Chapter 2 Gender Stereotypes and Other Gender Biases The Psychology of Women.
-
Upload
opal-harrington -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 2 Gender Stereotypes and Other Gender Biases The Psychology of Women.
Chapter 2Chapter 2Gender Stereotypes and Gender Stereotypes and
Other Gender BiasesOther Gender Biases
The Psychology The Psychology of Womenof Women
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
TerminologyStereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
Gender Bias
Androcentrism
Normative-Male Problem
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in Religion and Mythology1. Women are evil.
2. Women are terrifying sorceresses.
3. Women are virtuous.
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in LanguageTerms Used for Women
• non-parallel terms• negative terms• infantilizing terms
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in LanguageThe Masculine Generic
• masculine generic terms are not gender neutral• Gastil's research on mental images• research on career choices• shifting to gender-neutral language
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in the MediaStereotyped Representations
1. Women are relatively invisible.
2. Women are relatively inaudible.
3. Women are seldom shown working outside the home.
4. Women are shown doing housework.
5. Women and men are represented differently.
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in the MediaStereotyped Representations (continued)
6. Women’s bodies are used differently from men’s bodies.
7. Women of color are underrepresented, and they are often shown in a particularly biased way.
8. Lower-social-class women are underrepresented, and they are often shown in a particularly biased way.
Biased Representations Biased Representations of Women and Menof Women and Men
Gender Biases in the MediaThe Effects of Stereotyped Representations
Reflecting and influencing reality• Behaviors and beliefs• Gender-role attitudes• Cognitive performance
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
The Content of StereotypesCommunion & Agency
Stereotypes About Women and Men From Different Ethnic Groups
• gender and ethnicity combine to create a variety of gender stereotypes.
• subtypes within gender-ethnicity categories
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
The Content of Stereotypes
Subject Variables That Could Influence Stereotypes
• Gender• Ethnicity• Culture• Class• Ableism
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
Implicit Gender Stereotypes
Explicit vs. Implicit Gender Stereotypes
Implicit Association Test (IAT)• stereotype-consistent pairings
vs. stereotype-inconsistent pairings
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
Attitudes Toward Women’s Competence
Women’s competence is likely to be devalued:
• when males are doing the evaluating• when the participants have traditional
attitudes • when little information is available about a
person’s qualifications• bias may be strongest when a woman is
acting in a stereotypically masculine fashion• --Victoria Brescoll’s “Double Bind” work
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
Attitudes Toward Women’s “Pleasantness”
Women & menWomen & feminists
Ambivalent Sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996, 2001)
Hostile sexismBenevolent sexismAmbivalent sexism and gender
equality
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
Gender Discrimination in Interpersonal Interactions
Discrimination in North AmericaLaboratory research
Real-life gender discrimination• gender-stereotyped remarks• demeaning comments and behaviors• sexual comments and behaviors
Other forms of interpersonal gender discrimination
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
HeterosexismHeterosexism: a belief system that devalues lesbians, gay males, and bisexuals—or any group that is not exclusively heterosexual
Sexual prejudice: a negative attitude toward someone because of her or his sexual orientation
People’s Beliefs About People’s Beliefs About Women and MenWomen and Men
HeterosexismExamples of Heterosexism
• Lack of family acceptance• Verbal abuse• Physical assault• Institutional discrimination
Factors Correlated with Heterosexism• Men more negative than women• More negative attitudes toward gay men than
toward lesbians
The Personal Consequences of The Personal Consequences of Gender StereotypesGender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes and Cognitive ErrorsSocial Cognitive Approach: stereotypes are belief systems that guide the way we process information
Categorization
ErrorsExaggerating the Contrast Between Women and Men
Gender polarization
Personal Consequences Personal Consequences of Gender Stereotypesof Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes and Cognitive ErrorsThe Normative Male
Making Biased Judgments about Females and Males
Judgments fall back on stereotypesAttributions for success
Memory for Personal CharacteristicsGender-consistent and gender-inconsistent information
Multitasking and strong stereotypes
Personal Consequences Personal Consequences of Gender Stereotypesof Gender Stereotypes
Gender Stereotypes and BehaviorSelf-Fulfilling ProphecyStereotype Threat--Claude Steele
Personal Consequences Personal Consequences of Gender Stereotypesof Gender Stereotypes
Internalizing Gender StereotypesAssessing Self-Concepts about Gender
Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI)
Androgynous
Problems with androgynyInternalizing Gender Stereotypes
Variety of gender-related characteristicsSocial categoriesSocial context
Personal Consequences Personal Consequences of Gender Stereotypesof Gender Stereotypes
Internalizing Gender StereotypesAre Gender Stereotypes Personally Important?
Conclusions About Internalizing Gender Stereotypes
• Flexible self-concepts about gender• Views about gender-related characteristics• Confronting your "-ISMS"
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Infancy and ChildhoodInfancy and Childhood
The Psychology The Psychology of Womenof Women
Background on Gender Background on Gender DevelopmentDevelopment
People’s Responses to Infant Girls and Boys
Parental Preferences About Sex of Children• North America• Cultural differences
People's Stereotypes About Infant Girls and Boys
• Parents' ratings of infant sons and daughters• Strangers' judgments• Greeting cards• Social constructionism
Background on Gender Background on Gender DevelopmentDevelopment
Theories of Gender DevelopmentThe Social Learning Approach
• Children are rewarded for "gender-appropriate" behavior, and they are punished for "gender-inappropriate" behavior
• Children watch and imitate the behavior of other people of their own gender
Background on Gender Background on Gender DevelopmentDevelopment
Theories of Gender DevelopmentThe Cognitive Developmental Approach
• Children develop powerful gender schemas
• Children use gender schemas to evaluate themselves, other people, and other things
• Gender schemas• Gender identity
Background on Gender Background on Gender DevelopmentDevelopment
Theories of Gender DevelopmentGeneral Comments about Theories of Gender Development
• Children’s behaviors are important• Children’s thoughts are important
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
ParentsInfants vs. ToddlersGender-Typed Activities
• Chores• Toys• Discouraging “gender-inappropriate” activity• Different messages to girls vs. boys• Messages from male adults
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
Parents (continued)
Conversations About Emotions• Daughters vs. sons• Different emotions discussed
Attitudes About Aggression• Research inconsistent• Imitation• Power dynamics
Attitudes about Independence
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
Parents (continued)Individual Differences in Parents' Gender Typing
• parents vary widely• ethnicity• social class• nontraditional gender beliefs
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
Peers• Peer group
Rejection of Nontraditional Behavior
Gender Segregation• entitlement
Gender Prejudice• preference for own gender• verbal harassment• physical hostility
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
Peers (continued)Differential Treatment (for Girls and Boys)
• attractiveness• prosocial behavior • physical aggression
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
SchoolTeachers' Behavior
• girls as invisible
• provide boys with more positive feedback and attention
Students' Characteristics and Teachers' Treatment
• ignore girls of color
• discourage girls' assertiveness and responsibility
• social class
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
School (continued)Encouraging Change in North American Schools
• teacher training in gender and ethnic diversity• de-emphasize gender schemas• pay equal attention to girls• reduce inappropriate stereotypes about gender
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
School (continued)Gender and Education on the International Level
• schooling• literacy rates• employment• birth rates and infant mortality
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
The MediaTelevision and Videogames
• frequency of exposure• gender stereotypes• males more visible• males and females perform different activities• correlation between TV viewing and gender
stereotyping• parental controls and involvement
Factors That Shape Factors That Shape Gender TypingGender Typing
The Media (continued)Books
• main characters• activities• stereotyped roles
Children’s Knowledge Children’s Knowledge About GenderAbout Gender
Infants' Basic Information About Gender
Children's Usage of Gender Labels
Children’s Stereotypes About Activities and Occupations
Reactions to “Gender Inconsistent” Activities
Choosing Activities & Toys
Gender Schemas & Occupations
Children’s Knowledge Children’s Knowledge About GenderAbout Gender
• Sex of the Child
• Ethnicity• Social Class• Family Views
• Age of the Child• Flexibility• Individual Differences
Children's Stereotypes About Personality
Factors Related to Children's Gender Stereotypes
Cognitive AbilitiesCognitive Abilities
Explaining the Gender ComparisonsBiological Explanations
• 1. Genetic explanations
• 2. Hormonal explanations
• 3. Brain organization explanations Lateralization
Cognitive AbilitiesCognitive Abilities
Explaining the Gender ComparisonsExperience as an Explanation
• 1. Different experiences with mathematics and spatial activities outside school
• 2. Parents and teachers may provide different experiences for males and females
• 3. Lack of positive images & role models
Cognitive AbilitiesCognitive Abilities
Explaining the Gender ComparisonsAttitudes as an Explanation
• 1. Parents’ and teachers’ attitudes and children’s self-confidence
• 2. Boys perceive themselves as more competent in math than girls do, even though boys may actually receive lower grades
• 3. Students believe that math, computers, and science are associated with males
• 4. Stereotype threat
Attitudes About Attitudes About AchievementAchievement
Confidence in Your Own Achievement and Ability
Self-Confidence and Evaluation Provided by Others• Women’s self-confidence is influenced by comments
from other people; men’s self-confidence is less likely to change based on comments from other people.
• Women are more likely than men to use the information from other people’s evaluations in assessing their own performance, even when the evaluations are not accurate
Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Gender Comparisons in Gender Comparisons in Social and Personality Social and Personality
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
The Psychology The Psychology of Womenof Women
Theoretical BackgroundSocial Constructionist Approach: We construct or invent our own versions of reality, based on prior experiences, social interactions, and beliefs.
IntroductionIntroduction
Theoretical Background (continued)Social-Setting Factors Related to Size of Gender Differences in Social and Personality Characteristics
1. Gender differences are usually largest when other people are present.
• 2. Gender differences are generally largest when gender is prominent and other shared roles are minimized.
• 3. Gender differences are usually largest when the behavior requires specific gender-related skills.
IntroductionIntroduction
Communication PatternsCommunication Patterns
Verbal CommunicationTalkativeness
Interruptions• Status
Language Style
The Content of Language
Communication PatternsCommunication Patterns
Nonverbal CommunicationPersonal SpaceBody PostureGazeFacial Expression
• Smiling• Anger
Decoding Ability• Facial Expressions• Vocal Cues
Communication PatternsCommunication Patterns
Nonverbal Communication (continued)Facial Expression
• Smiling• Anger
Decoding Ability• Facial Expressions• Vocal Cues
CommunicationCommunication Patterns Patterns
Potential Explanations for Gender Differences in Communication
Power and Social Status Explanations
Social Learning Explanations
Conclusions
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Helping and Caringto Helping and Caring
AltruismHypothetical ScenariosHeroismSocial Role
NurturanceWho finds babies interesting and engaging?Operational Definitions
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Helping and Caringto Helping and Caring
Empathy1. Females and males are equally empathic
when the operational definition requires physiological measures.
2. Females and males are equally empathic when the operational definition requires nonverbal measures.
3. Females are more empathic than males when the operational definition is based on self-report.
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Helping and Caringto Helping and Caring
FriendshipThe Nature of Girls' and Boys' Same-Gender Friendships
• Individuals• Groups• Self-disclosure
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Helping and Caringto Helping and Caring
FriendshipThe Nature of Women’s and Men’s Friendships
• What friends do• Intimacy & self-disclosure • Qualities important for an intimate friendship
How Women and Men Help Their Friends
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Aggression and Powerto Aggression and Power
Gender and Aggression: The Social Constructionist Perspective
The Language of AggressionCultural Constructions of Aggression
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Aggression and Powerto Aggression and Power
Physical Aggression Versus Relational Aggression
Physical AggressionRelational AggressionPreschoolers
Characteristics Related Characteristics Related to Aggression and Powerto Aggression and Power
Other Factors Related to Gender and Aggression
1. Gender differences are relatively large when measuring spontaneous aggression.
2. Gender differences are relatively large when the individuals know each other.