CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?
-
Upload
lorena-merritt -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
5
Transcript of CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?
![Page 1: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHAPTER 2
Methods of Psychology
![Page 2: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Crash Course
![Page 3: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are the steps in the
scientific method?
![Page 4: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Scientific Method
1. DEFINE the variables we’ll measure
2. Formulate the HYPOTHESIS3. Determine the POPULATION
& SAMPLE to be tested 4. Determine the RESEARCH
METHOD to use5. Summarize the DATA6. Determine appropriate
STATISTICAL MEASURE to analyze data
7. Synthesize RESULTS
![Page 5: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Defining the Variables
Variables are specifically defined according to the needs of the researcher
– Specific description of the variables to be measured– Helps researchers determine whether their research
goals were achievedExample – Do women prefer men with a more
masculine or feminine look? Variables
• Masculine Face • Chiseled Jaw • Scruffy • Thick
Eyebrows
• Feminine Face • Prominent cheek bones and
dimples• Man-scaped eyebrows• Long curly eye lashes
![Page 6: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is a hypothesis?
![Page 7: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hypothesis
Hypothesis – a statement of the results that the experimenter expects
![Page 8: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Problems That May Skew Data
• Researcher Bias – researcher loses objectivity due to personal involvement and skews the results because of their own desired outcome
• Confirmation Bias – researcher tends to confirm rather than refute actual results in order to confirm existing beliefs
• Hindsight Bias – the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it
![Page 9: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Population
All research focuses on a specific population Subjects/Population – people involved in
study Sample – Smaller group representing a
larger group Representative group – truly reflects
larger group
![Page 10: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Random Sampling
Selection where each member of a specified population has an equal chance of being selected
![Page 11: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Systematic Sampling
Selection of every X element of a group
Ex. Every 3rd person
![Page 12: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Experiment
The ultimate reason for completing an experiment is to show cause and effect through manipulation of variables
![Page 13: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Variables
Independent – manipulated Dependent – changes due to the
independentConfounding variables – a factor other than
the independent variable that causes a change in the dependent variable
![Page 14: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Scientific Method
Control Group – does not participate
Experimental Group – participate
![Page 15: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why is it important to have a control
group and an experimental
group?
![Page 16: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What do you think are different
ways to research a hypothesis?
![Page 17: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Research Methods
Laboratory Study – conducted in a lab
Field Studies – conducted outside the lab
![Page 18: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
How can a research psychologist tell if medicine is really
beneficial to a patient or if it is just the power of
suggestion?
![Page 19: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Research Methods
PlacebosDouble Blind Study
![Page 20: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Field StudySurvey – asking questions
Open-ended question – What type of ice cream do you like?
Closed-ended question – What type of ice cream do you like? Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry
![Page 21: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Field StudyNaturalistic Observation – I can’t see you!!!
![Page 22: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Never Been Kissed
![Page 23: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Never Been Kissed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECWnJW88fcU
What benefits could their be from completing a naturalistic observation? What would be
some disadvantages?
![Page 24: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Field Study
Interviews – Helps obtain personal information
![Page 25: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Field Study
Case Study MethodObtain long term information
Usually used to help treat a person
Cannot be used to generalize
![Page 26: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Field StudyPsychological Tests – What’s my IQ?
What would be a disadvantage of a psychological test?
![Page 27: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Field StudyLongitudinal – Follows specific people their whole lives
Cross sectional – takes examples from all age groups
Are you smarter than your parents?
![Page 28: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
BLSA
![Page 29: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A researcher is interested in how the activity levels of 4-
yr olds is affected by viewing an exciting 30min video of
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles versus a 30min calming
video of Barney
IV:
DV:
EG:
CG:
Example
The therapist wants to test a new drug designed to increase the ability of
teenagers with ADHD to take accurate notes in
class
IV:
DV:
EG:
CG:
![Page 30: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Example
A researcher is interested in how the activity levels of 4-
yr olds is affected by viewing an exciting 30min video of Teenage Mutant
Ninja Turtles versus a 30min calming video of Barney
IV: viewing 30min video of TMNT
DV: activity level of 4yr olds
EG: 4yr olds watching TMNT
CG: 4yr olds watching Barney
The therapist wants to test a new drug designed to increase the ability of
teenagers with ADHD to take accurate notes in class
IV: teens taking a drug
DV: ability to take accurate notes
EG: teens taking the drugCG: teens not taking the
drug
![Page 31: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Correlation
Correlation – a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
![Page 32: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Positive Correlation
Both things increase or decrease in the same direction
![Page 33: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Negative Correlation
Relationships increase or decrease in opposite directions
![Page 34: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Correlation
Determine whether the following has positive or negative correlation: Blood pressure increases,
cholesterol increases The more you watch TV, the less
you read Students hours at work increase,
students test grades decrease Temperatures decrease, ice cream
sales decrease
![Page 35: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Summarize the Data
Graphs, charts, and tables are ways to summarize your data
![Page 36: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Determine the Appropriate Statistical Measure
Statistical measures help us to process the data we have collected, and summarize it into quick and clear results
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY– MEDIAN
– The true middle value when the original data values are arranged in order
– MODE– The score that occurs most frequently; denoted by M; can be
used with nominal data– Bimodal; multimodal; no mode– a factor other than the IV that does influence the DV
– Mean – The number obtained by adding the values and dividing by
the number of values
![Page 37: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Distribution of Data
Normal Distribution - Data is symmetrical mean, median, and mode
![Page 38: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Distribution of Data
Skewed Distribution – data lays more in the direction of outlying scores
![Page 39: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Synthesis Results
Results and conclusion sections are used to summarize, in words, the information found in the data and statistics sections
Questions You Can Attempt To Answer in Your Conclusion1. Was my hypothesis correct? Why or why not?2. What are some real-life applications to my controlled
experiment?3. What do my graphs and data tables say?4. What are some other studies that have been done on, or
related to, my subject?5. How generalizable are my results?6. Was there any experimenter bias?7. Was this study ethical?8. Could this study have been improved in any way?
![Page 40: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
What are ethics and why are
they important?
![Page 41: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
APA Ethics1.The right to decline
participation 2.Openness and honesty3.Confidentiality 4.Assess risks
![Page 42: CHAPTER 2 Methods of Psychology. Crash Course What are the steps in the scientific method?](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649dbd5503460f94ab043e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What about all the cute little animals in the world that are
tested on?