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Transcript of Chapter 2 Lighting Environments. Chapter 2 Lighting Environments © 2006 Fairchild Publications,...
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Chapter 2
Lighting Environments
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Chapter 2Lighting Environments
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Sunlight vs. DaylightSunlight:
Direct light from the sunCan cause glareCreates excessive heatDeteriorates fabricsFades colors
Daylight:Indirect natural light
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Chapter 2Lighting Environments
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Harvesting of daylight:– Capturing daylight for the purpose of
illumination• Apertures include windows and
skylights
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Advantages of daylight and windows:– Psychological & biological well-being – Constant and standard light – Passive solar energy penetration in the
winter– Ventilation with non-fixed windows– View of the outdoors– Reduction in electrical lights– Enhances visual acuity
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Disadvantages of direct light and windows:– Fading and deterioration of fabrics and
artwork – Cracking and peeling of woods and
paints– Glare– Increased heat in the summer– Black holes at night
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Solar Geometry
• Examines movement of earth around the sun• • Sunlight changes by the hour, day, season,
weather and geographic location
• Use solar geometry to specify size, shape, and location of windows
Chapter 2Lighting Environments
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Chapter 2Lighting Environments
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Solar Geometry• An object’s appearance will vary
during the day according to the sun’s position: – Light produced by midmorning and late
afternoon sun create long and soft shadows
– Harsh shadows at noon emphasize the three dimensions of objects
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Chapter 2Lighting Environments
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Daylight Integration and Control
• Factors affecting daylight penetration:– Cloudy/overcast skies (reduces
shadows)– Atmospheric pollution– Site orientation– Landscaping and surrounding structures
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Site Orientation
• Southern exposure: – Various intensities and colors– Can fade and deteriorate materials
• Northern exposure: – Even intensity and spectographic
characteristics• East/West exposure:
– Low, variable sun angles = glare10
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Sunlight vs. Daylight
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Sunlit sky vs. day-lit sky
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Sunlight penetration changes during the year
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Urban sites can have lots of reflected light
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Landscaping and Surrounding Structures
• Outdoors surfaces affecting interior light: – Dark materials absorb light:
• Grass, asphalt, dirt, rocks– Light materials reflect light:
• Rocks, snow, sand
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Windows• Horizontal shapes:– Maximize view and reinforce natural eye
movement• Vertical shapes:
– Maximize amount of reflection (if long, and floor is a light color)
• Windows should be located to reflect light from ceilings
• Transoms can provide daylight in adjacent spaces
• Skylights provide a large area of illumination
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Apertures
• Factors that affect quantity and quality of daylight in a room:– Size, shape, and location of openings– Flush openings not designed to reflect
light– Light shelves, deep and rounded
openings reflect light into the space
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Window Apertures: shape and location
• Horizontal shapes• Vertical shapes• Consider reflected light• Transoms• Skylights 18
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Interior Surfaces
• Ceilings: matte finish, light color• Chamfer to reflect daylight• Floors and walls opposite windows
can reflect daylight30
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Light pipes
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Room shape
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Light shelf principles
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Skylight with integral HVAC return system
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Daylight Factor
• Daylight Factor (DF): – Ratio between the amount of daylight in
specific areas of a room and the light outdoors
– Helps to determine the number of windows and artificial light sources needed in a space
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Daylight Factor
• Rule of thumb:– Useable ambient daylight is only with
2.5 H, where H is the head height of the window
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Using alphabet plans: keep room depth to within 2.5H
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Daylighting Models
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Windows and Tasks
• To help reduce glare, locate work areas parallel to windows
• Windows should stand to the left of right-handed people; and vice versa
• Equipment and technology located out of direct sunlight
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© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc. 54Chapter 2Lighting Environments
Windows and Tasks
• Amount of daylight determined by amount of sky one can see from a room
sight l
ine
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Controlling Daylight• Glazing systems:– Double or triple glazing can reduce amount of
heat gain, noise pollution, and glare• Glass coatings:
– Distort colors of interiors, exteriors of buildings and landscape
• Window treatments:– Draperies, shades, horizontal and vertical
blinds• Roof overhangs and awnings:
– Fixed elements to control sunlight
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Shading devices
• Interiors product of all sorts• Traditional: exterior shutters, vertical
and horizontal blinds, roll shades…• Can vary translucency• Can be automated• Can be integrated with switching
system
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Lutron’s Sivoia QED (see electronic brochure)
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Integration with switching system
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Match colors and textures
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Dimensional constraints
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Assessment Item
Do you automatically turn on the lights in a room?
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Project
• Daylighting creates drama and meaning
• Tadao Ando, the Church of Light
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Lillis Business Complex, University of Oregon
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Lighting Techniques
• Layered Lighting: – General (ambient)– Task– Accent– Decorative
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General (Ambient) • Sufficient lighting to walk through a
space• Establishes overall impression of
space and is determined by:– Light level– Type of lamps– Style of luminaires– Amount of daylight
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Structural Applications• General lighting often done with
structural lighting systems:– Cornice: Located on vertical surfaces;
directs light downward – Cove: Close to ceiling; directs light
upward– Wall bracket: Located on a wall; directs
light upward and downward
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Luminaire Systems• Ceiling-mounted lighting systems:
– Wallslot: Integrated into the ceiling system and distributes light down onto vertical surfaces
– Recessed luminaires (fixture): downlight (high-hat) mounted above ceiling and directs light downward
– Surface-mounted fixtures: Track lighting, pendants, and any other luminaire installed on a ceiling
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Task Lighting
• Light for specific activities and tasks• Flexibility and control essential for
users• Special considerations:
– Critical tasks– Time spent on task– Age of users
• Potential problems to address:– Strong contrasts in illumination levels– Glare and veiling reflections
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Task Lighting• Resolving problems associated with illumination contrasts:– Moderate illumination levels between
task and surrounding area– Increase contrast in color– Increase size of a task
• Planning task lighting requires an examination of:– Activities in the space– Characteristics of each task– Characteristics of the users
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Assessment Item
How many of these techniques have
you seen?
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Accent Lighting • Highlights an object or element in a space
• A basis for accent lighting is that people are attracted to the brightest region in a space
• Planning accent lighting:– Identify what should be highlighted– Review the surrounding areas and
establish contrast– Determine angle and intensity (5-1
ratio)
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Accent Lighting• To avoid problems with viewing, the preferred angle to a wall is 30 degrees
art piece
30° angle
light source
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Accent Lighting• Accent techniques:– Grazing: Enhancing textures and forms
of an object by placing the light source close to the object
• Backlighting:– Creates a silhouette of objects
• Types of luminaires:– Uplights– Recessed spots– Spotlight projectors with optical control– Furniture-integrated systems
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Decorative Lighting• Primary purpose is as an ornamental element in a space
• Examples:– Chandeliers– Holograms– Lasers– Neon lights– Fiber optics– Candles
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Assessment Item
When did you notice a room with general, task, and accent
lighting?
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Daylighting studies
• Revit uses Advanced Model Graphics• SketchUp uses two saved scenes• North oriented to the top of the screen• Set your interior view to show off shadows
– facing a window is best• Set location and times
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Daylighting concerns for different project types
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Residential
• Bedroom• Bathroom• Dining room• Kitchen• Living room• Game pit
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A work station
• Desk with drawers• Chair• Large computer monitor• Table top for books• Table with three chairs
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Restaurant
• Entry/waiting area• Bar• Private dining• Large main dining area• Bathrooms• Kitchen
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Art Museum
• Gallery for 3D objects• Gallery for small 2D objects• Gallery for small 2D objects• Gallery for jewelry• Café• Ticketing• Storage
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Office project
• Large open office area with desks• Private offices• Conference room with projector• Toilets• Entry/reception/waiting area• Storage