Chapter 2

Part 1Introduction to Islamic Civilization

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives• Define definition, principles and objectives of Islamic civilization.

• Describe attributes and sources of Islamic civilization.

• Describe the development of Islamic civilization and the meaning of Jahiliyyah.

• Describe the contribution of Islamic civilization to the world.

• Discuss the issues and challenges faced by the Muslims nowadays in upholding Islamic civilization.

• Analyze Islamic teaching application by the government in Malaysia.

The Concept of Islamic Civilization

To understand Islamic

Civilization

View Islam as a way of

life )al-Din)

View Civilization in Islamic context

We’ve already know about definition of civilization, then

what is Islam?

WHAT IS إسالم

?Islam is the Islam is the

teaching that teaching that possesses the possesses the attribute of its attribute of its

name.name.Derived from the Derived from the

word word سلمسلم salama, salima.salama, salima.

Islam is also the teaching Islam is also the teaching brought by all prophets brought by all prophets

since Adam a.s.since Adam a.s.

Islam is derived from the Arabic root "Salema": peace, purity, submission and obediencepeace, purity, submission and obedience. In

the religious sense, Islam means submission to the will of God and obedience to His law.

MEANING OF ISLAM

peacepeace

purepure

SurrenderSurrender

Salama = salimaISLAMISLAM

To place the will of Allah at the utmost level(Redha Allah)

BASIC FUNDAMENTAL OF ISLAMIC SYSTEMS

1. Aqidah (Islamic Belief)2. Ibadah (Islamic Worship)3. Syariah (Islamic Law & Jurisprudence)4. Akhlak (Islamic Ethics)

““A Society A Society Which Has Which Has Achieved Its Achieved Its Distinguished Distinguished Moral Values Moral Values and Culture”and Culture”-al Attas-

““established established based on based on Islamic Islamic teachings”teachings”Syed Qutb, Malik Bennabi, Prof. Richard E. Sullivan

““When the element When the element of humanity laid by of humanity laid by Allah becomes the Allah becomes the utmost value in utmost value in the society, then the society, then the society can be the society can be considered as considered as Islamic & civilized Islamic & civilized society”society”-Syed QutbFi Zilalil Qur’an-

Islamic civilization means…Islamic civilization means…

Definition of Islamic Civilization

The Characteristics of Islamic Civilization

1. Rabbaniyyah (Godliness)2. Alamiyyah (Universal)3. Syumuliyyah (Complete/Comprehensive)4. Thabat wa Murunah (Constant and Flexible)5. Waqi’iyyah (Realistic)6. Inqilabiyyah (Total Replacement)7. Tawazun (Balanced) between material &

spiritual)8. Wasatiyyah (Moderate)

1. Rabbaniyyah

Definition:Islam comes from Allah. Man simply executes based on Allah’s orders

Ianya membawa erti bahawa Islam ini datangnya daripada Allah. Manusia hanya sebagai pelaksana segala ketentuan yang ditetapkan

Category of Rabbaniyyah :

1. Rabbani in terms of goals and intentions• One’s intentions has to be specifically for

Allah• One’s ultimate goal in life is to get Allah’s

pleasure.

2. Rabbani in terms approach and resources• One’s approach and resources should be

based on the divine revelations to Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w)

2. Alamiyyah (Universal)

Definition:The teaching of Islam is not for a certain race or community but it is for all ummah from all layers of society.

Risalah Islam ditujukan untuk semua umat dan bangsa serta untuk semua lapisan masyarakat. Ia bukan risalah untuk bangsa tertentu.

•Alamiyyah also means:

- Universal/ Suitable in the sense that the teachings of Islam transcend across time, space and geographical boundaries.- Applicable anywhere and anytime from past to the present and the future.

Sesuai di semua tempat sama ada di Kutub Selatan, Khatulistiwa dan sebagainya.Ia juga sesuai untuk semua zaman sama ada zaman Rasulullah SAW atau zaman teknologi moden yang canggih ini. Sesuai sampai ke hari qiamat.

3. SyumuliyyahDefinition:The teaching of Islam is complete and comprehensive. The scope of Islam is all-encompassing with guidance for all aspects of human life not excluding the smallest to the biggest of human conduct. Ajaran Islam lengkap dan menyeluruh. Ruang lingkup ajaran Islam adalah mencakupi seluruh aspek kehidupan manusia tanpa kecuali dari sekecil-kecil urusan sampailah ke sebesar-besar perkara.

4. Thabat & MurunahDefinition:Fixed and firm in principles and flexible in practice

Tetap dari segi prinsip dan hukum tetapi anjal atau fleksibel dari segi perlaksanaannya.

•Sebagai contohnya: Solat adalah wajib dan perlaksanaannya boleh dibuat secara jama’ dan qasar bagi mereka yang bermusafir. Begitu juga ketika seseorang Muslim itu sedang sakit maka dia boleh melaksanakannya dalam keadaan duduk atau baring mengikut kemampuannya.

5. Waqi’iyyah

Definition:Islam is realistic. Islam adalah mengikut realiti.

e.g: human nature in marriage and build a family.

Contohnya: Manusia dari segi fitrahnya ingin hidup berpasangan, maka Islam mensyariatkan perkahwinan.

6. Inqilabiyyah

Definition:Islam should be strictly practiced in all situations. It is clearly distinguished and should not be intermingled with any jahiliyyah practice or system

Menegakkan Islam atas keruntuhan jahiliyyah. Islam tidak boleh bercampur dengan jahiliyyah. Islam juga tidak boleh ditempel-tempelkan pada sistem jahiliyyah. Islam menggantikan zaman jahillyah

7. Al-Tawazun

Definition:Balance and integrated state between spiritual and physical (material) of the human life.

e.g. Struggle for properties for life, and at the same time pay the zakat and give donation/sedekah.

Kewujudan keseimbangan dan kesepaduan antara kehidupan rohani dan jasmani.

8. Al-WasatiyyahDefinition:1)Keep it everything in which lawful according to Syarak such wearing clothes, eating, worship, pray etc in the middle track, not too extremes and not too simple.

2)Manage your life in properly and good condition such as time for study habit, eating habit, social life, sport etc. Bersederhana dan mengamalkan pertengahan dalam melakukan setiap perkara yang diharuskan oleh syarak seperti berpakaian, makan, melakukan ibadah sunat dan seumpamanya.

To uphold Islam as ad-Deen.

(a complete and comprehensive

way of life)

GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Objectives of Islamic Civilization

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To create a bond between man To create a bond between man and the Creator Allah s.w.tand the Creator Allah s.w.t

To create To create relationship relationship

between manbetween man

To create To create relationship relationship

between man between man and the and the universeuniverse

Objectives of Islamic Civilization

The Sources of Islamic Civilization

“AL-ADILLAT AL-QAT’IYYAH”

(absolutely sure arguments)(absolutely sure arguments)

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources

1) AL-QUR’AN1) AL-QUR’AN (absolute & final

authority)

2) AL-SUNNAH2) AL-SUNNAH(explanation of the

Qu’ran)

AL-ADILLAT AL-IJTIHADIAH

3.3. AL-IJMA’AL-IJMA’ (unanimous

agreement of the Muslim community)

4. AL-QIAS4. AL-QIAS (Analogical reasoning)

Secondary SourcesSecondary Sources

AL-QUR’AN AL-KARIM

Definition:Definition: The word Qur’an is an infinitive noun from the word, qara’a means; (He collected together, he read or recited)

( al-lafzul arabi, al-munazzal a’la Nabi s.a.w, al- mu’ jizu bi suratin minhu, al-manqul tawaturan, al-muta ‘abbun bi tilawatihi)

The Content of Al-Quran

1. Belief system2. Legislative & Jurisprudence3. Worship4. Akhlak (Ethics)5. Family & Social System6. Mua’malat 7. Jenayat8. Past history9. Judgment Day10. etc

Literally, Al-Sunnah means a way, rule, a manner of action or mode of life

Both Hadith and Sunnah, cover the same ground and defining the prophet’s actions,

sayings and silent approval

AL-SUNNAH

1) Sunnah Qauliah: saying of holy prophet which has influence a religious matterse.g: none of you (truly) believes until he wishes for is brother what he wishes for himself.

2) Sunnah Fi’iliyyah: an action of prophet. e.g: perform your prayer as you see me praying

3) Taqrir: his silent/tacit approval of the action or practice of another. e.g. the case of eating “Dhab among Sahabah (Companions)”

The Categories of Sunnah

AL-IJMA’"Consensus" of legal scholars representing all Muslims (mujtahidin)Persetujuan di antara ulama-ulama Islam selepas kewafatan Nabi Muhammad mengenai sesuatu hukum syarak.

• Example:

AL-QIYAS

Al-Qiyas is the process of analogical reasoning from a known injunction (nas) to a new injunction

Menerangkan hukum sesuatu yang tidak ada nasnya dalam al-Quran dan Hadis dengan cara membandingkannya dengan sesuatu yang ditetapkan hukumnya berdasarkan nas.

Bermaksud menyamakan sesuatu yang tidak ada nas hukumnya dengan sesuatu yang tidak ada nas hukumnya kerana adanya illat hukum.

Example of Al-QiyasP1: Semua yang memabukkan adalah haram.P2: Arak adalah minuman yang memabukkan dan merosakkan akal.Kesimpulan: Jadi, arak adalah haram.(ia haram sebab (illat) adalah memabukkan dan merosakan akal.

P1: Semua yang memabukkan adalah haram.P2: Dadah adalah sama kesnya dengan arak.P3: Dadah adalah memabukkan dan merosakkan akal.Kesimpulan: Jadi, dadah adalah haram.(ia haram sebab (illat) adalah memabukkan dan merosakan akal.

DRUG???

FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

Maqasid Shariah (Objectives of Shariah) as the foundations of

Islamic Civilization

• To fulfill the basic religious needs of

man. • Islam brings the

message that suit the nature of man.

• Islam forbids its followers from any ill

intention to ridicule its teachings.

1) Protection of al-Deen (religion)Maqasid Shariah in Islamic Civilization

2) Protection of life (self)• Prevent actions that

can cause destruction to oneself. e.g killing

• Encourage actions which contribute to survival of mankind.Eg; The concept of

‘dharurah’

3)Protection of Intellect (Aqal)Knowledge Knowledge

acquisition is the acquisition is the foundation of life.foundation of life. Prevention Prevention

from from anything anything that can that can destruct destruct

intelligenceintelligenceEncourage Encourage rationalization.rationalization.

4) The Protection of Descendant & Dignity (Nasab & Muru’ah).

Human blood is sacred in any case and no man can be deprived of his right to live. Violating this rule is equivalent to killing all of

humanity

It is not permissible to oppress women, children, old people, the sick or the wounded. Women's honor and chastity are to be respected under all circumstances. The hungry must be

fed, the naked clothed, and the wounded or diseased given medical

treatment

5)The security of property & Wealth

Riba (interest) / Riba (interest) / fraud / oppression / fraud / oppression / robbing / gambling robbing / gambling are prohibited in are prohibited in

Islam.Islam.

To To monopolize – monopolize – increase gap increase gap between the between the poor and the poor and the

rich is not rich is not allowedallowed..

To own To own individual individual property is property is allowed.allowed.

Part 2:

Introduction to Islamic Civilization

THE RISE AND EXPANSION OF ISLAM

The Establishment And Development OfIslamic Civilization

)) هو الذي بعث في األميين رسوال منهم يتلو عليهم ءايته

ويزيكيهم ويعلمهم الكتاب والحكمة وإن كانوا من قبل

لفي ضالل مبين (( 2الجمعة:

““He is Who sent among you He is Who sent among you the unlettered ones, a the unlettered ones, a

messenger from among messenger from among themselves, reciting to them themselves, reciting to them His verses, purifying them His verses, purifying them from the filth of disbelief from the filth of disbelief

and polytheism, and and polytheism, and teaching them the book )this teaching them the book )this

Quran Quran,, Islamic Laws I Islamic Laws I Islamic jurisprudence( and al Islamic jurisprudence( and al – – hikmahhikmah )al-Sunnah; legal )al-Sunnah; legal

ways, orders acts of worship ways, orders acts of worship of the prophet Muhammad( of the prophet Muhammad(

and verily they had been and verily they had been before in manifest error”. before in manifest error”.

(Al-Jumuah: 2-3).(Al-Jumuah: 2-3).

Dia-lah yang mengutus kepada kaum yang buta huruf seorang Rasul di antara mereka, yang membacakan ayat-ayat-Nya kepada mereka, mensucikan mereka dan mengajarkan mereka Kitab dan hikmah (As Sunnah). dan Sesungguhnya mereka sebelumnya benar-benar dalam kesesatan yang nyata.

Phases of establishment and development of Islamic Civilization

Gua Gua HiraHira

PHASE PHASE ONEONE

Chosen by Allah as the last prophet

at 40

Underground preaching (3

years)family & close

friendsOpen preaching(20 years)

Makkah & Madinah

THE TEACHINGS OF MUHAMMAD s.a.w

T a w h e edU lu h iyyah

T a wh e edR u b ub iyyah

T a w h e edA sm a '

W a s ifa t

T a w he e d ic co nce p t

Methods of teaching by the prophet (S.A.W)

1. Teaching & Lecturing

2. Discussion

3. Q & A Session

4. Memorizing

5. Repeating

6. Debating / reasoning

7. Story

8. Use of sense

9. Drawing

10.Example

KALIMAH TAYYIBAH/SYAHADAH

Literally means:

“I bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except Allah, the One, without any partner. And I bear witness that

Muhammad is His servant and His Messenger ”.

 

“The effectiveness of the words lies in their meaning. If they do not penetrate deep in to your hearts and have an impact powerful enough effect a change in your thoughts, in your morals, and in your actions, then their utterance is meaningless and ineffectual”.

(Sayyid Abul A’la Maududi)

أن وأشهد الله إال إله ال أن أن أشهد وأشهد الله إال إله ال أن أشهدالله رسول الله محمدا رسول محمدا

The Concept of Tawheed

1( Tawheed Uluhiyyah

(Believe in Allah as the only God Who Has the right to be worship and obeyed)

2( Tawheed Rububiyyah

(Believe in Allah as the only Creator,

Sustainer and Benefactor)

3( Tawheed Asma’ Wasifat (Believe in Allah as the only God

Who has the perfect names and attribute)

Phase Two

Preaching Islam to people from outside Mecca)Ethiopia, Ta’if, Yathrib / treaty of Aqabah 1&2(  

Migration to Yathrib /Madinah

Establishment of brotherhood between Muhajirin & Ansar

Establishment of the 1st Mosque / Mosque Quba’

Improving themarketplaces system

Phase Three

Matters pertaining to

responsibilities among muslim

to muslim

Matters pertaining to

engagement of the Jews as part

of Islamic Madinah Societies

Treaty of Madinah)Sahifah Madinah(

Madinah Administrative policies

To ensure the progress of Madinah the Prophet had introduced a system where these elements were applied;

• One nation• Syura system • Regional rules system• Judicial system • Educational system • Defense system

Blood and souls, possession and dignity must be kept sacred

Eliminate usury/ khianah

The Right of husband & wife

The principal of life (Quran & Sunnah)

The brotherhood

of Islam

Equivalent Rights / التوازون

THE LAST SERMON

)KHUTBAH ARAFAH(

The ultimate goal of the teaching

To save mankind from

worshiping other God than Allah

Saving mankind

from destruction in the world &

hereafter

A

Islam

610M 634M 661M 132H/749M 656H/1258M 1924M

2011B

C

DE

F*G

HI

J

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756H/1517M632M

Era Nabawi

Era Khulafa

Era UmawiEra Abasi

Era Uthmani

Era Kini

610M

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Islam

Musyrikin & Barat

634M 661M 132H/749M 656H/1258M 1924M

2011

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JAHILIYYAH IN MODERN WORLD

What is your opinion regarding the pictures?.

http://www.redstream.org/Death+Metal_AND_Picture+LP.php

QUESTION: • Discuss the concept of jahiliyyah based on

your understanding• Is there any possibility that jahiliyyah exists

in this modern world? Give examples.

The Concept of Jahiliah

According to Mahayudin Yahaya, Islamic Civilization, 1999. -

Neither messenger, nor guidance book - exist - Society is loosing their;• Moral value

and civilization.

• Sense of humanity and hospitality.

• Ability to read and to write”.

www.satanspace.com/

THE MEANING OF JAHILIYAH

• Islam calls the pagan life of Arabs 'Jahiliyah' (ignorance). This label specifically identified the lifestyle to be found in the land of the Arabs before Islam.

• It included the beliefs and customs of the pagan Arabs who lived in a most decadent and perverse manner. This stage in history was full of chaos and corruption, and witnessed a decline in the sociology and ideology of the age.

Islam calls that miserable historical period of Arab lifestyle 'Jahiliyah' because it is a word which represents ignorant beliefs, practices, rules, laws, customs, values and behavior of a perverse society.

DEFINITION OF JAHILIYYAH/ جاهلية

JAHILIAH / جاهلية

IGNORANCE

“Jahala”جهــل

Jahlun / Jahlatun

JAHILIYYAH/ جاهلية IN THE QUR’AN

Definition of Jahiliah

Al-Quran

assumption (Ali Imran:

154),

make – up(al-ahzab: 33),

Life style (Al-jumuah:2)

against the rule of

Allah

Syed Hawwa, Jundullah Thaqafatan wa akhlaqan-

JAHILIYYAH/ جاهلية IN THE QUR’AN

وطآئفة قد أهم هم ون ه غير الحق ظن الجاهلية..while another band was stirred to anxiety by their own feelings, Moved by wrong suspicions

of Allah-suspicions due to ignorance.al-Imran:154

154. Kemudian setelah kamu berdukacita, Allah menurunkan kepada kamu keamanan (berupa) mengantuk yang meliputi segolongan dari pada kamu, sedang segolongan lagi Telah dicemaskan oleh diri mereka sendiri, mereka menyangka yang tidak benar terhadap Allah seperti sangkaan jahiliyah.

ج جن تبر الجاهلية وقرن في يوتكن وال تبركاة الة وآتين الز األولى وأقمن الص

وأطعن الله ورسوله إنما يريد الله ليذهب ركم جس أهل البيت ويطه عنكم الر

تطهيراAnd stay quietly in your houses, and make not a dazzling display, like

that of the former Times of Ignorance; and establish regular Prayer, and give regular Charity; and obey Allah and His Messenger. And

Allah only wishes to remove all abomination from you, ye members of the Family, and to make you pure and spotless.

Al-Ahzab )33:33(

33. Dan hendaklah kamu tetap di rumahmu[1215] dan janganlah kamu berhias dan bertingkah laku seperti orang-orang Jahiliyah yang dahulu[1216] dan Dirikanlah shalat, tunaikanlah zakat dan taatilah Allah dan Rasul-Nya. Sesungguhnya Allah bermaksud hendak menghilangkan dosa dari kamu, Hai ahlul bait[1217] dan membersihkan kamu sebersih-bersihnya.

[1215] Maksudnya: isteri-isteri Rasul agar tetap di rumah dan ke luar rumah bila ada keperluan yang dibenarkan oleh syara'. perintah Ini juga meliputi segenap mukminat.

[1216] yang dimaksud Jahiliyah yang dahulu ialah Jahiliah kekafiran yang terdapat sebelum nabi Muhammad s.a.w. dan yang dimaksud Jahiliyah sekarang ialah Jahiliyah kemaksiatan, yang terjadi sesudah datangnya Islam.

[1217] Ahlul bait di sini, yaitu keluarga rumah tangga Rasulullah s.a.w.

ة يبغون ومن أحسن من الله أفحكم الجاهليقوم يوقنون حكما ل

Do they then seek after a judgment of (the days of) ignorance? But who, for a people whose faith is assured, can give better judgement than Allah?

50المائدة :

50. Apakah hukum Jahiliyah yang mereka kehendaki, dan (hukum) siapakah yang lebih baik daripada (hukum) Allah bagi orang-orang yang yakin ?

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF JAHILIYYAH SOCIETY?

• When neither messenger nor guidance book exist

• Uncivilized society• Society has no moral value• Unable to read and write

CHARACTERISTICS OF JAHILIYYAH SOCIETY?

Three reasons Three reasons why people get astraywhy people get astray

Self worship/

love one’s own desires

Society & culture

Obedience to human beings

Reason 1: LOVE OF ONE’S OWN DESIRES

50. but if They hearken not to thee, know that They only follow their own lusts: and who is more astray than one who follow His own lusts, devoid of guidance from Allah. for Allah guides not people given to wrong-doing.

50. Kemudian, kalau mereka tidak dapat menerima cabaranmu (Wahai Muhammad), maka ketahuilah, Sesungguhnya mereka hanyalah menurut hawa nafsu mereka; dan tidak ada Yang lebih sesat daripada orang Yang menurut hawa nafsunya Dengan tidak berdasarkan hidayah petunjuk dari Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah tidak memberi pimpinan kepada kaum Yang zalim (yang berdegil Dalam keingkarannya).

(Surah Al-Qashas,28:50)

Reason 2: SOCIETY AND CULTURE 170. when it is said to them: "Follow what Allah hath revealed:" They say: "Nay! we shall follow the ways of Our fathers." What! Even though their fathers were void of wisdom and guidance?

170. dan apabila dikatakan kepada mereka" Turutlah akan apa Yang telah diturunkan oleh Allah" mereka menjawab: "(Tidak), bahkan Kami (hanya) menurut apa Yang Kami dapati datuk nenek Kami melakukannya". Patutkah (Mereka menurutnya) sekalipun datuk neneknya itu tidak faham sesuatu (Apa pun tentang perkara-perkara ugama), dan tidak pula mendapat petunjuk hidayah (dari Allah)?

(Al-Baqarah: 2:170)

Reason 3: TOTAL OBEDIENCE TO HUMAN BEINGS

116. Wert Thou to follow the common run of those on earth, They will lead Thee away from the way of Allah. They follow nothing but conjecture: They do nothing but lie.

116. dan jika Engkau menurut kebanyakan orang Yang ada di muka bumi, nescaya mereka akan menyesatkanmu dari jalan Allah; tiadalah Yang mereka turut melainkan sangkaan semata-mata, dan mereka tidak lain hanyalah berdusta.

(Surah Al-An’am: 06:116)

THE PEOPLE OF JAHILIYAH

• Politically: Absence of political organization (civil war among the Arab tribes)

• Socially: Arabia was a male-dominated society. (racism, hero-worship, gender bias,)

• Intellectually: few persons who could read and write (artist, poet)

• Economically: (slavery, capitalists)

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

• Ideological Deviation• Emotional and Psychological Deviation • Behavioral Deviation

MODERN JAHILIYYAH

Example of Modern Jahiliyyah lifestyle

• Killing & Murder.• Spreading of disease such HIV, AIDS, • Drugs.• Free sexual.• Gay & Lesbian.• Aggressive behavior-e.g. Mat Rempit,

gangsterism.• Misunderstanding of religious teaching.• Etc.

How can we get rid of ignorant backgrounds?

• Achieving a full understanding for life according to original divine methods

• the reconstruction of both the personality and the society.

• to establish an religious (moral & akhlak) society.

Part 3:Muslim Contribution to Civilization

Jamal A. BadawiSt. Mary’s University

Jamalbadawi@hotmail.com www.Islamonline.net/Islamic

Teachings

An Outline I. Introduction II. Conceptual foundations: beliefs about:

1. Allah [God]2. Human nature3. The world & human trusteeship on earth

III. Qur’anic motivation to explore IV. Some examples of contribution

1. An historical perspective2. Specific examples of contribution

V. Conclusions

I. IntroductionIslam & the European RenaissanceNew spirit of research, experimentation,

observation & measurement New spirit sparked by Islamic worldview

AllahThe humanThe world

II. Conceptual Foundations1. Faith in Allah

Tawheed > Monotheism Creation, Worship, Entity & Attributes

ImplicationsUnity of the core divine messageUnity of the human raceUnity of all aspects of human lifeUnity of present & future lives

II. Conceptual Foundations 2. Human Nature

Human naturePhysicalIntellectualSpiritual

Purpose of creation Broader concept of “worship”No compartmentalization of life

II. Conceptual Foundations 3. The World

Resources & trusteeshipConditions of trust

Legitimate acquisition & useRespecting the rights of othersPay what is due on property [Zakah]

Work = a form of worshipInfinite time scale

III. Qur’anic Motivation to Explore

Agricultural resources [13:4, 6:141]Water resources [39:21, 45:12]Fisheries & seafaring [16:14]Animal resources [16:5-9]Laws in nature [3:190-191]Role of learning [96:1, 58:11, 35:28]Experimental method [16:69, 57:25, 53:28]

IV. Examples of Contributions An Historical Perspective

Contribution began in the late 7th CenturyGolden Age

750-1258 Abbasid era755-1492 Muslim Spain

Schools, libraries, endowments, bursaries, research centers

Contrast with EuropeInsufficient credit acknowledged

Specific Examples of Contributions

1. ASTRONOMYCatalogue maps of visible starsCorrecting sun & moon table1st to use pendulum/build observatoriesInvention of the sun dial [11th Cent.]Predicted sun spots, eclipses, cometsNames incl..Ibn Yunus, Abul-Wafa, Al-Batani,

Al-Bayrouni, Ulug Beg, Ibn Rushd

Specific Examples of Contributions 2. CHEMISTRY

Discovery of Nitric Acid & description of distillation, sublimation, filtration, coagulation & crystallization [Jabir: 8th Century]

Description of the properties of Sulphuric Acid[Abu-Musa Al-Kufi 8th Century]

Distillation of water, plasters, ointments, tampering of steel Arabic origin of terms such as Camphor,

Alcohol, Elixir, Al-Kali and Syrup

Specific Examples of Contributions 3. MATHEMATICS

Popularization of the Arabic Numerals Algebra [from al-Jabr; uniting broken parts] Algorithm [from Al-Khawarizmi, 9th Cent.] Non-Euclidean geometry [13th Cent.] Dev. of trigonometry & first to use “sine” and

“co-sine” Spherical trigonometry & trig. of tangents

Specific Examples of Contributions 4. PHYSICS

Optics [Ibn Al-Haytham, 11th Cent.]Invention of the CompassInvestigation of Hydrostatics [9th Cent.]Improving the use of the water wheel Tables of specific gravities of liquids and

solids.

Specific Examples of Contributions 5. GEOGRAPHY

Columbus’s debt to Ibn- Rushd [12th Cent.]Caliph Al-Ma’moon estimates the earth’s

circumference to be 24000 milesAl-Idrisi’s description of earth as sphericalAl-Masoodi’s encyclopedic work [10th C]Al-Yaqoobi’s Mu’jam Al-Bildan [12th C]Al-Marakishi’s Math’l Geography [13th C]

Specific Examples of Contributions 6. AGRICULTURE

Al-Awwam’s description of 585 plants & cultivation of several fruits [12th Cent.]

Improving irrigationUse of organic fertilizersImproving breeds of cattleIntroduction of peaches, apricots, cotton,

rice, bananas and sugar to the West

Specific Examples of Contributions 7. INDUSTRY

Advances in fabric manufacturing– Silk, cotton, wool

Leather industryManufacturing of glass and steel, drugs

perfumes and paper [798 in Baghdad]Term “ream” : from Arabic “Rezma” which

means a bundle

Specific Examples of Contributions 8. COMMERCE

850 Saracen ships docked @ Canton, China

System of cheques [Arabic Sakk]Some form of “letters of credit”Saracen coins found in ScandinaviaAnglo-Saxon coin with the Shahadah

[Muslim testimony of faith] on one side

Specific Examples of Contributions 9. HISTORY

Al-Tababari’s universal chronicle [9th Cen.]Al-Masoodi’s “Muruj al-Dhahab”or Golden

Pastures and lost 20 volume HistoryIbn Al-Atheer’s chronicle [13th Cen.]Most focused on collection & presentation

of information, some used critical judgment adopted later in the West

Specific Examples of Contributions 10. ART & ARCHITECTURE

Unity in diversity; accommodating culturesA lot destroyed by Mongols and during the

Crusaded and inquisitionReminders in Al-Hambra & CordovaCathedral door with “Masha’Allah” on itA 9th Century Irish cross decorated in the

middle with “Bismillah”

Specific Examples of Contributions 11. Political Science/Sociology

Political scienceAl-Farabi’s Model City [10th Cent.]Al-Mawirdi’s [Book of the Rules of Power]

SociologyIbn Khaldoon: Greatest sociologist of all timesFirst comprehensive writing on the philosophy

of History [14th Cent.]

IV. Examples of Contributions-Medicine

A. 9th century: Al-Razi of Baghdad One of the greatest physicians in Medieval times His AL-Hawi: an immense medical encyclopedia Main reference for 600 years Contributions to gynecology, obstetrics,

ophthalmic surgery ..etc Some works [measles & smallpox] were

translated several times until the 18th century

IV. Examples of Contributions-Medicine

B. 10th Century: Ibn Sa`d & Al-MardiniAreeb Ibn Sa`d

Early systematic writings on pediatricsTranslated into Latin & Hebrew

Al-Mardini [Pharmacology]Writings became standard work in Middle Ages

Others : Treated cataracts & hemorrhage and used cauterization

IV. Examples of Contributions-Medicine

C. 11th Century Ibn Sina [Avicenna]

Cannon in Medicine [5 volumes]Topics include physiology, hygiene, pathologyRemained superior authority in Medieval Europe as

late as the 18th CenturySome translated into Latin & Hebrew

Abul-QasimWorks on surgery, influence until 15th Century

IV. Examples of Contributions-Medicine

D. 12th/13th CenturiesIbn Rushd [Averrose]

Illustrations of sections of the brains, eyes, eye nerves and surgical instruments

Ibn ZuharPioneer writer on dislocations and fracturesWas outstanding in treating skin diseases

Ibn Al-Nafees: Described blood circulation

IV. Examples of Contributions-Medicine E. Hospitals

Began in the 8th century in Baghdad 2 wings [M/F], outside reporting hall Decision on medication or admission If admitted: bathing and clean clothing In-patient treatment, food served in covered

trays, psychological strategies, entertainment Air and water circulation in hospitals Convalescent: [Eat a loaf of bread & a chicken]

IV. Examples of Contribution -Medicine E. Hospital - Cont.

No hospital bills! forget about MedicareDischarge, clothes & interim financial helpMobile hospitals to rural areas

Physicians, equipments, medicationsSome required 40 camels to carry

V. Conclusions Impact of Islam’s world view on contributions Contributions includes preservation of old

classics as well as original contributions Rich, voluminous works lost during destructive

assaults on the Muslim world Impact on renaissance is “put of sight” Boasting of past glories is insufficient Joint responsibility for an ideal civilization

Any Reminder / Debriefing about the topic in Chapter 2

THANK YOU THANK YOU