Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
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Transcript of Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware
System RequirementsSystem Requirements
Use the Windows 2000 Server basic system requirements as a starting point from which to develop server computer specifications
Windows 2000 Server Hardware RequirementsWindows 2000 Server
Hardware RequirementsComponent Intel Processor Pentium 166 MHz or faster Display VGA or better Memory (RAM) 64 MB for five or fewer clients and 128 MB
for larger networks Hard disk space 685 MB for system files (2 GB
recommended)
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Server Hardware RequirementsWindows 2000 Server
Hardware RequirementsComponent Intel
Floppy disk drive High-density 3.5-inch
CD-ROM drive Required for installations not performed
over the network (12X or faster)
Network interface card (NIC) Required to connect to the network
Mouse or pointing device and
keyboard
Required
Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server
Windows 2000 Server Compatibility
Windows 2000 Server Compatibility
Check the Microsoft hardware compatibility list (HCL) before selecting computer hardware for a server
Hardware Listed in the HCL
Hardware Listed in the HCL
Single-processor computersMultiprocessor computersProcessor upgradesPCMCIA hardwareSCSI adapters and drivesVideo adapters
Hardware listed in the HCL
Hardware listed in the HCL
Network adaptersAudio adaptersModemsPrintersTape devicesUninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
CPU SizingCPU Sizing
Select a fast processor Architectureclock speed
Pentium ComputersPentium Computers
Processor cache: A data storage area that is only used by the system processor.Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB,
built into the processorLevel 2 (L2) cache that supplements
L1 cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.
L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors
L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors
Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an SRAM chip on the mother boardPentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chipPentium II and III: L2 cache is on a daughter boardCeleron processor: has no L2 cacheXeon processor: has special L2 caching for extra speed
Multiprocessor ComputersMultiprocessor Computers
Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP): employs two or more processors, including some computers that can support up to 32 processors
Clustering ComputersClustering Computers
Shared disk model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one and to equally share resources
Shared Disk ClusteringShared Disk Clustering
Hub
Server
Server
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
Figure 2-1 Shared disk clustering modelFigure 2-1 Shared disk clustering model
Clustering ComputersClustering Computers
Shared disk nothing model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one, but with each owning particular disk, CD-ROM, and tape resources
Shared Nothing ClusteringShared Nothing Clustering
Figure 2-2Figure 2-2Shared nothing Shared nothing clustering modelclustering model
Hub
Server
Server
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Tape drive
CD-ROMarray
M ain connection
M ain connection
Backupconnections incase of server
fa ilure
Bus ArchitecturesBus Architectures
Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit bus architecture dating to the early 1980sExtended Industry Architecture (EISA): 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture with faster throughput by means of bus mastering
Bus Architectures (continued)
Bus Architectures (continued)
Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-bit bus proprietary to IBM computers and having a slightly faster transfer rate than EISAPeripheral Computer Interface (PCI): 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest data transfer rate and local bus capability
I2O Architecture I2O Architecture
Intelligent input/output (I2O): A computer communications architecture that removes some of the I/O processing activities from the main processor to I2O processors on peripherals designed for I2O architectures, such as hard disks. I2O devices use one general device driver for all I2O-compliant devices.
I2O CommunicationsI2O Communications
OSKernel
O S ServicesM odule
Hardware DeviceM odule
I2O adatpter with CPU
Figure 2-3 IFigure 2-3 I22O communications O communications
architecturearchitecture
Plug and PlayPlug and Play
Plug and Play: Ability of added computer hardware, such as an adapter or modem, to identify itself to the computer operating system for installation
USBUSB
Universal serial bus: A bus standard that enables you to attach all types of devices to one bus port on a computer.Up to 127 devicesHot-swappableDeveloped to replace the traditional
serial and parallel bus technologies on computers.
Choosing NICsChoosing NICs
Network interface card: An adapter board designed to connect a workstation, server, or other network equipment to a network medium.
NIC ComponentsNIC Components
A connector for the network mediumA transceiverA controller for MAC protocol communications and addressingProtocol control firmware
NIC Duplex ModesNIC Duplex Modes
Half duplex: ability to send or receive signals, but not simultaneouslyFull duplex: capacity to send and receive signals at the same time
Setting the Duplex ModeSetting the Duplex Mode
Figure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode settingFigure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode setting
Memory Sizing GuidelinesMemory Sizing Guidelines
Operating system Processor type Memory
Windows 2000 Server for five or fewer users Intel 64 MB
Windows 2000 Server for over five users Intel 128 MB to 4GB
Windows 2000 Advanced Server Intel 128 MB to 64 GB
Windows 2000 Datacenter Intel 128 MB to 64 GB
Table 2-3 Memory Guidelines
Memory TypeMemory Type
Make sure that the memory used in a server is error checking and correcting (ECC)EEC: Memory that can correct some
types of memory problems without causing computer operations to halt
Min. 128 MBPreferably 256 MB
Disk CapacityDisk Capacity
Estimate disk capacity to include:Operating system filesSoftware filesData and database filesUser filesGeneral public filesUtility filesServer management files
Example Disk Capacity Calculation
Example Disk Capacity Calculation
Operating System Files EstimatedSize
Microsoft 2000 Server (depending on the accessories and servicesinstalled)
685 MB
Subtotal 685 MBApplication Software Estimated
SizeMicrosoft Office 150 MBMicrosoft Exchange 150 MBParadox database software 70 MBAccounting software 250 MBLegal time accounting software 200 MBClient databases 275 MBCourt forms 52 MBContracts forms 42 MBTax law forms 41 MBWills legal forms 45 MBBankruptcy legal forms 35 MBDatabase query software 72 MB
Subtotal 1,382 MB
Example Disk Capacity Calculation
Example Disk Capacity Calculation
User Directories EstimatedSize
Each user 100 MB * 22 2,200 MBSubtotal 2,200MB
Public Directories EstimatedSize
Shared directories containing word processing files, spreadsheets,and data
590 MB
Utility directories 50 MBSubtotal 640MB
Server Management Software EstimatedSize
Extra utilities for server and network management 175 MBSubtotal (175) MB
Total 5,082 MB
Disk Drive Design Issues That Affect Disk
Contention
Disk Drive Design Issues That Affect Disk
Contention
Speed of the individual disks Speed of the disk controllers Speed of the data pathway to the disksNumber of disk pathwaysDisk caching
Disk Drive InterfacesDisk Drive InterfacesIntegrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based computers from the 80286 to Pentium computers Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early device interface for computer peripherals and hard disk drives
Disk Drive InterfacesDisk Drive InterfacesSmall Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or 64-bit computer adapter that transports data between one or more attached devices, such as hard disks, and the computer
Simple Disk Controller Architecture
Simple Disk Controller Architecture
Server
Disk Controller
D isk Drive
Figure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk driveFigure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk drive
SCSI ArchitectureSCSI Architecture
Figure 2-6 Figure 2-6 Ultra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape driveUltra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape drive
Ultra SCSI adapterp lugged in to main
server board
Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit
Contro ller andD isk D rive Unit
Contro ller and TapeUnit w ith SCSI Cable
Terminated on theContro ller Card
SCSI Cable
SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
Interface Data Transfer Rate
SCSI-1 Up to 5 MBps
Narrow SCSI-2 Up to 10 MBps
Wide SCSI-2 Up to 20 MBps
Ultra SCSI Up to 20 MBps
Wide Ultra SCSI Up to 40 MBps
Ultra2 SCSI Up to 80 MBps
SCSI-3 (RISC) Up to 100 MBps
Table 2-5 SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates
Troubleshooting TipTroubleshooting Tip
Omitting the cable terminator is a common problem when connecting several devices to one SCSI adapter. If you experience difficulty recognizing hard disk storage during the Windows 2000 Server installation, check to make sure the terminator is connected to the last device on the SCSI cable.
Design TipDesign Tip
One method to significantly increase performance on a server two or more hard disk drives on different
adapters.
Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways
Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways
Server
U ltra SCSI adapterContro ller anddisk drive unit
Contro ller anddisk drive unit
SCSI Cable
U ltra SCSI adapter
Figure 2-7Figure 2-7Using two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drivesUsing two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drives
Fibre ChannelFibre Channel
For disk intensive applications, consider using Fibre Channel as an alternative to SCSI. Fibre Channel is a high-speed method for
connecting computer peripherals, such as disk drives, to servers and other host computers through copper and fiber-optic cable. Current implementations of Fibre Channel in Windows 2000 servers provide data transfer rates of up to 1 Gbps.
Disk Mirroring Disk Mirroring
Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method duplicating data from a main disk to a
backup disk.
Disk Mirroring ArchitectureDisk Mirroring Architecture
Disk Disk
Primary driveM irrored drive
Contro ller oradapter
Figure 2-8 Disk mirroringFigure 2-8 Disk mirroring
Disk DuplexingDisk Duplexing
Disk duplexing: A fault tolerance method duplicates data to second disk on a
different controller
Disk Duplexing Architecture
Disk Duplexing Architecture
Primary drive
M irrored drive
Disk
Disk
Figure 2-9 Disk duplexingFigure 2-9 Disk duplexing
RAID Fault ToleranceRAID Fault Tolerance
RAID level 0: Disk striping with no redundancyRAID level 1: Disk mirroring or duplexingRAID level 2: Disk striping across an array of disks in which all disks store error-correction data in case of a disk failure
RAID Fault ToleranceRAID Fault Tolerance
RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but error-correcting data is stored on only one diskRAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an added feature is checksum verification data stored on one diskRAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but error-correction and checksum data are spread over all disks
RAID Supported by Windows 2000
RAID Supported by Windows 2000
RAID level 0RAID level 1RAID level 5
Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management
Snap-in
Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management
Snap-inStatus information about drivesAbility to create and format partitionsAbility to change drive letter assignmentsSupport for FAT and NTFS drivesAbility to create mirrored, striped, RAID-5, and spanned volumes
Disk Management Snap-inDisk Management Snap-in
Figure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-inFigure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-in
Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection
Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection
Importance of the dataTolerance for down time when a failure occursAmount of data that must be storedHow fast the data must be accessedBudget for equipment purchases and support
Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Hardware RAID is more expensiveHardware RAID is generally faster for read and write accessAbility to place boot and system files on all configurations of hardware RAID
Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Software RAID and Hardware RAID Compared
Hardware RAID can include the ability to “hot swap” disksHardware RAID generally has more setup and configuration options
Planning TipPlanning Tip
Purchase hardware RAID from a vendor that does not use all proprietary components so you can use disk drives, cables, and various parts from other vendors.
Backup MediaBackup Media
Plan your server so that it can be backed up using removable media Tapes, Zip/Jaz disks, CD-ROMs, CD-Rs,
and CD-RWs.
Design TipDesign Tip
Attach tape backup systems to adapters or controllers that do not also have disk storage attached.
Tape Drive ArchitectureTape Drive Architecture
Server
U ltra SCSI adapter
SCSI Cable
U ltra SCSI adapter
Contro ller
RAID unit
Contro ller
Tape drive unit
Figure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapterFigure 2-11 Connecting a tape drive to a separate adapter
CD-ROM DriveCD-ROM Drive
Equip your server with a fast CD-ROM drive from which to load the Windows 2000 Server operating system, device drivers, and application softwareImplement a CD-ROM “jukebox” in situations where users will access CD-ROM resources over the network
Example CD-ROM JukeboxExample CD-ROM Jukebox
Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”Figure 2-12 CD-ROM “jukebox”
Implementation TipImplementation Tip
Fully set up and test all server componentsAllow for a “burn-in” period
The End