Chapter 2练习 Personality and Values

8/10/2019 Chapter 2 Personality and Values

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Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10e (Robbins/Judge)

Chapter 2 Personality and Values

1) Which of the following statements about personality is correct?

A) Personality is always stable.

B) Personality is a part of a person.C) Personality is an aggregate whole.D) Personality is for the most part comprised of traits that cannot be measured.

E) Personality is the primary source of emotions in most people.Answer: C

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 14-15Topic: Personality

2) Researchers have paid so much attention to personality traits in OB in order to ________.A) help in employee selection and in understanding how to more effectively manage people.

B) enable the easy evaluation of employee performance

C) help identify which people in a workforce will work best togetherD) understand the motivation of outstanding workersE) exclude potential trouble-makers from work.

Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 15Topic: Personality

AASCB Tag: Communication Abilities

3) Studies of twins separated at birth and raised separately have confirmed the importance of________ in shaping personality.

A) attitudesB) heredity

C) environmentD) parental influence

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 16Topic: Personality

4) Which of the following is not considered to be completely influenced by heredity?

A) facial attractivenessB) energy level

C) personalityD) physical stature

Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 16Topic: Personality


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5) You wish to hire a person who has an original mind, is skeptical, critical, independent, anddetermined. Candidates for this position would ideally have what classification on the

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?A) INTJs

B) ESTJs

C) ENTPsD) ISFPsE) ESTPs

Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 17

Topic: PersonalityAASCB Tag: Analytic Skills

6) All of the following are classifications on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator except ________.A) extroverted/introverted

B) sensing/intuitive

C) perceiving/judgingD) independent/dependentE) thinking/feeling

Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17Topic: Personality

7) Jason is outgoing, sociable, and assertive. According to the MBTI, he is considered

A) extravertedB) feeling

C) perceivingD) sensing



8) How would someone who is described as an ESTJ on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator best bedescribed?

A) as a visionaryB) as a conceptualizer

C) as an innovatorD) as an organizer

E) as a leaderAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 17

Topic: Personality


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12) You are assembling a team to work on a long-term project which requires creativity, staminaand farsightedness. The only piece of information available to you is the Myers-Briggs Type of

each of the applicants. These results are shown below:

Candidate Alan Brenda Cameron Drusilla Ellen

Myers BriggsType

INTJ ESTJ ENTP ESFP INFP

You are looking for an organizer, a person on whom you can depend to be practical and realistic.Who would be the best candidate based on their Myers-Briggs Type?A) Alan

B) BrendaC) Cameron

D) DrusillaE) Ellen

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 17


13) What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure ofpersonality?

A) It is very difficult to administer.B) It probably should not be used as a selection test for choosing among job candidates since it is

not necessarily a valid measure of personality.C) It does not include enough dimensions to differentiate all the variety of human personality

D) It tends to overemphasize intuitive personality traits over analytical personality traitsE) It is very difficult to accurately interpret.

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 17Topic: Personality

14) A high score in which dimension of the Big Five model predicts good job performance for

all occupational groups?A) extraversion

B) agreeablenessC) conscientiousness

D) emotional stabilityE) openness to experience



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19) Jane Simpson rates low on conscientiousness. This would this lead you to suspect that whichof the following statements is most likely to be true about Jane?

A) She will be easily distracted.B) She will find comfort in the familiar.

C) She will be nervous, depressed, and insecure.

D) She will be comfortable with solitude.E) She will be very dim-witted.Answer: A

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 18Topic: Personality

AASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills

20) You wish to predict how strong organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is in each of your

employees. Which of the five facets of personality will probably be of the most interest in thiscase?

A) extraversion

B) agreeablenessC) conscientiousnessD) emotional stability

E) intellectAnswer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 18

Topic: PersonalityAASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills

21) Of the Big Five, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, to job satisfaction, and

to low stress levels.A) self-esteem

B) emotional stabilityC) agreeableness

D) conscientiousnessE) extroversionAnswer: B


22) Which of the following is not true of extraverts?

A) Extraverts tend to be happier in their jobs and in their lives as a whole than intraverts.B) Extraverts experience more positive emotions than introverts.

C) Extraverts less freely express their positive emotions than do introverts.D) Extraverts have more friends than introverts.Answer: C



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23) Which of the following is not a downside to conscientiousness?A) Conscientious people don't adapt well to changing contexts.

B) Conscientious people have trouble learning complex tasks early in the training process.C) Conscientious people are often less creative than those who are less conscientious.

D) Conscientious people are rarely considered structured individuals.

E) There are no downsides to conscientiousness.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 20

Topic: Personality

24) James has been described as an agreeable individual. He is better liked on the job and is lesslikely to engage in organizational deviance. What would we expect to be associated with hisagreeableness?

A) He will be happier than a disagreeable person - but only slightly moreB) He will likely choose other agreeable individuals as members of his team.

C) He will probably be a poorer negotiator and experience lower levels of career success.

D) All of the above.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 19-20


25) Which of the following statements about people with positive core self-evaluations is true?A) They set goals which are easily obtainable.

B) They do not like themselves.C) They seldom persist to reach their goals.

D) They view themselves as powerless over their environment.E) They tend to be more committed to their goals.

Answer: EDiff: 2 Page Ref: 20

Topic: Personality

26) What is the term used for the degree to which people like or dislike themselves?

A) core self-evaluationB) authoritarianism

C) locus of controlD) Machiavellianism

E) efficacyAnswer: A



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27) Mary has an opening for a position requiring the individual to demonstrate considerableadaptability in adjusting their behavior by reading external cues. She should identify the

employee with a(n) ________ for a good fit.A) high self-monitoring tendency

B) low self-monitoring tendency

C) internal locus of controlD) external locus of controlE) high SE

Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 20-21


28) How would you describe an individual who is not capable of presenting strikingcontradictions between who they are in public and who they are privately and does not pay close

attention to the behavior of others?

A) low MachB) high MachC) low self-monitoring

D) high self-monitoringE) narcissisticAnswer: C



29) Which of the following statements about low self-monitors is true?A) They have a low behavioral consistency between who they are and what they do.

B) They tend to rate their performance much more highly than do outside observers.C) They tend to pay less attention to the behavior of others than high self-monitors.

D) They usually receive high performance ratings.E) They tend to thrive in areas that require them to take risks.Answer: C




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30) High self-monitors will most likely be well-suited to which of following positions?A) one that requires them to play a central role

B) one that requires them not to yield to outside pressureC) one that requires them to operate independently for long periods of time

D) one that requires them to take risks

E) one that requires a great deal of creativityAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 21


31) What term is used to describe the personality of an individual who is aggressively involvedin an incessant struggle to achieve more and more in less and less time?A) Type A personality

B) Type B personalityC) proactive personality

D) narcissistic personalityE) high Mach personality


Topic: Personality

32) Which of the following is true of people with a Type A personality?

A) They tend to be more successful than people with a Type B personality.B) They play for fun and relaxation.

C) They tend to emphasize quantity over quality.D) They generally feel little need to discuss their achievements.

E) They are generally content with their place in the world.Answer: C


33) Which of the following behaviors is most likely to be exhibited in someone with a Type Apersonality?

A) highly creativeB) enjoys leisure and quiet time alone

C) feels impatient with the rate of most eventsD) concentrates on one task at a time

E) takes long lunches and plays pool



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34) Which of the following is a characteristic of the Type B personality?A) A Type B suffers from a sense of time urgency, with its accompanying impatience.

B) A Type B struggles to achieve more with less.C) A Type B strives to always multi-task.

D) A Type B can relax without guilt.

E) A Type B needs to discuss his or her achievements.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 21

Topic: Personality

35) People with which type of personality trait commonly make poor decisions because they

make them too quickly.A) high self-esteemB) Type As

C) Type BsD) self-monitors

E) extrovertsAnswer: B



36) Which of the following terms best describes people who identify opportunities, show

initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs?A) Type A personalities

B) high self-esteemC) proactive personalities

D) high conscientiousnessE) high Mach

Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 21

Topic: Personality

37) Which of the following personality traits is most likely to help achieve career success?

A) proactive personalityB) high SE

C) Type AD) extrovert

E) agreeable

Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 21Topic: PersonalityAASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills


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38) Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct orend state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"?

A) valuesB) attitudes

C) convictions

D) preferencesE) affectual preferencesAnswer: A

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 22Topic: Values

39) What does the content attribute of a value state?A) that the value is completeB) that the mode of conduct is important

C) that the value is strongly or weakly heldD) the behavior associated with that value

E) that the value is not transientAnswer: B


40) When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's valuesystem.

A) intensityB) content

C) contextD) social acceptance

E) social needsAnswer: A


41) Which of the following statements about values is true?A) Values are flexible.

B) Values are synonymous with attitudes.C) Values tend to be consistent among occupational groups.

D) Values are fairly stable over time.E) Values change easily when they are called into question.

Answer: D



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42) What is the difference between terminal and instrumental values, as proposed by Rokeach?A) Terminal values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime,

while the instrumental values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving these values.B) Instrumental values are the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime,

while terminal values are the preferable modes of behavior in achieving theses values.

C) Terminal values are the highest values in a person's value system, while instrumental valuesare the ones that are most often used.D) Instrumental values are the values that are used in day to day life, terminal values are those

that come into play at times of great stress.E) Terminal values are the values shared by the group as a whole, instrumental values are the

values that differ within a group and give rise to conflict.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 23

Topic: Values

43) Which of the following values would be most likely to be considered a terminal value by

Rokeach?A) ambitious

B) broad-mindedC) helpful

D) a sense of accomplishmentE) self-controlledAnswer: D

Diff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-2Topic: Values

AASCB Tag: Analytic Skills

44) Which category of dominant work values is most likely to characterize a 55-year-oldemployee in the United States?

A) hard working, conservative, conforming, loyalty to the organizationB) team-orientated, honest, self-reliant, loyal to relationships.

C) success, achievement, ambition, dislike of authority, loyalty to careerD) work/life balance, team-oriented, dislike of rules, loyalty to relationshipsE) confident, financial success, self-reliant but team-oriented, loyalty to both self and

relationshipsAnswer: C


AASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding


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45) What is the term used to describe the cohort of workers who entered the workforce in the1950s and early 1960s?

A) boomersB) nexters

C) Xers

D) veteransE) MillennialsAnswer: D



46) What is the term used to describe those members of the population whose lives have been

shaped by globalization, MTV, AIDS, and computers; and who value flexibility, life options, andthe achievement of job satisfaction?

A) veterans

B) boomersC) nextersD) Xers

E) hexersAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 24

Topic: ValuesAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding

47) Veterans are most likely to place the greatest importance onA) a comfortable like and family security

B) social recognitionC) true friendship

D) happinessE) meaningful work

Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 24Topic: Values



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48) What cohort of workers in the United States is most likely to balk at having to workextensive overtime and weekends?

A) VeteransB) Boomers

C) Nexters

D) XersE) TraditionalistsAnswer: D



49) What term is used for those who entered the United States workforce from the mid-1960s

through the mid-1980s?A) Veterans

B) Boomers

C) NextersD) XersE) Traditionalists

Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-3Topic: Values


50) As you work with Tom, who is 27 years old, you are likely to find that he ________.A) desires financial success

B) prefers leisure timeC) sees the company merely as a vehicle for his career

D) highly values securityE) is not interested in work at all

Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-3Topic: Values


51) What cohort of workers in the United States is most loyal to their careers?

A) VeteransB) Boomers

C) Nexters

D) XersE) TraditionalistsAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-3

Topic: ValuesAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding


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56) ________ developed a Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire that contains 160occupational titles.

A) MaslowB) Holland

C) Hofstede

D) HerzbergE) SurberAnswer: B

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 26Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the Workplace

57) According to Holland, the closer two fields are in the hexagon, the ________ they are.A) more dissimilar

B) more compatibleC) less compatible

D) more difficult to categorize

E) less related to any occupationAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 26

Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the Workplace

58) The "enterprising" personality from Holland's typology of personality and congruent

occupations would exhibit which of the following personality characteristics?A) imaginative, disorderly, idealistic

B) shy, genuine, persistentC) sociable, friendly, cooperative

D) self-confident, ambitious, energeticE) conforming, efficient, practical

Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-4

Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the WorkplaceAASCB Tag: Analytic Skills

59) You are seeking to fill the position of corporate accountant, and have administered Holland's

Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire to all candidates. You would suspect that thequestionnaire would indicate that the best candidates for the position would have which of the

following personality types?A) conventional

B) realistic

C) enterprisingD) investigativeE) socialAnswer: A

Diff: 2 Page Ref: Exh 2-4Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the Workplace



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64) Which one of the following statements is true about the six personality types developed inHolland's personality-job fit theory? Each of the six types has a ________.

A) supplemental personality styleB) congruent personality style

C) congruent occupation

D) supplemental occupational environmentE) supplemental skill setAnswer: C

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the Workplace

65) It's more important today that employees' personalities fit withA) their manager's personality

B) the overall organization's cultureC) the characteristics of the job

D) the recruiter's personality

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 27Topic: Linking an Individual's Personality and Values to the Workplace

66) A study of the EU found which of the Big Five personality factors was a valid predictor ofperformance across jobs and occupational groups?

A) agreeablenessB) extraversion

C) openness to experienceD) conscientiousness

Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 27-28

Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding

67) Which of the following researchers produced a comprehensive analysis for analyzingvariations among cultures?A) Maslow

B) HofstedeC) Festinger

D) SkinnerE) Freud

Answer: B

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 28Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding


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68) Which of the following is not one of Hofstede's five dimensions of national culture?A) power distance

B) flexibility versus rigidityC) individualism versus collectivism:

D) long-term versus short-term orientation:

E) uncertainty avoidanceAnswer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 28


69) What is the measure of the extent to which people in a country accept the fact that power ininstitutions and organizations is distributed unequally?

A) caste acceptanceB) collectivism

C) power distance

D) masculinityE) rigidityAnswer: C


70) Which dimension of Hofstede's framework is the degree to which people prefer to act as

individuals rather than as members of groups?A) power distance

B) individualism vs. collectivismC) masculinity vs. femininity

D) uncertainty avoidanceE) long-term vs. short-term orientation

Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 28Topic: Global Implications


71) Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions emphasizes a tight social framework in which

people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them?A) long-term orientation

B) masculinity

C) individualismD) collectivismE) femininityAnswer: D

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 28Topic: Global Implications



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72) According to Hofstede, people in cultures with ________ value thrift, persistence, andtradition.

A) high power distanceB) low power distance

C) long-term orientation

D) short-term orientationE) low uncertainty avoidanceAnswer: C



73) According to Hofstede, cultures that score ________ tend to emphasize laws and regulations.

A) high on power distanceB) high on uncertainty avoidance

C) low on power distance

D) low on uncertainty avoidanceE) high on masculinityAnswer: B


74) Which of Hofstede's dimensions is the degree to which people in a country prefer structured

to unstructured situations?A) collectivism

B) power distanceC) long-term orientation

D) uncertainty avoidanceE) idiocentricity

Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 28Topic: Global Implications


75) According to Hofstede, high femininity cultures

A) emphasize equality between men and women.B) favor achievement and power.

C) emphasize feminine roles.

D) have increased anxiety about ambiguity.E) are rule-oriented.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 28



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76) According to Hofstede, which country scored as the most individualistic nation of all?A) Japan

B) KoreaC) Great Britain

D) United States

E) ChinaAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 28


77) The gender differentiation cultural dimension identified by GLOBE is the equivalent ofwhich of Hofstede's dimensions?

A) power distanceB) uncertainty avoidance

C) masculinity-femininity

D) future orientationE) individualism-collectivismAnswer: C

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 30Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills

78) According to Hofstede, the Unites States scores high in ________ and low in ________.

A) power distance; uncertainty avoidanceB) individualism; power distance

C) uncertainty avoidance; individualismD) uncertainty avoidance; masculinity

E) femininity; masculinityAnswer: C


79) All of the following are weaknesses of Hofstede's cultural dimensions pointed out by criticsEXCEPT:

A) The original data are from 30 years ago.B) The original data were based on only four companies: IBM, Disney, Coca-Cola, and

McDonald's.

C) Most researchers are unaware of the judgment calls Hofstede had to make.D) Some of the Hofstede results are unexpected.E) Few researchers have read the details of Hofstede's methodology closely.Answer: B



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83) Country In-groupcollectivism

Individualism/collectivism

Performanceorientation

Humaneorientation

Powerdistance

Country A 4 3 1 2 5

Country B 3 5 2 1 3Country C 2 1 3 5 4

Country D 5 2 4 3 1

Country E 1 4 5 4 2

The above table shows the relative rankings of five countries in five of GLOBE's culturaldimensions. In which country are people most likely to identify with and take pride in thecompany they work for?

A) Country AB) Country B

C) Country C

D) Country DE) Country EAnswer: E



84) Country In-groupcollectivism

Individualism/collectivism

Performanceorientation

Humaneorientation

Powerdistance

Country A 4 3 1 2 5

Country B 3 5 2 1 3

Country C 2 1 3 5 4Country D 5 2 4 3 1

Country E 1 4 5 4 2

According to the above table, in which country are people most likely to be rewarded for beingaltruistic, caring, and kind to others?A) Country A

B) Country BC) Country C

D) Country DE) Country E

Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 30

Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills


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85) Which of the following statements is true of the GLOBE project?A) The GLOBE dimensions replaced Hofstede's work.

B) The GLOBE project confirmed that Hofstede's dimensions are no longer valid.C) The GLOBE dimensions have confirmed Hofstede's work.

D) The GLOBE framework recognizes that a country's cultural values do not change.

E) It is not expected that future cross-cultural studies will use the GLOBE dimensions to assessdifferences between countries.Answer: C



86) Behavior is shaped by our personalities.

Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 14

Topic: What Is Perception?

87) Personality looks at the parts of the person rather than the aggregate whole.Answer: FALSE


88) A trait can be described as a characteristic or behavior that is sometimes exhibited in a fewsituations.

Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 16

Topic: Personality

89) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a 100-question personality test that types fourcharacteristics into sixteen personality types.

Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17Topic: Personality

90) In the Myers-Briggs typology, N stands for intuitive.


Topic: Personality

91) In the Myers-Briggs typology, S stands for sensible.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 17

Topic: Personality


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92) Because MBTI results are job related, it is an excellent selection test for choosing jobcandidates.


Topic: Personality

93) In the Myers-Briggs typology, P stands for preparedness.


Topic: Personality

94) If you were looking for an employee who was an organizer, you would probably choose onewhose type is INFP.Answer: FALSE



95) A substantial body of research supports the MBTI as a valid measure of personality.Answer: FALSE


96) An impressive body of research supports that five basic personality dimensions underlie allothers.


Topic: Personality

97) The Big Five Model factor termed "extraversion" is probably a good predictor of jobperformance in most professions.

Answer: FALSEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 17-18Topic: Personality

98) Conscientiousness refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.


Topic: Personality

99) Agreeable people tend to be less trusting than disagreeable people.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 18

Topic: Personality


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100) Extraverts are more likely to be absent from work than introverts.Answer: TRUE


101) Intraverts tend to be more impulsive than extroverts.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 18

Topic: Personality

102) Individuals who score high on openness to experience are more creative in science and in

art than those who score low. Because creativity is important to leadership, open people are morelikely to be effective leaders.Answer: TRUE



103) Agreeableness is associated with lower levels of career success. This may be due in partbecause agreeable individuals are poorer negotiators.

Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 19Topic: Personality


104) Self-monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,situational factors.


Topic: Personality

105) High self-monitors tend to pay less attention to the behavior of other people than do lowself monitors.Answer: FALSE



106) Low self-monitors show high behavioral consistency.

Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 20-21Topic: Personality


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107) Individuals with Type B personalities exhibit characteristics highly prized by the NorthAmerican culture.


Topic: Personality


108) Zack is always moving and is impatient. He prefers work to leisure and seems obsessed

with numbers. Zack probably has a Type B personality.Answer: FALSE

Diff: 1 Page Ref: 21Topic: PersonalityAASCB Tag: Analytic Skills

109) People with Type A personalities are rarely concerned with time.Answer: FALSE


110) Those individuals with Type A personalities tend to be more at risk for cardiovascular

disease.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 21


111) People with Type B personalities tend to operate under more stress than those with Type A

personalities.Answer: FALSE


112) Proactive personalities are more likely to act as change agents within an organization.Answer: TRUE



113) The content attribute of a value says that a mode of conduct is important.

Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 22Topic: Values


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114) When we rank an individual's values in terms of the intensity of those values, we obtain thatperson's value system.


Topic: Values

115) Values cannot be classified because of their spiritual and theological basis.Answer: FALSE


116) Values tend to be stable and enduring.Answer: TRUE


117) People always act in ways consistent with their values.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 22

Topic: Values

118) Instrumental values are preferable modes of behavior, or means of achieving one's terminalvalues.


Topic: Values

119) Milton Rokeach developed a survey that assesses terminal and instrumental values.Answer: TRUE


120) RVS values are fairly stable and consistent across groups.Answer: FALSE


121) Boomers place a great deal of emphasis on achievement and material success.

Answer: TRUE

Diff: 2 Page Ref: 24Topic: ValuesAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding


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129) In Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory questionnaire, adjacent categories are quitesimilar while diagonally opposite ones are highly dissimilar.



130) It is more important that employees' personalities fit with the overall organization's culturethan with the characteristics of any specific job.



131) The five personality factors identified in the Big Five Model appear in almost all

cross-cultural studies.Answer: TRUE

Diff: 3 Page Ref: 27


132) Each culture has a common personality type.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 27-28


133) Geert Hofstede produced a very widely referenced approach for analyzing variations among

cultures.Answer: TRUE



134) Collectivism refers to a cultural attribute describing a loosely knit social framework inwhich people tend to the interests of their immediate family.



135) Organizations in a society high in uncertainty avoidance are likely to have more rules.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 28Topic: Global Implications



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136) It is consistent for a country with a democratic government to rank below average on powerdistance.


Topic: Global Implications


137) The U.S. culture ranked above average on power distance according to Hofstede.



138) The GLOBE research program is an ongoing cross-cultural investigation of leadership andnational culture.

Answer: TRUE


139) GLOBE's future orientation dimension is essentially equivalent to Hofstede'slong-term/short-term orientation.


Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Reflective Thinking Skills

140) The GLOBE dimensions have replaced Hofstede's dimensions.



141) What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and how might it be used by managers?

Answer: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is one of the most widely used personalityframeworks. It is essentially a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually

feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of the answers individuals give to the test, theyare classified as extroverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or

feeling (T or F), and perceiving or judging (P or J). These classifications are then combined into

sixteen personality types. The MBTI has a place in training and development, since it can helpemployees to better understand themselves. It can also provide aid to teams by helping membersbetter understand each other. It can also provide career guidance, but should not be used as aselection test.

Page Ref: 17Topic: Personality


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142) Discuss the "Big Five" model of personality.Answer: The five-factor model of personality is typically called the "Big Five." In addition to

providing a unifying personality framework, research on the Big Five also has found importantrelationships between these personality dimensions and job performance. The five key traits in

the Big Five personality model are extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional

stability, and openness to experience. Extroversion captures one's comfort level withrelationships. Agreeableness refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others.Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability. Emotional stability taps a person's ability to

withstand stress. Openness to experience addresses one's range of interests and fascination withnovelty.

Page Ref: 17-19Topic: Personality

143) What is self monitoring? Discuss how high self monitors differ from low self monitors.Answer: Self monitoring refers to an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external,

situational factors. High self monitors show considerable adaptability in adjusting their behavior

to external situational factors. They are highly sensitive to external cues and can behavedifferently in different situations. They are also capable of presenting striking contradictionsbetween their public persona and their private self. Low self monitors can't disguise themselves

and tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in very situation. High self monitors aremore capable of conforming and tend to receive better performance ratings than low selfmonitors. High self monitoring managers receive more career promotions and are more likely to

occupy central positions in the organization.Page Ref: 20-21

Topic: Personality

144) Describe the Type B personality.Answer: Type B personalities do not suffer from a sense of time urgency or with its

accompanying impatience. They feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements oraccomplishments. Type B's play for fun and relaxation, and can relax without guilt. They are

rarely harried by the desire to obtain an increasing number of things.Page Ref: 21Topic: Personality

145) Explain why values are important to the study of organizational behavior.Answer: Values lay the foundation for understanding people's attitudes and motivation. Values

also influence our perceptions. As individuals enter an organization with preconceived notions ofwhat "ought" to be, they contain interpretations of right and wrong - based upon their values.

Values can cloud objectivity and rationality. Furthermore, values generally influence attitudes

and behavior. Organizations are interested in whether the individual's values are aligned with theorganization's.Page Ref: 22Topic: Values



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149) Name and describe the value dimensions of culture identified by Hofstede.Answer: Power distance is the degree to which people accept that power in institutions and

organizations is distributed unequally. Individualism/collectivism is the degree to which peopleprefer to act as individuals or as members of a group. Masculinity/femininity is the degree to

which values such as assertiveness, the acquisition of money and material goods and competition

prevail versus the degree to which people value relationships, and show sensitivity and concernfor the welfare of others. Uncertainty avoidance is the degree to which people prefer structuredover unstructured situations. Long-term/short-term orientation is the degree to which people look

to the future or to the past and present. The latter emphasizes respect for tradition and fulfillingsocial obligations.

Page Ref: 28Topic: Global ImplicationsAASCB Tag: Multicultural and Diversity Understanding

150) Compare Hofstede's cultural dimensions with the GLOBE framework.

Answer: The Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program

identified nine dimensions on which national cultures differ. Assertiveness is essentiallyequivalent to Hofstede's quantity-of-life dimensions. Future orientation is equivalent toHofstede's long-term/short term orientation. Gender differentiation is the extent to which a

society maximizes gender role differences. Uncertainty avoidance, power distance, andindividualism/collectivism were also identified by Hofstede. In-group collectivism encompassesthe extent to which members of a society take pride in membership in small groups. Performance

orientation is the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members forperformance improvement and excellence. Humane orientation is defined as the degree to which

a society encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kindto others. This is close to Hofstede's quality-of-life dimension.

Page Ref: 30Topic: Global Implications


Chapter 2练习 Personality and Values

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