contained questions for both qualitative and
quantitative data. During the field study interviews wereconducted across different
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age and social groups of participants to have as wide spectrum of datai knowledge and
attitudes as possible amongst the respondents.
2.Informal interviews and discussions -With the help of ASHA workers
informal interviews and discussions were held with the respondents. Six such
meetings were conducted at Panchayat Ghar, Aaganwadi Centres. Besides this, efforts
were also made to have informal interactions with the women at places like public
drinking water stand posts, where they come to fetch drinking water and also at fields
where women were harvesting potatoes, wheat and other agriculture crops.Some
women also came in contact when they were returning from adjacent forests from
where they collected grasses, fuelwood and pirul etc. Also detailed
meetings,discussions with health care providers like ASHA, ANM, HV, Pharmacist
andMedical Officer Incharge of the respective health facility were conducted to get
indepth knowledge about the various issues related with maternal and child
health.Discussions on other key aspects about overall health of women was carried
out with CMO,Dy.CMO,CMS and other higher Authorities of the medical department
in district Almora. To increase the participation level of rural women, assistance of
reputed local persons like Gram Pradhan,ASHA,Ward Member was also sought for
rapport building. After rapport building with the people their free and unrestricted
participation was encouraged to get the real and unbiased insight of the issues
involved and relevant to achieve the objectives of study.
3.Non-participant observation- Observation by far is one of the most effective
and useful PRA tools which was used for the study. During field visits from time to
time observation related to the study parameters were taken and noted. These unbiased
observations helped in corroborating and validating the reliability of data collected
through other tools. Thishas resulted in developing better understanding of the
problems and find out need based solutions.
4.Participatory Rural appraisal (PRA)- During field study P.R.A. tools like
social and resource mapping were used to obtain information on medical facilities in
terms of infrastructure and trained man power availably and time line survey was
used to know the changes over time with respect to gender role,social customs and
behavior in the study area.
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B.Secondary Data:Secondary data was mainly collected from the following
organizations:
Govt. Department
Panchayati Raj
Social welfare
Economicsand statistics
Medical and Health (CMO Almora and other offices)
Block Development Officer Hawalbagh, Sult and Tarikhet
Booklets published by department of Economics and statistics
Rural development departments
Census handbooks of district Almora and Uttarakhand.
Central library of Kumaon University Nainital;
Library of Sociology department of KU, Nainital;
Websites.
2.08 Analysis of data and their presentation:
The systematic compilation, classification, and tabulation of data is of utmost
importance for systematic analysis of data as it helps in getting realistic interpretation
of the facts and observations. The main function of analysis is to summarise the data
in such a manner that they provide meaningful scientific knowledge to address the
objectives of the research study. The data collected through different tools mentioned
above was scrutinized, compiled and tabulated in the suitable formats. The data was
processed and analysed using excel and other appropriate software. Use of visual
presentation aids like pie charts, graphs and histograms etc. has also be done for
improving the presentation of the research findings. Some of the primary research
data collected compiled and tabulated on the spatial distribution of sample villages
and socio-economic parameters are given below:
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Table2.6 : Geographical Location of sample villages
Development
block
Name of
the G.P.
Name of
the village
Altitude
(mts.)
Lattitudeandlongitude
Tarikhet
Uprari
Uprari 1470 N 29degree35.218 minutes
E 79 degree 28.174 minutes
Peepal
khand 1354 N 29degree35.043 minutes
E 79 degree 28.110 minutes
Walna Walna 1376 N 29degree41.o66 minutes
E 79 degree 25.427 minutes
Hawalbag
Kayala Kayala 1426 N 29degree39.037minutes
E 79 degree 34.936 minutes
Udiyari Udiyari 1225 N 29degree 38.137 minutes
E 79 degree 38.101 minutes
Sult
Barkinda Barkinda 830 N 29degree 43.937 minutes
E 79 degree 15.201 minutes
Dadholi Dadholi 1738 N 29degree 44.746 minutes
E 79 degree 11.472 minutes
The above table shows the geographical distribution of sample villages in
three development blocks of district Almora. As has been mentioned earlier in this
chapter, the developments blocks represent different statistical strata as per the density
of govt. health facilities within the blocks of the district. The above table shows that
the villages are fairly well distributed in terms of their spatial locations.
Table 2.7 : Education- profile of the sample
S.N
o
Dev
elopm
ent
Blo
ck
Nam
e of
Sam
ple
Vil
lages
Illi
tera
te
Lit
erat
e/
Pri
mar
y
Eig
hth
pas
ses
Hig
hsc
hool
Inte
rmed
iate
Gra
duat
e/P
G
Tota
l
1 Hawalbagh Kayala 5 9 17 6 6 3 46
Udiyari 9 16 9 1 6 9 50
2 Tarikhet
Walna 7 10 9 8 8 8 50
Uprari 0 3 11 3 7 4 28
Peepalkhand 4 3 6 5 2 1 21
3 Sult Barkinda 11 9 12 2 0 1 35
Dadholi 26 3 13 2 4 2 50
Total 62
(22.1%)
53
(18.9%)
77
(27.5%)
27
(9.7%)
33
(11.8%)
28
(10%)
280
(100%)
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The above data shows that 22.1% respondents were illiterate which indicated
low literacy level among the rural women. The percent of respondents with primary,
middle, high school, intermediate and graduate andand post graduates was 18.9,
27.5,9.7,11.8 and 10% respectively. The literacy rate of respondents was 77.9%
which is higher than the average literacy rate for women in Uttarakhand and district
Almora which was 70.70 and 70.74% respectively.
Table 2.8: Social profile of the sample
S.No Development
Block
Sample
Villages
General SC Total
1 Hawalbagh Kayala 30 16 46
Udiyari 8 42 50
2 Tarikhet
Valna 37 13 50
Uprari 16 12 28
Peepalkhand 17 4 21
3 Sult Barkinda 23 12 35
Dhadoli 38 12 50
Total 169
(60.4%)
111
(39.6%)
280
(100)
The above data shows that the sample consists of 111 Scheduled Caste
(SC)respondents and 169 General caste respondents. In terms of percentage there
were 39.6% Scheduled caste respondents and 60.4% general caste respondents.
Table 2.9: Age gradation in the sample
S.No Development
Block
Sample
Villages
18-28
years
28-38
years
38-49
years
Total
1 Hawalbagh Kayala 12 19 15 46
Udiyari 20 20 10 50
2 Tarikhet
Walna 24 22 4 50
Uprari 14 13 1 28
Peepalkhand 10 6 5 21
3 Sult Barkinda 7 13 15 35
Dadholi 12 15 23 50
Total 99
(35.4%)
108
(38.6%)
73
(26.0%)
280
(100%)
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The above table shows that majority of respondents i.e. about 64.6% were in
the age groups of 28-38 and 38-49 years of age. A large proportion i.e. 35.4%
respondents represented the youngest age group of 18-28 years of age among the
respondents. The sample thus has fair representation of women from different age
gradations.
Table 2.10: Family types for the respondents in sample
S.No Development
Block
Sample
Villages
Joint Nuclear Total
1 Hawalbagh Kayala 17 29 46
Udiyari 23 27 50
2 Tarikhet
Walna 31 19 50
Uprari 20 8 28
Peepalkhand 15 6 21
3 Sult Barkinda 13 22 35
Dadholi 14 36 50
Total 133
(47.5%)
147
(52.5%)
280
(100%)
The profile of respondents for family type i.e. joint family or nuclear family
was also compiled and studied and the figures in the above table show that 47.5%
respondents belonged to joint families and 52.5% respondents had nuclear families.
Even though nuclear family is primarily considered to be an outcome of urbanization
but this social trend of nuclear family was found to be marginally on rise among the
respondents in the rural areas also.
Table 2.11: Number of children and their gender profile(for sample)
S.No Development
Block
Sample
Villages
Total
Children
Male
children
Female
children
1 Hawalbagh Kayala 108 54 54
Udiyari 115 56 59
2 Tarikhet
Walna 115 56 59
Uprari 61 31 30
Peepalkhand 50 24 26
3 Sult Barkinda 108 53 55
Dadholi 162 74 88
Total 719 (100%) 348 (48.4%) 371 (51.6%)
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The number of children for respondents and their gender wise profile was
compiled and the figures are shown above. There were 13 respondents with no
children and most of them were recently married. The over all 267 respondents with
2.69 children per couple had in all 719 children with 48.4% boys and 51.6% girls.
Over all sex ratio among the respondents was very healthy but detailed scrutiny of
data revealed that some individual respondents has skewed sex ratio.
* * * * *
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