28

CHAPTER -2

LITERATURE

SURVEY AND

SCOPE OF THE

PRESENT WORK

29

LITERATURE SURVEY AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT WORK

This chapter focuses on a coordination of the quality control of the

organization, like approach to assessing educational program effectiveness.

The approach is based on student attainment of a well-defined set of

competencies (knowledge and skills) and on the ability to measure the

attainment of these competencies by various feedback mechanisms in a

manner that can directly suggest areas where program improvements are

needed. Following are the different section of this chapter:-

Section 2.1 describes some of the current approaches used to measure

program effectiveness.

Section 2.2 then describes a competency-based assessment process that

utilizes various feedback mechanisms such as surveys, projects, research

papers, and examinations.

Section 2.3 describes some of the current approaches used to measure

program effectiveness for Frame based assessment.

Section 2.4 describes scope of research work used to measure program

effectiveness for Frame based assessment.

Section 2.5 describes my Frame Based Competency Assessment approaches

used to measure student mental level, Faculty as well as student feedback

mechanisms and effectiveness of the system.

The foundation of this process is a set of competencies, as mentioned

previously, which have been defined to reflect the unique characteristics of

an academic program and the needs of the customers that it serves.

30

The process of defining these competencies for Program of a small college

and mapping them to the existing curriculum is then described. Once the

competencies were defined for the program, the challenging process of

establishing feedback mechanisms that measure the achievement of the

competencies began. Having established this foundation, the next step was to

implement the feedback mechanisms and utilize the results in an attempt to

improve program effectiveness.

2.1. Current Assessment Approaches

Assessing the academic progress of students has traditionally been the

responsibility of the course instructor. Students complete various course

objective-based work products such as textbook problems, papers, case

analyses, projects, and examinations. Such assignments could be considered

"work in process" quality control. More recently, accreditation efforts have

begun to focus more on the "finished goods" level of quality assessment.

Spurred by accreditation requirements, institutions have established

institutional effectiveness organizations with responsibility for expanded

assessment efforts. In addition, some academic programs have added a

project-oriented capstone course to their curriculum in which specific

assessments can be made. Figure 2.1 shows several of the feedback

mechanisms that are utilized by these "end product" assessment approaches.

Surveys are a big part of effectiveness evaluation. Whether from students,

employers, or alumni, sufficient data collection by Institutional Effectiveness

organizations on a regular basis.

Standardized testing by such organizations as Educational Testing Services

(www.ets.org) are also widely used. This gives the added benefit of being

able to benchmark an organization against its peers.

31

While these mechanisms do provide valuable information for analysis, it is

often a matter of subjective evaluation to link their results to specific

program areas for improvement.

Fig 2.1: Feedback Mechanisms

2.2 Competency-Based Assessment

A competency is a requisite ability or quality of a student within an

academic program, the achievement of which indicates the student's

capability or qualification in the area of the competency. Most universities

and colleges have students should maintaining such Competency-Based

Assessment. For the most part, however, academic programs have not

formally enumerated their expected competencies (except as course

descriptions) and few have actually utilized these competencies as a linkage

between their curriculum and feedback assessment instruments. A notable

exception to this is the competency- based approach being utilized by the

Westem Governors University (www.wgu.edu).

Competencies may pertain to knowledge, skill, or a personal quality.

Competencies may also be called behavioral objectives or learning

outcomes. In any case, the attributes of a competency are - area, name,

description; level of achievement required, importance, and its level of

Assessment

Process

Portfolio

Analysis

Alumni surveys

Employer surveys

Standardized Tests

benchmarking

Student’s surveys Student project

Evaluations

http://www.wgu.edu/

32

abstraction each competency should have an associated level of

achievement. A simple example of levels of achievement could be

beginning, intermediate, and advanced. Bloom (1956) and others (Cougar et

al. 1997) have suggested more definitive taxonomies. The key point to be

made about such levels is that different levels require different forms of

assessment.

A competency's description should follow a predefined standard to reflect its

required level of achievement. The importance-attribute ranks each

competency (e.g., high, medium, low). This ranking can be used later when

designing feedback mechanisms and measuring achievements. The level of

abstraction for a competency indicates its position on a decomposition

hierarchy. The highest level in the hierarchy will generally correspond to the

specific academic program that is defining the competencies.

The process of developing competencies will differ from program to

program. For those programs where curriculum changes have not kept pace

with advances in information technology (IT), the exercise can provide

opportunities for program review and possible reengineering. A thorough

analysis of the current needs of local employers of program graduates is

important along with a review of relevant literature. For example, VanSlyke,

et al. (1998), in a skill requirements survey of central Florida IT employers,

found basic technical skills and "soft skills" (e.g., writing and listening) more

important that specialized technical skills. Mackowiak (1992) discussed skill

requirements for various.

2.2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of competency-based assessment

Advantages

If assessment is for the purposes of issuing qualifications under the AQF

then:

33

State and territory training and recognition authorities have the

responsibility for monitoring assessments;

Assessment should be mutually recognized (registered training

organizations throughout Australia must ensure that they recognize and offer

credit for assessment outcomes);

100 per cent up-front assessment should be offered to all workers seeking

competency recognition; and

Assessment decisions can only be made by people who are qualified to

conduct the assessment (Community Services Training Package 1999).

Competency-based assessment can be used for a variety of purposes

including:

Diagnostic assessment (help to identify educational/learning needs);

Formative assessment (provide feedback on how the person is

progressing toward the achievement of competency);

Summative assessment (the assessment of performance to determine

competency); and

Recognition of prior learning/current competency (to determine

whether someone has achieved competency through informal or

formal learning and experiences).

Having skills recognized ensures there is no need for employees to be re-

trained in certain works roles/tasks (this provides greater mobility for

workers).

Assessment against national competency standards means that workplace

practices have been agreed to by the major stakeholders in the industry or

sector.

34

Assessment in an industry can be intrinsically linked with other aspects of

people management such as training and recruitment (Community Services

and Health Training Australia 1999).

The person being assessed is the most important person in the process

(Institute of Instrumentation and Control Australia.

Disadvantages

Difficulties and inconsistencies in implementing non-graded assessment

systems:

Employers wanting some indication of ‘excellence’, that is, how

competent an individual is; and

Inconsistencies in judgments between assessors.

Limited understanding of the design and implementation of

assessment tools.

Difficulty in separating summative purposes of assessment with

formative purposes.

Difficulty in establishing record keeping and reporting systems,

Competency-based assessment does not promote direct comparison

between workers, which has been part of traditional management

practice in many Business Services. This represents a major shift in

ideology in many organizations, which is likely to be difficult to

change.

2.3 Frame based assessment

There are situations, when someone does even not thinking about it, because

he/she recognizes the situation that has happened before and, therefore, can

be done automatically. If we follow the theory that was purposed by Minksy

35

(1975), in this case person uses the hierarchical, on experience –based

structure that is called Frame.

A frame is a collection of question to be asked about a hypothetical situation

that specifics issues to be raised and method to be used in dealing with them

Mockler (1992).The main purpose of the shell is to provide the static

knowledge presentation. The empowerment of complex system

representation was a reason why search for new aspects in frame

representation that will support different kinds of reasoning. New possible

extension is proposed where a set of different frame is used. All provided

assumptions are only conceptual ones now but according to them create a

real prototype that will provide possibilities to represent both static and

dynamic knowledge. In the future we will try to develop the knowledge

bases that will improve the effectiveness for the existing shell, but it is a

project that consumes a lot of time and investigations, according to Peter

Jackson (2000).

Expert Systems have evolved from a long tradition of Artificial Intelligence

research. Almost all types of organization have recognized the enormous

potential of expert systems which have forced the frontier of knowledge

forward at a rapid pace. Expert system which are no longer confined to the

research laboratory. Although, still in an evolutionary stage, these have

added a new dimension to information processing. Having achieved

remarkable success in both industry and commerce, expert systems are now

denuding the frontiers of library and information systems.

Tian-Hui and X. Zhou (2006) have suggested the work based on the analysis

of the characteristic during the construction bidding phase in building

construction enterprise and the technology of case-based reasoning (CBR),

and presents a frame of CBR-based bidding knowledge management systems

36

for building construction enterprise. Then, this work analyzes the component

of the framework. Methods are described for using human perceptions of

pictures to represent the semantic content of these pictures in frame

knowledge bases .A pictorial knowledge base management system is

presented that uses a conceptual clustering algorithm for organizing a frame

knowledge base into groups of semantically similar pictures . The conceptual

clustering algorithm is based on the theory of gestalt. Applications of these

systems for content based information picture retrieval and heuristic

searching are also described by Buchanam (1983) and others Li Tao (1984).

D. Soshnikov (2002) has suggested the distributed intelligent system can be

used in many application areas. In many cases those areas can be classified

as distributed knowledge sharing and reuse, when distributed knowledge is

applied in some manner to the solution of the problem. Such task occur when

creating knowledge repertories for distributed knowledge intensive virtual

cooperation , collection of knowledge bases maintained by different

specialist , when building a large scale expert system.

A new knowledge representation that can be embed rules , frames and

numerical model in an object oriented environment , and problem solving

strategy based on the knowledge representation. The representation and

problem solving strategy can implement the architecture and function of

Meta system suggested by H. Hills (2003).

2.4 Scope of Research Work

2.4.1 Frame Search Strategy Used from Backward and Bidirectional

Usually a frame system represents a hierarchy of object and /or concepts.

Two or three level hierarchies of frames are commonly used (class frame,

subclass frame and instance frame). This class frame specifies typical

37

information for all class; the subclass frame specifies concept that is a part of

class, but the instance frame specifies a special instance of object or concept.

Modern approach in frame system is based on object oriented paradigm. In

this case the frame system have the same advantage as object oriented

approach ,namely, encapsulation, inheritance and message sending abilities.

Frame system can be viewed as a network with nodes and relations between

these nodes. Frame system allows representing the knowledge almost

naturally provides the conceptual and structural representation of the object

relation and supports object definition by situation.

Since Minsky introduced a frame idea, the frame system becomes well

known in knowledge representation communities. The knowledge about the

problem domain is hard to structures and define used to the essentially

different perceptivity of humans that is the reason why the detailed template

are needed to represent the acquired information.

In this case the frame can be used like detailed template. Frame idea is one

of the ways to structures the concept of that are necessary to represent in an

understandable way for people. Unfortunately the frame systems are widely

used. Usually this gives specifies topics or explains the basic principle. One

of the reasons why the frame system is widely used in learning process is

there accessibility.

2.4.2 Frame represents good knowledge representation for common

sense knowledge

The development of the expert system assisting production line design. The

work proposed a Multi-job Ejective Evolution Reasoning method based on

acknowledge database such as If-Then rules and frame knowledge

representation both crisp zed vague values are described in the knowledge

database. The system is able to control no monotonic reasoning in

38

production line designed by using hypnotically reasoning. It also propose a

knowledge acquisition idea to create new machine tool specification by case

based reasoning and to them apply the specifications to the event system.

There are many Competence Systems are designed nowadays and they are

often used as HR tools which help to manage the data repositories but if

apply Frame knowledge representation for competency system then it will

increase the effectiveness of organization . Let us review what work has

been done and what new requirements are being proposed by different

people in this field. (Lidgren, 2002) develops the range of Competence

Systems and also studies the various barriers of accepting these competence

systems in knowledge based organizations. (Stenmark, 2002) discusses the

usage of Intranet as a tool in knowledge management for the Competence

System. (Walter R, 2003) identifies the necessity of innovative unified

strategies for the management of the organizational competence.

(Schmeidinger, 2005) examines Competence Based Business Development

(CBBD) that can help organizations in the effective identification,

measurement, combination and integration of organizational competences,

which are in the form of human competencies, tools and materials.

(Draganidis, 2006) explores an ontology based application that can be used

for the competence management. (Keenan, 2005) points a DSS to match the

skills of the prospective employees with the needs of the employer.

(Huang, 2004) proposes a DSS in Human resource selection which utilizes

the Fuzzy Neural Network in evaluating the managerial talent. (Guignard,

1999) explains a usage of powerful and easy to you Internet enabled Expert

System for the Knowledge Management. (Malhotra, 2001) looks at the

possibilities of AI and Expert Systems technologies for the issues like

dynamic radical discontinuous change impacting organizational performance

39

and human sense making process so that their implementation can replace

the domain expert for more effective knowledge management.

As noted by Stylianou, Madey, and Smith (1992), the selection of an

adequate Expert System Shell is often the difference between a successful

and an unsuccessful industrial application. This observation is just as

applicable to instructional uses of Expert Systems Shells as it is to industrial

uses of such software packages.

Industrial Technology classes in Computer Integrated Manufacturing,

Construction Management, Industrial Maintenance and Supervision,

Occupational Health and Safety, and other areas often include computer

laboratory exercises or projects based on implementing Decision Support

Systems or some other type of Artificial Intelligence applications. These

applications are often implemented on Expert System Shells. Some examples

of such applications include the works of Koo and Aw (1992) and Roschke

(1994) that have described applications of Decision Support Systems to

construction management problems.

El-Najdawi and Stylianou (1993) and Larsson (1996) have described the use

of Decision Support Systems to problems in manufacturing and plant

maintenance. Larsson (1996) describes a Decision Support System that uses

an Expert System Shell to implement industrial maintenance on sensor

systems in a manufacturing setting. Tait and Mehta (1997) give a detailed

description of a Decision Support System called WORKBOOK that

implements a complete chemical exposure analysis for industrial workplace

chemical safety compliance. Xenakis (1990) gives a number of examples of

the use of Expert System Shells to managerial/supervisory tasks.

According to two articles by Van Name and Catchings (1990), due to the

large number of Expert System Shell packages on the market—and the lack

40

of any standardized nomenclature for describing the features and capabilities

of such products—selecting an appropriate package for an application can be

very difficult even for experienced users. Head (1992) gives the sage advice

to those contemplating the selection of an Expert System Shell to “think big”

but to “start small.” Current product reviews of Expert System Shells in the

software trade literature are of very limited use as they assume that the

reader is already familiar with the current version of the shell and the author

or authors only provide details of changes and improvements to that shell’s

latest version. In order to get details of the basic structure of the shell it is

often necessary to go to archival sources like Pallatto (1991), Rasmus

(1989), Coleman (1989), Shepherd (1988), who respectively describe the

basic functions of first-generation Expert System Shell packages from IBM,

Nexpert, Xi-Plus, and Texas Instruments.

Unfortunately, other than an excellent article by Moffitt (1994), there is not

much literature on the election of Expert System Shells from a purely

pedagogical perspective. Nevertheless, Stylianou, Madey, and Smith (1992)

identify a total of eight (8) categories of criteria for evaluating Expert

System Shells; End User Interface, Developer Interface, System Interface,

Inference Engine, Knowl edge Base, Data Interface, Cost, and Vendor-

Related aspects.

From an industrial and business user perspective, Plant and Salinas (1994)

and Dudman (1993) have presented a “bench-mark” based framework for the

evaluation of Expert System Shell packages. Their general concept is that a

standard” bench-mark” problem is formulated and run on various shells and

the results are compared for time to execute, correctness of results, ease of

use, and so forth. Unfortunately, the outcome of this assessment is very

dependent on the specific “bench-mark” problem chosen and this method is

thus very limited in its usefulness. Murrell and Plant (1997) and Antoniou,

41

van Harmelen, and Plant (1998) have published surveys of more

sophisticated methods for software assessment that attempt to avoid this

limitation of the “benchmark” method. Such methods include the

“constructive cost model” of Boem (1981) and the method of Putnam and

Meyers (1992). Putnam and Meyers champion the concept of “excellence”

measures that deal quantitatively with issues like maintainability and user

friendliness of software packages. Both of these methods are based on using

the size of the program, the labor involved in writing the program, and other

such measures of complexity and effort, to assess the software’s general

usability and overall quality. These methods, though simple to implement,

do not give a good idea of the suitability of a software package for a

particular use, but do give a general view of the software’s overall

complexity and friendliness. Wentworth, Knaus, and Aougab (1999), and

Pressman (1997) have presented approaches based on statistical concepts

that give good estimates of the likelihood that a software package will be

powerful and accurate, i.e., give good answers.

Unfortunately, these methods do not give much insight as to the difficulty or

friendliness of the steps leading to that answer. Finally, Banyahia (1996)

gives an excellent summary of these issues in a format useful to Industrial

Technology education professionals. As can be seen from these references,

the key problem is finding a single method that assesses both the

power/accuracy and the user friendliness of an Expert System Shell.

Function Point Analysis is a methodology for assessing a software package

that can measure both the accuracy and the user friendliness of an Expert

System Shell. The Function Point Analysis method is based on evaluating

specific features of the software package on a numerical scale, multiplying

these numbers by weights that assigns the relative importance of each

feature, and formulating a numerical figure of merit for the package as a

42

whole by adding these weight and evaluation products. A final scaling factor

is often used to bring the answer into an easy-to-interpret range of 0 to 5

points or 0 to 10 points—with 0 representing poor satisfaction.

According to Cheung, Willis, and Milne, (1999) the Function Point Analysis

method originated with Albrecht in 1979 and has become very popular

among Information Technology specialists. There is a large literature on

methods to apply Function Point Analysis to particular types of problems in

software assessment. Such literature includes work by Robillard (1996), and

Jeffrey and Low (1993). A paper by Furey (1997) aptly summarizes the

benefits of the Function Point Analysis approach: The methodology

presented in this study is based on Function Point Analysis. The work of

Boem (1981) and Putnam and Meyers (1992) are used to augment the

Function Point Analysis method with other advanced concepts. Function

point analysis has become a standard, mature technique widely used by

industrial practitioners. Biderman (1990) mentions that an international

society dedicated to function point analysis, the International Function Point

User’s Group (IFPUG), was founded in 1986 and had enrolled over 200

members. As function point analysis is a mature technique, there are

relatively few journal articles about function point analysis in the current

experimental literature. A recent article by Cheung, Willis, and Milne (1999)

describes many ongoing industrial applications of function point analysis.

Another recent article by Orr and Reeves (2000) describes a pedagogical

framework.

By observing the above related work I feel that there are very systems that

has the capacity to integrate the decision making process with human

reasoning and thinking. The ES implementation in this area shows wide

scope. The goal of this work is to develop a framework with ES that helps

43

the academic deans (management) in their advising capacity to take

decisions in building strategies for the Competence Management.

2.5 Frame based Competency assessment

Frame Based Competence Management has become a very crucial element

in the effective operation of an enterprise or an organization, due to the

increased need of the latter to be agile enough to adapt to quick market

changes and re-orientation of its business plans. In this situation, Frame

based competency management (FBCM) become the core human resource

tool, which enables the enterprise to manage and develop the skills of their

employees, recruit the most appropriate candidates, and make effective

succession planning and employee development plans.

Apart from enterprise competency management systems, research is being

conducted on the development of FBCM system for academia, which can

provide possibilities such as the easy integration and mapping of different

competency required in academia.

Moreover, research efforts have been realized in the development of in

faculty domain with respect to academia. However, very few – if any –

systems exist that integrate ES approach to CBM for the faculty domain in

academia.

The competency mapping of faculty or departmental/organizational skill gap

analysis with the appropriate learning objects is crucial in order to develop

the correct learning paths and consequently the appropriate competencies of

faculties in educational institutions. The quality in higher education has

become a necessary condition for the knowledge transfer, knowledge

creation and knowledge services to the society.

44

There are many experts who suggested development of certain skill sets in a

faculty that in turn helps in the development of technology and globalization

to meet the ever changing needs of society. Various research works related

to the changes in educational and organizational perspective related to CM

are summarized in the following section. (Centra, John, 1993) studied a

reflective evaluation processes for the organization. (Sanchez R., Heene,

1979) invented competence management as a strategic management.

(Spencer L.M., Spencer, 1992) analyzed Competency as a link to the human

performance model.

(Chou, Tsai, 2004) explained the importance of organizational knowledge

for creating activities is more than the individual knowledge. (Lidgren, 2002)

developed range of competence systems and studied the various barriers of

accepting these competence systems in knowledge based organizations.

(Stenmark, 2002) studied the usage of intranet as a tool in knowledge

management for the competence systems. (Walter, 2003) described the

necessity of innovative unified strategies for the management of the

organizational competence.

(Barr, Robert, John, 1995) emphasized the transition of teaching to learning

process for undergraduate education. (Chambers, Tony, 2002) analyzed the

teaching paradigm for the development of faculty to help students in finding

place and purpose. (Austin, Ann E., 2002), identified the need for creating

the bridge to the future by preparing new faculty to face changing

expectation in shifting. (Menges, Robert, 1999) described the role of faculty

for their new jobs and encourages on using the scholarship to improve the

teaching practice. (Ryan, Katherine, 2002) explored a new direction for

teaching and learning and also presents a vision to evaluate the teaching in

higher education.

45

(Braskamp, Larry A., 2000) projected a holistic approach to assess faculty.

(Shulman, Lee S., 2002) discussed a table of learning to make difference in

the development of teaching practice. (Ernest, 2001) evaluated the gap to

achieve excellence in the education system.

(Taft, 2007) studied the ethical factors that affect the academic education for

global perspective. (Canen and Canen Ana, 2002) calculated the ways for

fostering innovation in management education with a case study. (John

Cullen, 2003) focused on Quality in Higher Education from monitoring to

management through the balance scorecard introduction. (Srikanathan G.,

2003) developed an alternative perspectives for quality in higher education

through the quality management techniques. (Mohd. S. Owlia, 1993)

presented a framework for the various dimensions of quality in higher

education (Schmeidiner, 2002) presented CBBD that can help organizations

in the effective identification measurement integration of organizational

competence which are in the form of human competencies. (Alberto, 2003)

projected the importance of employers’ competencies in dynamic work

domain (Dragenidis, 2006) implemented an ontology based application that

can be used for the competence management. (Keenam, 2005) projected a

DSS to match the skills of the prospective employees with the needs of the

employer.

(Huang, 2004) explored a DSS in Human Resource selection which utilizes

the fuzzy neural network in evaluating the managerial talent. (Berio, 2004)

presented a case study for modeling and managing the competence of an

enterprise. (Vartarien, 2003) studied the competencies in virtual organization

that can be used at work and also for the lifelong learning. (Stenmark, 2003)

analyzed the need of rethinking of competence management systems for the

knowledge of based organizations. (Colucci, 2003) described an approach to

ontology based semantic match of skills descriptions. (Ranjan J, Tripathi P,

46

2007) developed a theoretical framework for measuring competencies in

academic institutions. (Ranjan J, Tripathi P, 2008) presented an Empirical

Study for the competence Management.

The review of the literature reveals that though there is lot of research and

reforms taking place in educational environment focusing on the changing

role of faculty and the realization of the CBM approaches in the various

business organizations. But there is not a single model presented which can

incorporate the CBM in the educational environment to meet the changing

requirements of the educational institutions.

The review of the literature also reveals that though there is lot of research

and reforms taking place regarding the changing role of faculty in academics

and the implementation of CBM approaches in various business

organizations, but not a single model is available, which can be easily

incorporated and implemented in educational institutions.

This work focuses on the description of a faculty domain based competency

management system. The work also provides an essential overview of the

key concepts in competency-based management, relevant research and as

well as a methodology that supports the efficient deployment of such a

system in an educational institution.

47

Table- 2.1 Knowledge source to develop the Expert System

S.No Domain Author Year Remarks

1. Bank Monitoring Hei Chia Wang 2011 Semantic Intelligence

comes to the Bank:

Sentiment

Analysis for monitoring

Customer Satisfaction

2 Cyber Scurity Cogito semantic 2011 Efficient monitoring

and intelligence for

RESI cyber security

solution

3. Smartsurveillance P. Spagnolo

Marco Leo

2011 Real-time smart

surveillance using

monitor analysis

4. Machine accuracy Qiaolin Ye

Chunxia Zhao

2011 Vector machine with

guaranteed accuracy

and run time

5.

Chinese ports Hongman Gao 2011 Relative efficiency of

Chinese ports: a

financial ratio-based,

data envelopment

analysis

6. Search engine Seda Ozmutlu

HuseyinC

2011 Automatic new topici-

identification of FAST

and Excite search

engine transaction

logs.

http://www.expertsystem.net/news.asp?idd=1900http://www.expertsystem.net/news.asp?idd=1900

48

7. Clustering

analysis

Chia-Hung Lin,

BJian-Liung

Chen

2011 Enhance oil-immersed

transformed fault

diagnosis with grey

prediction– clustering

analysis

8. DSS Charlene Xie 2010 Vector machine with

guaranteed accuracy

and run time.

9.

10.

Decision-making

Enterprise

knowledge

Juan Du

Yang Xu ,Alain

Bernard

2010

2010

DEA-based method for

fully ranking all

decision-making units

Measurement of

enterprise knowledge

by stat Characterization.

11. Knowledge

engineering

Margaret Hall 2010 Genealogical

knowledge engineering

: To the memory of my

mother

12. Ontology mapping Nwe Ni Tun,

Jin Song Dong

2010 Philosophy-driven

entity classification and

enrichment for ontology

mapping

13. Genetic

programming

Peter Day and

Asoke K. Nandi

2010 Evolution of super

Features through

genetic programming

14. neural network Chun-Ling

Chuang

2010 A hybrid neural

network approach for

credit scoring

49

15. Ratio-based

analysis

Bahram Alidaee

and Haibo

Wang

2010 Financial ratio-based

data envelopment

analysis approach

16. Economy Jon G. Hall 2010 The polychromic

economy

17. Disease prognosis Luis Mena,

Jesus A

2010 Extracting patterns

cardiovascular disease

prognosis

18. Neural networks Niyazi Kilic,

Osman N. Ucan

2010 Colon segmentation and

colonic polyp detection

using cellular neural

networks and three-

dimensional template

matching

19. DS system Guilan Kong,

Dong-Ling Xu,

2010 Rule-base inference

methodology to a

guideline-based clinical

decision support system

20. Sensor networks J. Caleb

Goodwin

2010 Ontology integration

within a service-

oriented architecture for

expert system

applications using

sensor networks

21. Optimization

methods

Yannis

Marinakis,

Magdalene

Marinaki

2009 Optimization methods

in medicine: the Pap

smear cell classification

problem

50

22. Fault prediction Cagatay Catal

and Banu Diri

2009 Semi-supervised fault

prediction

23. Fuzzy based

system

S.Patra,,S.K.

Goswami and

B. Goswami

2009 Fuzzy based fast

dynamic programming

solution of unit

commitment with ramp

constraints

24. Lectroencephalogr

aphic

Dean Cvetkovic 2009 Evaluation of

electroence

phalographic

entrainment

thalamocortical

modelling

25. Electroencephalog

ram signals

Elif Derya

Übeyli

2009 Experts employing

eigenvector methods

and Lyapunov

exponents for analysis

of

electroencephalogram

signals

26. Medical Tao Yang and

Vojislav

Kecman

2009 Hyper plane algorithm

for learning small

medical data sets

27. Noise ratios Elif Derya

Übeyli

2009 Extracted by

eigenvector methods

from ophthalmic arterial

Doppler signals

28. Beachbrains Jon G. Hall 2009 Develop Beachbrains

51

29. Neural networks Elif Derya

Übeyli

2009 Probabilistic

neuralnetworks wavelet

coefficients analysis

electroencephalogram

30. Kalman filter Tingting Mu

and Asoke K.

Nandi

2009 Automatic tuning of L2-

SVM parameters

employing the extended

Kalman filter

31 Axiom-based

matching

Frédéric Fürst 2009 Axiom-based ontology

matching

32. Rule-basedfuzzy

models

C.Gokceoglu,

H. Sonmez

2009 Nonlinear multivariable

regression and rule-

based fuzzy models

33.

Qualitative

analysis

R. Magdalena,

C. Fernández

2009 Qualitative analysis of

goat and sheep

production data using

self-organizing maps

34. Neural network Saibal Dutta,

Amitava

Chatterjee

2009 pattern identification

tool employing cross-

correlation-based

feature extraction and

recurrent neural

network

35. Educational

System

Dr Jayanthi

Ranjan , pooja

2009 Measuring

Competencies using

expert system:

Institutional

Perspective.

36. Noise dopler

signal

Elif Derya

Übeyli

2008 Signal-to-noise ratios

for eigenvector

52

methods from

ophthalmic arterial

Doppler signals

37. Genetic

programming

Hong Guo,

Qing Zhang

2008 Dimensionality

reduction by genetic

programming based on

the Fisher criterion

38. Batabases Expert Sattar Hashemi,

Ying Yang

2008 Intrusion transactions in

databases using data

item dependencies and

anomaly analysis

39. Multi-perspective Mauri

Kaipainen,

Peeter Normak

2008 Soft ontologies, spatial

representations and

multi-perspective

explorability

40. Ontological

engineering

Graciela Brusa,

M. Laura

Caliusco

2008 Ontological

engineering: a process

for building a domain

ontology from scratch

in public administration

41.

42.

Markov model

Soft ontologies,

Harun Uğuz and

Ahmet Arsla

Mauri

Kaipainen,

Peeter Normak

2008

2008

Markov model Rocchio

algorithm diagnosis of

heart Valve diseases

Soft ontologies, spatial

representations and

multi-perspective

explorability

43. Markov model Harun Uğuz and 2008 Discrete hidden Markov

53

Ahmet Arslan

model using the

Rocchio algorithm for

the diagnosis of heart

valve diseases

44. Datacab expert

system

Iñigo

Monedero,

Carlos León

2008 Geographical-

information-system-

based expert system for

the design of cable

networks

45. Hybrid genetic

algorithm

Fιrat Hardalaç

and Göknur

Güler

2008 Tissues hybrid genetic

algorithm and neural

network

46. DSS Chih-Fong Tsai

2008 Decision support using

neural networks and

support vector machines

47. Sparse neural

networks

Peter H.

Morgan

2008 Differential evolution

and sparse neural

networks

48. Neural network

and Bayesian

network

Rung-Ching

Chen

2008 Automating

construction projective

adaptive resonance

theory neural network

and Bayesian network

49. Feedback expert

system

David Biggs 2008 Feedback to individuals

from different ethnic

minority groups using

expert systems

50. Kohonen maps Kevin Burn and 2008 Environment

54

Geoffrey Home classification using

Kohonen self-

organizing maps

51. Online expert

systems

Chrissanthi

Angeli

2008 Online expert systems

for fault diagnosis in

technical processes

52. Vector machines Shian-Chang

Huang and

Tung-Kuang

Wu

2008 Extractions with

relevance vector

machines for stock

index forecasting

53. Electrocardiogram Elif Derya

Übeyli

2008 Wavelet

transform/mixture of

experts network for

analysis of

electrocardiogram beats

54. Data mining

technique

Se-Chul Chun,

Jin Kim, Ki-

Baik Hahm

2008 Data mining technique

for medical detecting

gastric cancer using

case-based reasoning

and single nucleotide

polymorphisms

55. Frame Design Yoon-Joo Park

and Se-Hak

Chun

2008 Aspectual problem

frames

56. Machine

intelligence

Paolo

Remagnino,

Andrea Prati

2007 Expert environments:

machine intelligence

methods for ambient

intelligence

55

57. Electroencep-

halograms

Heba Lakany

and B.A.

Conway

2007 Intention of movement

from

electroencephalograms

58. Environments

behaviours

Patrick

Reignier, Oliver

Brdiczka

2007 Context-aware

environments:

specification to

implementation

59. Knowledge

representation

Lauro Snidaro

and Gian

2007 Knowledge

representation for

ambient security

60. Multi-camera and

alarm

Rita Cucchiara,

Andrea Prati

2007 A multi-camera vision

system for fall detection

and alarm generation

61. Human knowledge

expert

Robert S. Balch,

Susan M

2007 Collection, storage and

application of human

knowledge in expert

system development

62. Genetic-algorithm Parag C.

Pendharkar

2007 Gradient descent and

genetic-algorithm-based

artificial neural

networks for the binary

classification problem

63. Fuzzy similarity Elif Derya

Übeyli

2007 Detection of

electrocardiogram beats

using a fuzzy similarity

index

64. Rule-based

reasoning

Jim Prentzas

and Ioannis

Hatzilygeroudis

2007 Categorizing

approaches combining

56

rule-based and case-

based reasoning

65. Fourier transform Necaattin

Barişçi and

Firat Hardalaç

2007 Neuro-fuzzy inference

system for classification

of Behcet disease using

the fast Fourier

transform method

66. Police

investigation

management

Petter

Gottschalk and

Stefan

Holgersso

2007 Stages of knowledge

management technology

in the value shop: the

case of police

investigation

performance

67. Public school

management

Daniel J.

Fonseca,

Kirtikumar B.

Bisen

2007 An expert system for

lighting energy

management in public

school facilities

68. Mining fuzz R.B.V.

Subramanyam

and A.

Goswami

2007 Mining fuzzy

quantitative association

rules

69. Fuzzy nonlinear

systems

Lon-Chen Hung

and Hung-Yuan

Chung

2007 Fuzzy sliding-mode

control with rule

adaptation for nonlinear

systems

70. Editor Lucia Rapanotti 2007 EIC Editorial: A time of

change

71. Probability for

case-based

Yoon-Joo Park,

Byung-Chun

Kim and Se-

2007 Knowledge extraction

technique using

57

reasoning Hak Chun

probability for case-

based reasoning:

application to medical

diagnosis

72. Questioning

answering system

Silvano Mussi

2007 Web based on deep

knowledge and

sequential questioning

73. Expert system

software design

Gary P.

Moynihan,

Abhijit Suki

2006 An expert system for

the selection of software

design patterns

74. Tools Design K. Clark

Midkiff and

Gary P.

Moynihan

2006 Knowledge

management

75. Decision tree

analysis

Jae Kyeong

Kim, Hee Seok

Song

2006 Detecting the change of

customer behavior

based on decision tree

analysis

76. Tree costs analysis Sunil Vadera 2006 Inducing safer oblique

trees without costs

77. Case-based

logistics strategy

Harry K. H.

Chow, K. L.

Choy,

2006 Design of a case-based

logistics strategy system

– an integrated

approach

78. Stock Exchange William Leigh,

Ross High

Tower,

2006 Forecasting the SE

Comp Index and the

interest rate

79. Resource

Allocation

Ricardo

Moreioa

Bastos et. al

2006 Automatic RA

58

80. Fault Diagnosis

Qian Yu 2006 Knowledge

maintenance

81. Medicine

Chun-Lang

Chang

2006 CBR to diagnostic

screening of the

development delay

children

82. Data mining

Ismail H.

Toroslu

2006 Deductive database

using query flocks

83. Highway

construction

system

Nang Fei Pan 2006 Impact of the rain on

the productivity and the

construction

activities

84. Construction

Abbes Berrais 2006 ES for the earthquake

resistant

design of reinforced

concrete buildings

85. Forest Protection Spiros Kaloudis 2006 Insect identification

86. Web Shopping

Mall Kun

Chang Lee

2006 DSS integrating the VR

and avatar

87. Reduction of the

knowledge base of

the

appln. of the

vacuum

cleaner

M Kernal 2006 Rule based reduction

88. Construction

Abbes Berrais 2006 ES for the earthquake

resistant

design of reinforced

concrete buildings

89. Warning systems

Tae yoon kim 2006 Ann for the economic

crisis warning

90. Ecommerce

Yeong Bin Cho 2006 Mining changing of the

customer

behavior for

collaborative

recommendations

91. Recommender

system

Yi Fan Wang 2006 Personalized

recommender system

59

for the cosmetic

industries.

92. Optimization of

emission and the

fuel

consumption

Yavuz Kilagiz 2006 Fuzzy diagnosis and the

advice system

93. Project Allocation

Yeung Cheung 2006 Distributed ES for the

dynamic project

allocation

94. Air Pollutiion

Control

Qian Zhou 2006 Intelligent DSS for air

pollution control for the

coal fired power plant

95. Feature selection

Wouter bucknix 2006 Customer adapted

coupon targeting

96. Solving the

forecasting

problem

Tzu Chiang 2005 ART propagation neural

n/w

97. Voice Analysis

Sung Min Bae 2005 Web based system for

the call center

customers.

98. Budget Planning Wu Wen 2005 National Defense

99. Marketing Plans

Reasoning

S.Wesley

Changchein

2005 Case Base

100. E commerce

Yu Li, Liu Li 2005 Multiple Interest based

and content based

filtering

101. Transportation

Research

Davy Janssens 2005 Markov chain modeling

heuristics

102. Product price Xiaoshuan 2005 Forecasting support

system

103. Bankruptcy

prediction

model

Kyung-shink

shin

2005 Support vector machine

104. Comparison of

country

risk model

Julina Yim 2005 Hybrid NN, clustering,

Discriminate analysis

105. DSS for

computing

facility

Ohbyung Kwon 2005 Intelligent DSS for

deploying Ubiquitous

computing techniques

60

106. Optimum

curriculum

for the Schools

Yen Zen Wang 2005 Genetic algorithm based

methodology

107. Recommender

system

Sunghwan Min 2005 Detection of the

customer time variant

pattern

108. Order Splitting. Wout Dullart 2005 Evolutionary algo for

multiple Transport

alternatives

109. Fuzzy cash flow

model

Jing Shing 2005 Valuation of the

discounted

110. Education

Systems Ruben

peredo

Valderamam

2005 Intelligent Reusable

learning objects

111. Pharmaceutical

Formulations

Aleksander 2005 Neural n/w as DSS

112. Medical

Inan guler 2005 Automated diagnostic

systems

for the ECG beats

113. Optimization of

emission and the

fuel

consumption

Yavuz Kilagiz 2005 Fuzzy diagnosis and the

advice system

114. Finance

So Young Sohn 2005 Scoring model for the

credit guarantee fund

115. Web Shopping

Mall

Kun Chang Lee 2005 DSS integrating the VR

and avatar

116. Image retrieval Hun Woo Yoo 2005 ES for the color image

retrieval

117. Finance Kyong Joo Oh 2005 GA to optimize the

index fund

118. Simulation Felix T.S. Chan 2005 DESIGN OF pcb Plant

119. Stock market Se hak Chun 2005 Dynamic adaptive CBR

120. Forest Protection Spiros Kaloudis 2005 Insect identification

121. Data mining

Mu Chen chen 2005 Distribution Centers for

the aggregation of the

orders.

61

122. Manufacturing Hedi Chtourou 2005 Machine selection

123. Recovery system

for

the broken relics

Ho Seok Moon 2005 Using least square

filtering and vector

124. Construction

concrete buildings

Abbes Berrais 2005 ES for the earthquake

resistant

design of reinforced

125. Biological

Knowledge

management

Hei Chia Wang 2005 Using Gene sequence

pattern

126. Monitoring

Systems

Bruce Stephen 2005 Unsupervised user

modeling

127. Strategic Planning

Wu Wen 2005 KB DSS for

theenterprises mergers

and acquisitions

128. Diagnostic

Bernd

Vindevogel

2005 Analysis of the market

basket techniques for

the promotions

129. Product concept

development

Chun Hsien

Chen

2005 product definition and

the customization

system

130. Petroleum/Process

Industries

Matlas

Alvarado

2004 Autonomous Agents

and Computational

Intelligence for

managing the

applications such as

petro data , reservoir

characterization etc.

131. Automation

system

Francisco P

Maturana

2004 Distributed Multiagent

Architecture

132. Contingency

management

Leonid

Sheemetov

2004 Distributed Multi agent

approach

133. Mobile neseted

transaction

Luis A. Gama

Moreno

2004 For the nomadic teams

134. Linguistic

representataion

Ildar Z.

Batyrshin

2004 Qualitative

dependencies

135. Financial

Prediction

Se Hak Chun 2004 Appln to single and

multiple markets

62

and training

136. Ecommerece order

selection

Ren Jie Kuo 2004 Fuzzy Neural Network

137. E business

JonnKoh 2004 Knowledge sharing in

virtual communities

138. Qa system Yonggang 2004 Cbr approach

139. Information

retrieval

Omar nouali 2004 Semantic web based

and the feature based

approach

140. Customer

segmentation

Hyunseok

Hwang

2004 Ltv model for the

wireless

telecommunication

industry

141. Gesture

recognition

Tapio Frantti 2004 ES in the user interface

terminals

142. E business

Architecture

Jaegyong

Chang

2004 Organizational Memory

for facilitating the

knowledge

143. Job Matching Athanasios 2004 ES for the unemployed

144. Project Allocation

Yeung Cheung 2004 Distributed ES for the

dynamic project

allocation

145. E commerce

Yoon ho cho 2004 Web usage mining and

product taxonomy to

collaborative

recommendations

146. Process

Optimization

Leo Chau

Kuang Liau

2004 Using Neural Network

147. Architecture

George

Xirogiannis

2004 A fuzzy cognitive map

for the urban design

148. Data

Categorization

Casper J Fall 2004 Categorization of the

german language a

patent documents

149. Architecture and

planning

So young Sohn 2004 Decision Tree based on

data envelopment

analysis.

150. DM Knowldege Rafael Valencia 2004 An incremental

63

extraction

Garcia

approach to discover the

medical knowledge

from the text

151. DM Knowldege

Transfer

Minxin Shen 2004 Role relevant process

views for Disseminating

process knowledge

152. Learning System

Chien Hsing

Wu

2004 Building Knowledge

structures via

knowledge elements

interrelations

153. Air Pollutiion

Control

Qian Zhou 2004 Intelligent DSS for air

pollution control for the

coal fired power plant

154. Medicine

Inan Guler 2004 Classification of the

aorta doppler signals

using variable coded

hierarchical genetic

fuzzy system

155. Medicine

Fernanado

Casas

2004 Fuzzy pulmonary cardio

rotary bypass blood

pump controller

156. Scoring system for

the

telecom

Hyungwon Shin 2004 Multi attribute scoring

method

157. Fault Diagnosis Bo sulk yang 2004 Kohonean NN based

and CBR

158. Recommender

System

Khaled F.

Shallaan

2004 ES for the best weight

distribution

on the ferryboats.

159. E Commerce

Ana Garcia

Serranno

2004 Support advanced

interaction capabilities

in a virtual assistant

160. Recommender

system

Yi Fan Wang 2004 Personalized

recommender system

for the cosmetic

industries.

161. Predicting systems

Chi Hsu 2004 CBR for the prediction

of the outsourcing

success

162. Design and

construction

Chaochang 2004 Adapted covering algo

modeling airplanes

64

Chiu landing gravities.

163. Tutoring System

Loannis

hatzilygeroudis

2004 Hybrid rule based

system for the

Knowledge acquisition

and update capabilities

164. Recommender

system

Sung sung weng 2004 Feature based

recommendation for

he one to one marketing

165. Feature selection

Wouter bucknix 2004 Customer adapted

coupon targeting

166. Text classification

Sung shun weng 2004 For answering mails

various text

classification and

multiple concepts

167. Relationship

management

Inwon kang 2004 Fuzzy cognitive map

168. Medicine Xue wei wang 2004 Self learning ES for

diagnosis

169. Loan management

Yoon seong kim 2004 Misclassification

patterns of credit

scoring model

170 Information

extraction

Nahk hyun sung 2004 Semi structured web

pages

171. Warning systems

Tae yoon kim 2004 Ann for the economic

crisis warning

172. Selection process

(hr)

So young sohn 2004 Classification models

for the Sequential flight

test results

173. Information

system

Chun lang

chang

2004 Cbr for the car inf

system

174. Equipment

selection

Daniel J.

Fonseca

2004 KB for the conveyor

selection

175. Diagnostic system

Khaleed F.

Shaalan

2004 Multiagent approach for

ES via internet

176. Assessment

system

Feng hsu wang 2004 Fuzzy neural network

for item sequencing

65

177. Stock exchange

app

Hyungwon shin 2004 Segmentation of the

customers

178. Diagnostic system

Dirk Vna den

Poel

2004 Direct and indirect

effects of the retails

promotions on sales and

profits assessments

179. Environmental

Emergency

Kevin F. R. Liu 2004 Agent based resource

discovery architecture

180. Medicine

Seung Hee Ho 2004 Analysis on the risk

factors for the

cervical cancer using

induction technique.

181. Construction

Procurement

Ren Jye Dzeng 2004 Intelligent Agent for

supporting the

negotiation process.

182. Medicine

Michael Glykas 2004 Technological

innovations in asthma

patient monitoring care

183. Medicine

Shieu Ming

Chou

2004 Mining the breast

cancer pattern using

ANN and multi variant

adaptive regression

184. Strategic Planning Nam Hong Yim 2003 KB decision making

185. Recommender

System

Jedid Jah Jonker 2003 Optimization of

customer segmentation

and marketing policy to

maximize the

profitability

186. Recommender

System

Jose Mira 2003 Knowledge modeling

for the

motion detection task

187. Marketing Shu Hsien Liao 2003 Electronic Catalogue

Monitoring

188. Banks

Nan chen hsieh 2003 Data mining and

behavioral scoring

model

189. Highway design

Lawrence

mandow

2003 Assistance for highway

design

190. Mining approach

Hsin chang 2003 Mining approach on

automatic generation of

66

yang web directories and

hierarchies

191. Decision making

in

marketing

Wei Po Lee 2003 Agent Based decision

making in the electronic

market place

192. CRM Zengyou He 2003 Mining class outliers

193. Geographical

System

Loannis V.Fillis 2003 In integrated

geographical ES

194. Advisory System

K. Nadia

Papamichail

2003 Natural language

selection

195. Irrigation and

Agriculture

Ahmed A.

Rafea

2003 Automatic knowledge

acquisition tool for

irrigation and fertilizers

system

196. Health care

Management

system

Ranjit Bose 2003 Knowledge

management enabled

197. Cost Estimation

Kyong jae Kim 2003 Hybrid GA and NN

approach in activity

based costing

198. Solid waste

composting

L.C

Jayawardhana

2003 ES for Sri Lankan solid

waste composting

199. Tutoring System Richardo Tucho

Navarro

2003 ES for teaching

mechanical

engineering

200. Performance

Assessment

Kwai Sang Chin 2003 KB self assessment

system for measuring

Organizational

performance

201. Fault Diagnosis

System

Qian Yu Xiuxi 2003 ES for the chemical

process

202. Customer service

management

C.F. Cheung 2003 Multi perspective KB

system

203. Decision Support Yishai a.

Feldman

2003 KB approach for index

selection in RDBMS

204. Scheduling

System

Yen WEn Wang 2003 Genetic Algorithm

method to solve course

scheduling problems

67

205. Performance

assessment system

Pei lun hsu 2003 Hybrid of association

rule algorithm and

genetic algorithm for

tree induction for the

student course

performance

206. Supplier

relationship

management

system

K.L. Choy 2003 CBR , integration of the

supplier rating and the

product coding

207. Behavior Analysis

Seewon Ryu 2003 Knowledge sharing

behavior of physicians

208. Budget Allocation

Chien Hsing

Wu

2003 Data mining applied to

material acquisition

budget allocation for

libraries

209. Performance

support

and the Training

System

John W Coffey 2003 Knowledge Modeling

and creation of EI tech

for the electronic

technicians

210. Detailing Planning John C Yi 2003 ES for the physician

detailing planning

211. Forest

Management

system

Amparo Alonso

Betznzos

2003 Prediction of the forest

fire risk and the fire

fighting management

212. Law

Giles Oatley 2003 Crime analysis software

using clustering and

Bayes net prediction

213. Waste water

treatment

plant management

Eugenio

Fernandez

Carrasco

2002 Rule Based Diagnosis

and supervision of the

plant using fuzzy logic

techniques

214. Conflict

Management

Oh Byung

Kwon

2002 Multi agent

coordination engine to

resolve conflict among

the functional units

ofthe organization

68

215. Knowledge

Sharing

and Knowledge

management

Hai Zhuge 2002 A knowledge flow

model for peer to peer

team knowledge sharing

and management

216. Fish disease

Diagnosis

Daoliang Li 2002 Web based ES for the

diagnosis of the fish

diseases

217. Architectures

MarcoA.F.

Dsouza

2002 Designing reusable rule

based architectures with

design pattern

218. Software

Development

support

Kim Mens 2001 Supporting Software

Development through

declarative codified

programming patterns

219. Knowledge

Management

Yogesh

Malhotra

2001 ES for the KM

220. Intellectual

Capital

Management

Brendan Kitts 2001 Transformation from

the intangible assets to

fitness landscapes