Chapter 2 part 2. Computer Processing Speeds Milliseconds - thousands of a second Microseconds -...
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Transcript of Chapter 2 part 2. Computer Processing Speeds Milliseconds - thousands of a second Microseconds -...
![Page 1: Chapter 2 part 2. Computer Processing Speeds Milliseconds - thousands of a second Microseconds - millionths of a second Nanoseconds - billionths of a.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022080906/56649ef35503460f94c05641/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 2 part 2
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Computer Processing Speeds
• Milliseconds - thousands of a second
• Microseconds - millionths of a second
• Nanoseconds - billionths of a second
• Picosecond - trillionths of a second
• MIPS - millions of instructions per second
• MHz - megahertz - millions of cycles per second
![Page 3: Chapter 2 part 2. Computer Processing Speeds Milliseconds - thousands of a second Microseconds - millionths of a second Nanoseconds - billionths of a.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022080906/56649ef35503460f94c05641/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Speed factors
• Size of circuit paths (system buss) that connect internal components of a microprocessor
• Processing registers
• Memory cache
• Specialized co-processors
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Peripheral Devices
• Necessary for input, output, storage
• Must be linked in some manner to the cpu
• Interface technology has yielded simpler more usable devices
• Mice, touch screens, light pens, voice
• Work with graphical user interface to allow easier access
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Printed Output
• Inkjet printers - spray ink on page one line at a time. Low cost, quiet, versatile.
• Laser printers - Electrostatic process similar to a photocopy. Higher cost, faster, multi- purpose
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Storage Trends
• VLSI - Very large scale integration. This allows more processing power in smaller processors
• Secondary storage getting cheaper for more capacity
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Computer StorageFundamentals
• Binary representation
• bit - Smallest level of a data element
• byte - a grouping of bits
• Two common types of bit arrangement– ASCII– EBCDIC
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CONT.
• Storage capacities are measured in two general forms– Kilobytes - KB - one thousand bytes– Megabytes - MB - one million bytes– Gigabyte - GB - one billion bytes– Terabyte - TB - one trillion bytes
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Media Access
• Two methods for accessing data or information stored on some type of media– Direct Access - Method used when the primary
storage media is semiconductor (RAM), or direct access storage device (DASD). Direct Access and Random Access can be used interchangeably
– In direct access, there is a unique identifier (address) that allows nearly immediate access
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Media Access cont
• The second access method is Sequential Access – Associated with a slower retrieval of desired
information or data.– Mediums are magnetic tape, digital audio tape,
etc.– Records are stored one after the other and must
be retrieved in order of storage
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Semiconductor Memory
• Benefits to semiconductor memory are numerous
• Physically small
• Fast
• Resistant to temperatures
• There is one major disadvantage to this type of memory
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Semiconductor Memorycont
• Semiconductor memory only works when uninterrupted power is being supplied
• Volatility is the main concern when relying on this type of memory
• Two basic forms for Semiconductor memory
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Types of SemiconductorMemory
• RAM - Random Access Memory - Most widely used primary storage medium - this is considered “Read/Write memory”
• ROM - Read Only Memory - Can be read but not erased or overwritten - there are some variations that allow contrary actions
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Magnetic Disk Storage
• Floppy disks - polyester film covered with iron oxide. Contained in a hard cover. Can be erased, saved multiple times. Generally have a capacity of 1.44 megabytes
• Hard Disk drives - Sealed module containing a disk, controller, read head. Can have a large range of capacity sizes from 520megabytes to several gigabytes
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Magnetic Disk Storagecont
• RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks - multiple hard disks that provide fault tolerance and high capacity.
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Magnetic Tape
• Still used as a form of permanent storage
• Generally used as ‘back up’ for more easily accessed media
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Optical Storage
• Medium that requires an electronic read eye (laser) that reads encoding on a plastic disk
• High storage capacity
• Quick access (but less than RAM)
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Optical Storage types
• CD-ROM - Capable of storing 600 megabytes on a single disk. Cannot be erased or overwritten
• CD-R - Compact Disk Recordable - Allows for disks to be encoded once using a special CD-R device (drive)
• CD-RW - Compact Disk rewritable - Can be overwritten using special drive
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Optical Disk cont
• DVD - Digital Video Disk - can hold 3 to 8.5 gigabytes on a single disk
• WORM - Write Once Read Many - similar to CD-R
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The End
• Of chapter 2 at least………………..