Chapter 2-Material Structure and Bonding NEW
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CHAPTER 2 : MATERIAL STRUCTURE
AND BONDING
MOHD HAFIZ BIN ALI JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL
POLITEKNIK KOTA KINABALU
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Is the smallest particle of an element and has the same chemical properties of the element
•Atoms:
–the stuf that buils ele!e"ts
–the s!allest #a$ti%le that u"i&uel' e("es a" ele!e"
•Particles that make up an atom:
•Protons: #)siti*e +,- %ha$.e
•Neutrons: ") %ha$.e
•Electrons: "e.ati*e +/- %ha$.e
P$)t)"s , "eut$)"s e("e the nucleus)0 a" at)!1
La'e$s )0 ele%t$)"s that)$bit a$)u" the "u%leus a$e %alleorbitals )$ energy-level shells1
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At)! St$u%tu$e
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At)! St$u%tu$e
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Elements• A substance composed of a single kind of
atom• Ele!e"ts %)"tai" )"e )$ !)$e )0 the same
t'#e )0 at)!2
• Cannot be broken down into another
substance by chemical or physicalmeans
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C)!#)u"
• A substa"%e i" 3hi%h t3) )$ !)$e ife$e"tele!e"ts a$e CHEMICALL4 b)"e t).ethe$
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Mi5tu$e• T3) )$ !)$e substa"%es that a$e !i5et).ethe$ but a$e NOT %he!i%all' b)"e1
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Pe$i)i% Table Ele!e"ts
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De("e Pe$i)i% Table
• The a$$a".e!e"t )0 the %he!i%al ele!e"ts
3ith i"%$easi". at)!i% "u!be$ a%%)$i". t)the #e$i)i% *a$iati)" i" ele%t$)" st$u%tu$e1N)"!etalli% ele!e"ts a$e #)siti)"e at the 0a$$i.ht/ha" sie )0 the table1
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6hat ha*e i"sie the b)5 )0
EPT7!"
#g"$%!
#agnesium
At)!i% Nu!be$
S'!b)l )0 Ele!e"t
At)!i% 6ei.ht
Na!e )0 Ele!e"t
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6hat is At)!i% Nu!be$7!"
#g"$%!
#agnesium
At)!i% Nu!be$
At)!i% "u!be$s $e#$ese"t the "u!be$ )0#$)t)"s i" )"e at)! )0 the ele!e"t1
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6hat is At)!i% Mass7!"
#g"$%!
#agnesium
At)!i% Nu!be$
A su! )0 the
"u!be$ )0 #$)t)"sa" "eut$)"s i" the"u%leus
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6hat is S'!b)l7!"
#g"$%!
#agnesium
S'!b)l )0 Ele!e"ts
E5#lai"s "a!e )0 the ele!e"t1
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Ele%t$)" %)"(.u$ati)"• A$$a".e!e"ts )0 ele%t$)"s i" a" at)!1
• Ea%h )$bital %a" ha*e )"l' 8 ele%t$)"s a" 3ithife$e"t &ua"tu! "u!be$s1
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E5a!#le ele%t$)" %)"(.u$ati)"
9-O5'.e"• At)!i% Nu!be$:;
• Shell Nu!be$:8
• <$)u#:7 = lets ete$!i"e it th$)u.h at)!i% )$bit1
S)luti)"
9-Fille u# ele%t$)" at ($st shells
8- The bala"%e )0 ele%t$)" "u!be$ le0t 3ill be (ll u# at)ute$ shell1 The" it sh)3s the .$)u# )0 O5'.e"1
O5'.e"/at)!i% )$bit
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IMPORTANCE OF ELEMENT
PERIODIC TABLE
• The table %a" be use t) #$ei%t #$)#e$ties )0ele!e"ts> e*e" th)se that ha*e ")t bee"
is%)*e$e1
• C)lu!"s +.$)u#s- a" $)3s +#e$i)s- i"i%ateele!e"ts that sha$e si!ila$ %ha$a%te$isti%s1
• The table !a?es t$e"s i" ele!e"t #$)#e$ties
a##a$e"t1
• The table #$)*ies i!#)$ta"t i"0)$!ati)" uset) bala"%e %he!i%al e&uati)"s1
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Crystal structure
• crystal structure is a u"i&ue a$$a".e!e"t )0 at)!s )$!)le%ules i" a %$'stalli"e li&ui )$ s)li1
• A %$'stal st$u%tu$e is %)!#)se )0 a #atte$"> a set )0 at)!sa$$a".e i" a #a$ti%ula$ 3a'> a" a latti%e e5hibiti". l)"./$a".e)$e$ a" s'!!et$'1 Patte$"s a$e l)%ate u#)" the #)i"ts )0 a
latti%e> 3hi%h is a" a$$a' )0 #)i"ts $e#eati". #e$i)i%all' i"th$ee i!e"si)"s1 The #)i"ts %a" be th)u.ht )0 as 0)$!i".ie"ti%al ti"' b)5es> %alle u"it %ells> that (ll the s#a%e )0 thelatti%e1 The le".ths )0 the e.es )0 a u"it %ell a" the a".lesbet3ee" the! a$e %alle the lattice parameters. The s'!!et$' #$)#e$ties )0 the %$'stal a$e e!b)ie i" its s#a%e .$)u#1
• A %$'stals st$u%tu$e a" s'!!et$' #la' a $)le i" ete$!i"i".!a"' )0 its #h'si%al #$)#e$ties> su%h as %lea*a.e>ele%t$)"i% ba" st$u%tu$e> a" )#ti%al t$a"s#a$e"%'1
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C$'stallie st$u%tu$e
• Si!#le %ubi%
• B)'/%e"te$e %ubi%
N) )0 at)!s; %)$"e$ at)! 5 9; : 9at)!
T)tal at)! : 9at)!
N) )0 at)!s; %)$"e$ at)! 5 9; : 9at)!9 %e"t$e at)! : 9at)!
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C$'stallie st$u%tu$e +%)"t1-
• Fa%e/%e"te$e %ubi%
• He5a.)"al %l)se/#a%?e
N) )0 at)!s98 %)$"e$ at)! 5 9 : 8at)!s8 %e"t$e at)! 5 : 9at)!G %e"t$e at)! : Gat)!s
T)tal at)! : at)!s
N) )0 at)!s; %)$"e$ at)! 5 9; : 9at)!
0a%e %)$"e$ 5 : Gat)!s
T)tal at)! : at)!s
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N)"%$'stalli"e s)lis It is the )##)sitee5t$e!e )0 a si".le %$'stal1 These t'#es)0 s)lis ha*e "eithe$ $eti%ula$ ")$
.$a"ula$ st$u%tu$e1 At !)st %auses e5hibitsh)$t $a".e )$e$"ess i" thei$ st$u%tu$e1<lass a" #lasti% a$e %)!!)" e5a!#le )0this %lass1
N)"/C$'stallie st$u%tu$e
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T) be %)"ti"ue
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sha$e ele%t$)"s0$)! %a$b)" at)!
sha$e ele%t$)"s0$)! h'$).e"at)!s
H
H
H
H
C
CH
Aa#te 0$)! Fi.1 819> Callister 6e.
• Ele%t$)"s a$e sha$e +as )##)se t)t$a"s0e$$e- bet3ee" at)!s i" thei$ )ute$!)st
shells t) a%hie*e a stable set )0 ei.ht
T4PES OF ATOMIC BONDIN<P$i!a$' b)"s
COALENT BONDIN<
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IONIC BONDIN<• At)!s )0 )"e ele!e"t .i*e u# thei$ )ute$
ele%t$)"+s-> 3hi%h a$e i" tu$" att$a%te t) at)!s)0 s)!e )the$ ele!e"t t) i"%$ease ele%t$)" %)u"t
i" the )ute$!)st shell t) ei.ht1
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METALLIC BONDIN<• Sha$i". )0 )ute$ shell ele%t$)"s b' all at)!s t)0)$! a .e"e$al ele%t$)" %l)u that #e$!eatesthe e"ti$e bl)%?1
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T4PES OF ATOMIC BONDIN<
Se%)"a$' b)"s
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I"te$!)le%ula$ F)$%es
• The 0)$%es 3ith 3hi%h!)le%ules att$a%t ea%h
)the$1
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I"te$!)le%ula$ F)$%es
• I"te$!)le%ula$ 0)$%es a$e 3ea?e$ tha" i)"i% )$%)*ale"t b)"s1
• I"te$!)le%ula$ 0)$%es a$e $es#)"sible 0)$ the
#h'si%al state )0 a %)!#)u" +s)li> li&ui )$.as-1
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I"te$!)le%ula$ F)$%es
• a" e$ 6aals F)$%es
• Di#)le I"te$a%ti)"s
• Dis#e$si)" F)$%es
• H'$).e" B)"s
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a" e$ 6aals F)$%es
• The' a$e the 3ea?est att$a%ti)"s bet3ee"!)le%ules1
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Di#)le
• A #)la$ !)le%ule that has t3) #)les1
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a" e$ 6aals/Di#)le
I"te$a%ti)"s
• Electrostatic i"te$a%ti)" bet3ee" the)##)sitel' %ha$.e $e.i)"s )0 #)la$ !)le%ules+i#)les-1
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6hi%h M)le%ules ha*e Di#)le
I"te$a%ti)"s7
N)"/#)la$
P)la
$
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T4PES OF ATOMIC BONDIN<Se%)"a$' b)"s
Hi$).e" b)"i".
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules
that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom bound to a highly electronegative
atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) or luorine (!) experiencesattraction to some other nearby highly electronegative atom"
#his type o bond can occur in inorganic molecules such as water and in
organic molecules li$e %NA and proteins"
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The E"
