Chapter 2: Europe€¦ · Pyrenees north east Spain; south west France Alps north Italy; south east...

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Chapter 2: Europe

Europe … before you start! 1. (a) 50 (b) 6th (c) 10% (d) Spain (e) 27 2. (a) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. (b) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. 3. Ancient Greek, Roman and Ottoman Empires. 4.

Figure 1: Tromso, Norway Figure 2: Wormer, Netherlands

Latitude

(atlas)

69o 25’N, 19o 10’E Amsterdam = 52o 21’ N, 4o 55’ E

Wormer is 13 km to the NW

Climate Polar/tundra = snow Temperate maritime

On the coast

or inland?

coast inland

Relief High, steep-sided mountains Flat lowland plain

Natural

vegetation

Coniferous trees Grassland/deciduous trees

Land use Port, settlement (town) Pasture, small settlement (town)

Industry Fishing, logging farming

Other STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN

ANSWERS

5. (a) densely populated : many people in one area/crowded. (b) urban: a built‐up area, e.g. town or city. The opposite of rural. (c) migration: the movement from one place to another.



6. (i) The European Union began in the 1950s with just 6 members. Today it has 27. (ii) The EU is not just a trade bloc, it has a major influence in both Europe and the world. 7. (i) The Netherlands has developed as a major trading nation. (ii) Italy is an important tourist destination in the EU. (iii) The Netherlands is often called the gateway to Europe. (iv) Poland has a long history as a country whose borders have changed frequently. 8. (a) The Colosseum, Rome. (b) Answers may include: winter sports; historic and cultural attractions, e.g. Roman buildings/ruins;

Vatican City; canals of Venice; Mediterranean coast; volcanoes – Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvius etc. Many others – look for different types rather than individual sites.

9. Open borders = travel and work across the EU.



2.1 Landscape and climate, pages 42–43 1. (a) It is a supercontinent – a large landmass formed by Asia and Europe together. (b) 20%. 2. It is surrounded by water on three sides, by the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, and joined to the Asian/Eurasian landmass on fourth side. 3. (a) The height and shape of the land, plus drainage (main seas, oceans , rivers and lakes). (b)

Selected European mountain ranges

Location

Pyrenees north east Spain; south west France

Alps north Italy; south east France; Switzerland;

Austria

Balkan Mountains Serbia; Bulgaria

Carpathian Mountains Hungary; Slovakia; Romania

Ural Mountains Russia

4. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. 5. Warm summers, hot dry summers for beach holidays; cold, snowy winters for winter holidays/sports. 6. They are a high mountain range, mainly 2000–4000 metres high, cold enough for almost permanent winter snow at this latitude. 7. (a) Coastal areas are warmer than inland (differential heating). Answer might mention Gulf Stream

(though mentioned later). (b) The temperature range increases: hotter and drier in summer, often very cold in winter.



2.2 Countries and people, pages 44–45 1. (a)

(b) Although it is the second smallest continent by land area, it has the second largest share of the world’s population (10.6%) and is the second most densely populated continent. 2. (a) explorer: someone who searches for and investigates unknown places.

colonise: settling in another area – establishing a presence; separated from the home country but ruled by it. trade: buying and selling. industrialise: the development of industry on a large scale – often moving from primary industry to secondary industry.

(b) People were leaving the countryside (rural areas) to work in factories in urban areas. 3. Places (countries, towns, cities) and boundaries/borders. 4. Russia, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia. 5. Areas with only a small number of people living there are sparsely populated. These are places which are mountainous or remote. Areas with high numbers of people are densely populated. These are usually urban areas like towns and cities.



6. (i) A large continuous built up area where 2 or more urban areas/cities merge together. (ii) Answers may include: A conurbation covering Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague.

Home to over 7 million people, with a density of 1500 km2. 7. (i) sparsely populated, e.g. Norway, Sweden, northern Scotland. (ii) densely populated, e.g. southern UK, Netherlands, Latvia. 8. STUDENT CHOICE of location names and data – but need to make the link with climate and relief. 9. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS but may include:

• birth rate – beginning to fall in many countries (less workers).

• ageing population – pressure on resources for elderly populations/pensions/health care.

• shortage of workers – less people of working age to support children/elderly (taxes).

• migration – increased migration to fill jobs.



2.3 Changing borders, pages 46–47 1. • The Treaty of Maastrict creates the new European Union (EU) 1993

• The Berlin Wall, separating East and West Germany, was taken down 1989

• The period of the Cold War 1950–1991

• Fighting begins as Yugoslavia is split into several nations 1991

• The period of the Second World War 1939–1945

• The Great Depression began 1929

• The period of the First World War 1914–1918 2. (a) Main changes include: • More (usually smaller) countries.

• Empires like the Ottoman and Austria‐Hungary broken up.

• Majority of countries belong to two opposing alliances – NATO (west) and Warsaw Pact (east). NB Good answers will give named examples.

(b) Main reasons: • The outcome of World War I and World War II.

• Changing political alliances.

• The formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. NB Good answers will give named examples. 3. This question is incorrectly posed in the Student’s Book. The question was intending to ask for a comparison between 1900 and the present. The answer to the intended question could include: Similarities: The following countries (and borders) are the same • Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, UK/GB and N Ireland/Ireland; Netherlands, Belgium,

Luxembourg, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy Differences: • Many more countries

• Austria‐Hungarian and Ottoman Empire have split up

• Germany split into Germany and Poland

• Greece is larger New independent countries include: • Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkey, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Moldovia.



4.

NATO countries (the ‘West’) Warsaw Pact countries (the ‘East’)

USA Portugal USSR

Canada Greece Poland

UK Turkey East Germany

Iceland Denmark Czechoslovakia

Netherlands France Hungary

Belgium Italy Romania

Luxembourg West Germany Bulgaria

EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH/OPEN ANSWERS.



2.4 Moving places, pages 48–49 1. (a) Moving from one place to another, e.g. from one country to another. (b) Between 40 000–45 000. 2. Match the type of migration with the descriptions below:

• Moving from one country to another: international

• Migrating for a short time then returning home: temporary

• People who choose to move from one place to another: voluntary

• Moving from one area within a country to another in the same country: internal

• People who have to migrate, e.g. because of war or a natural disaster: forced

• Migrating from your home area but not returning: permanent 3. (a) Many of these jobs are temporary and low paid – and often local people do not want them. (b) They are only available for certain parts of the year, e.g. work in cafes etc. in summer in tourist

resorts; harvesting crops when ripe. 4. (a) The large scale movement and scattering of people away from their homeland. (i) The Jews fleeing Russia and Germany during and after World War II. (ii) The movement of people from the former Yugoslavia across Europe and further afield.



5. (a)

Destinations of migrants from the break‐up of Yugoslavia across the EU

(b) 20%; one fifth or 1 in 5.

Country



6. (a) Many reasons including: • For work.

• To have a better quality of life, especially for their children.

• To escape war or persecution.

• To join family members who have already migrated.

• In response to advertising campaigns by countries for particular industries/skills.

(b) Workers from other countries who respond to requests from host countries to fill jobs, e.g. Germany introduced a guest worker scheme to fill skills shortages, attracting many migrant workers from Turkey. Such workers often have limited rights in the host country, and may be on temporary contracts.

7. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.



2.5 The Beginning, pages 50–51 1. (i) Following World War II when European countries were on opposing sides, peace and

cooperation were essential. (ii) The ability to work together was needed for Europe to recover and rebuild. 2. (i) France and the FDR (West Germany). (ii) Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy and Luxembourg. (iii) To combine coal and steel production in a common marketplace. 3. (a) The Treaty of Rome. (b) The European Economic Community (EEC). (c) One of the original purposes was to trade together in what was literally a common marketplace. 4. The UK, Ireland and Denmark. 5. (i) Removed police and customs checks at borders between most EEC countries. (ii) Strengthened external (non‐EU) border controls. (iii) Increased cooperation between different police forces. 6. (i) In Poland, the Solidarity movement called a series of strikes, centred around the shipyards. They

challenged and eventually defeated the communist government. (ii) The Berlin Wall was dismantled, leading to the reunification of East and West Germany. (iii) The Soviet Union (USSR) started to break up, resulting in major changes to the politics of Eastern

Europe and the disappearance of the Iron Curtain. 7. The European Union (EU) was created in 1993 after the Maastrict Treaty was signed. The Treaty also created a single market To apply to join the EU, European countries have to:

• be a democracy

• have a market economy

• put EU laws in place. 8. STUDENT CHOICE of events – good answers will cover a wide range but written concisely.



2.6 Growth of the EU, pages 52–53 1. (a) The east. (b) The break‐up of the Soviet Union: many east European countries moved from communist

control to become democracies with market economies, so could apply for membership. (c) Iceland, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Turkey. (d) Switzerland, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Bosnia, Albania, Moldova, Belarus. 2. (a) Answers should include some or all of: freedom of movement of people, goods, services and

money across EU member countries. (b) Free movement across the EU and easier trade and travel. 3. (a) Brazil, India, China and South Africa are known as the BRICS countries. These countries have all

seen their economies grow rapidly in recent years. They now compete on the world market with countries in Europe and North America.

(b) BRazil India China and South Africa. 4. Investment in business; Innovation; Education in new technology. 5. (a) One currency (system of money) used across all Eurozone members – in this case the euro. (b) 17. (c) Easier to deal in just one currency – saves time and costs and is much quicker. 6. (i) Turkey and the UK. (ii) Germany and Spain.



7. Population in selected EU countries: 2012 and 2025 (estimate)




2.7 How does the EU work?, pages 54–55 1. (a) Although it is made up from independent, democratic countries, it has delegated certain

decision‐making processes to EU institutions on behalf of the EU as a whole. (b) (i) To alter the work of the EUs institutions as appropriate. (ii) To adjust to the introduction of new members. 2.

The European Commission

The European Council (EP)

The Council of the European Union

One minister from each

member country.

785 elected members

(Figure 4).

President changes every

six months.

27 Commissioners. Members sit in political

(not national) groups.

Used to be called the

Council of Ministers.

Puts forward new laws. Meets monthly in

Strasbourg.

Committees meet in

Brussels, with offices in

Luxembourg.

Commissioners serve for 5

years.

Supervises the work of

the Commissioners.

Ministers have different

numbers of votes

(Figure 5).

Suggests directives and

regulations.

Approves laws and the EU

budget.

The EU’s main decision-

making institution.

President is chosen by its

members.

Number of MEPs is

proportional to its

country’s population.

Mainly meets in Brussels.

Each Commissioner has a

specific policy role.

3. STUDENT CENTRED/CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.

EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS.



2.8 Energy and the Environment in the EU, pages 56–57 1. Some energy sources, e.g. fossil fuels, produce large quantities of greenhouse gases which are having an impact on our climate. As a result there is a movement towards cleaner energy sources – preferably renewable ones. Students may give a range of specific examples. 2. Over 80 per cent of the EU’s CO2

emissions come from industry. The biggest producers are the energy industries with 35 per cent. Transport, with 30 per cent, produces almost as much. At home we are responsible for 11 per cent of the total. 3. • fossil fuels: made from the remains of plants and animals, e.g. oil, coal and natural gas. Give off

carbon dioxide when burnt to produce energy. Non‐renewable.

• emissions: given off/discharged, e.g. gases, fumes.

• sustainable: resources/something which can be used over and over again or used at a rate at which they can be replaced.

4. Fossil fuels are non‐renewable/finite so will run out (not sustainable). They give off greenhouse gases. Europe imports most of its fossil fuels, so it is dependent upon other countries, e.g. in the Middle East. A good energy mix would include an increasing proportion of renewable sources of energy. 5. (i) Almost all of the raw material needed – uranium – has to be imported. (ii) Suppliers control prices and availability. 6. STUDENT CHOICE. Good answers will show differences in sources and amounts used. 7. • reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 per cent compared to 1990.

• increase the total amount of energy produced by renewable energy to 20 per cent – for example, from wind, solar and hydroelectric power . (alternative renewables could be named)

• make sure that 10 per cent of fuels used in cars and lorries is from renewable sources – for example, biofuels.

• improve energy efficiency by 20 per cent.



8. (a) Use less raw material to produce more energy. (b) Many choices including: • installing double or triple glazing

• loft, roof and wall insulation

• insulation/lagging pipes and boilers

• energy saving bulbs. 9.

Energy type 1990 % 2009 %

Coal 40 21

Oil 14 13

Gas 19 17

Nuclear 22 29

Renewables 7 18

(a) (above) (b) Coal production almost halved; gas fell slightly whilst nuclear increased by a third and

renewables more than doubled. (c) STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. (d) The using up of finite resources (fossil fuels) and a move to replace them with cleaner fuels, e.g.

nuclear and renewables.



2.9 The future for the EU, pages 58–59 1. (a) x The EU had a larger share of world trade in goods than the USA and Japan combined.

Japan’s share of world trade in goods and services is roughly the same. The US has the second highest share of world trade in goods and services.

x China has the lowest world share of both.

The EU has by far the biggest share of both (except others).

(b) Competition from others, e.g. BRICS like China. 2. (a) More jobs available Better able to compete and trade on the world market

x Have to spend money on new EU directives Receive money from the EU budget Can travel to and work in member countries

x More resources like food and energy needed

(b) Benefit: STUDENT CHOICE. Problem: STUDENT CHOICE.

3. (i) • Common currency within Eurozone – good for people and businesses.

• Strength on world market of a currency supported by many countries.

• Far more convenient than constantly changing from currency to currency.

(ii) • Tied to a central/common currency valuation, e.g. cannot devalue.

• Have to comply with Eurozone agreements/regulations or could jeopardise EU membership, e.g. Greece

• Problems may occur when there is a recession or countries get into debt (can’t devalue). 4. (i) 17. (ii) UK, Sweden, Denmark, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania.

EXTENSION WORK STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH.



2.10 Energy in the Netherlands, pages 62–63 1. (i) The majority (over 80%) comes from coal and gas. Of the remaining amount, 11% is provided by

oil with renewables providing just 3% and nuclear 1%. (ii) It is a good idea to use a variety of energy types as prices and availability changes, especially as

non‐renewable resources start to run out. It also allows the development of cleaner, renewable sources as technology changes and greenhouse gas emissions are cut. It helps if countries do not have to import energy, as it can make them vulnerable to political situations.

2. • The government is trying to use more sustainable energy sources.

• The energy mix still has a high percentage of fossil fuels.

• The energy supply needs to be reliable and affordable.

• The percentage of renewables needs to gradually increase.

• Less non‐renewable energy sources should be used to cut greenhouse gas emissions.

• Non‐renewable energy needs to be replaced with cleaner renewable energy. 3.

Data/information/description

Located Underground inland and offshore

% of NL energy mix 38%

Production in EU Top producer, for home use an export

Employs 100,000

Earns (euros) Over 6 million euros per year

Reserves Expected to last until: 2025

once ashore It is stored ready for distribution in the NL and to other EU

countries.

LNG First Liquefied Natural Gas terminal opened in 2011

(Rotterdam). Takes over 600 times less space than ordinary

natural gas.

Other Even when North Sea gas runs out, the NL will have a gas

industry because of its large modern storage and distribution

network (good location).

4. STUDENT CHOICE.



5. (i) 1973 (ii) 2003 (iii) 2034. The government now considers nuclear power to be an important part of the country’s

energy mix, especially as they move towards developing the technology for renewables and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

6. STUDENT CHOICE/RESEARCH.



2.11 The Netherlands: sustainable energy, pages 64–65 1. Should include descriptions similar to:

• Wind turns the turbine blades.

• The movement generates electrical energy.

• This energy is transmitted to a sub‐station.

• The energy feeds into the National Grid. 2. STUDENT CHOICE/OPEN ANSWERS. 3. STUDENT CHOICE. 4. (i) Organic material, e.g. plant matter/animal waste. (ii) Energy made from biomass. 5. There is an increased proportion of biofuel (mainly bioethanol) in fuel. An extra 0.25% was added in 2011 and 2012, with a further 0.5% scheduled for 2013 and 2014. 6. A large proportion of biofuels today come from crops specifically grown for the purpose, e.g. oilseed rape. There are concerns that more land will be used for this, rather than to grow food, as it may be more profitable. Using waste materials from food and other crops/sources would help overcome this and the fear that food prices will rise as farmland decreases. It would also be a good use of what is now just bio‐waste.




2.12 Tourism in the EU’s Mediterranean countries, pages 66–67 1. (i) People have more leisure time. (ii) Paid holidays. (iii) Travel is cheaper and easier. 2. (i) 6 (ii) 5 (iii) 4 (iv) 2010 million (v) 2011 million



3.

World Top Ten tourist arrivals 2010‐2011



4. (i) Spain, France, North West Italy and parts of the Mediterranean coasts, Corsica, Croatia, Crete,

Western Turkey, west Cyprus, North East Egypt. (ii) Risen from 135 million in 1990 to 200 million in 2000. It is estimated that it may reach 350

million by 2020. 5. (i) On Spain’s Mediterranean south‐west coast, stretching for a total of 160 km around Malaga. (ii) A small, quiet coastal area relying on fishing. (iii) STUDENT CHOICE – but include tourist developments/high rise hotels and crowded beaches. (iv) May include: • Hot sunny climate

• Beaches

• Sea for swimming and water sports

• Other activities, e.g. golf. 6. • infrastructure

• multiplier effect

• seasonal

• urbanisation 7. Answers may include: plastic carrier bags, bottles, paper, general litter. 8. The benefits of tourism:

• a wide range of jobs/employment opportunities

• income for the host country

• improved infrastructure for tourists also benefits locals

• the multiplier effect. The problems it can cause:

• many jobs are seasonal and low paid

• tourists tend to concentrate in certain (honeypot) locations

• strain on resources, e.g. water, transport, health treatment

• conflict with locals, e.g. those who have limited access to water

• impact on the environment – waste, pollution, erosion etc.




2.13 Italy’s tourism industry, pages 68–69 1. There are many possible answers and locations. Attractions include beaches, volcanic scenery, historical and religious buildings, World Heritage sites – good answers should include these with named examples/locations. 2. • Vesuvius: On the south west coast south of Naples.

• Etna: In north east Sicily.

• Stromboli: On an island north of Sicily and west of the mainland. 3. (i) This is a place (natural or man‐made) that is defined by UNESCO as being of special cultural or

physical significance. (ii)

World Heritage sites

How many Example 1 Example 2

World 962 Student choice Student choice

Italy 47 Student choice Student choice




2.14 Poland’s changing borders, pages 70–71 1. • Poland joined the EU in 2004 along with ten other new members.

• It has a population of 38 million the sixth highest in the EU.

• Over half the land is used for farming.

• It has over 10 000 lakes one of the highest numbers in the world.

• Almost a third of the land is covered by forest. 2. (i) An atlas would be useful for more detail (especially for column 5) (ii)

1634 1772–1795 Post World War I

(1920)

Post World War II (1950–today)

Size/area Almost 1000

km east-west

and north-

south

Same distance

north-south,

but averaging

just 500 km

east-west

About half the

size it was in

1634, approx.

700 km x 500

km

Approx. 500 km

x 500 km –

almost a square

shape

Location From the Baltic

in the NW

almost to the

Black Sea in

the SE

Same location

north-south:

west half

missing

Only a very

small Baltic

coastline.

Stretches less

distance east

East of

Germany, north

of the Czech

Republic and

Slovakia. Baltic

coast in the

north, Belarus

and Ukraine to

the east

Changes

from

previous

map

Divided into 3 –

western half

forming Prussia

and Austria

Much of

northern area

lost.

Larger Baltic

coast, less land

in north east.

Smaller than in

the previous

three maps.

Other

information

Largest country

in Europe

Dominant

power in

Eastern Europe

Student choice Student choice Student choice



(c) Many people can become displaced (millions across Europe after World War II), no longer having a real ‘home’ country.

3. STUDENT CHOICE – answers should be concise and cover a range of dates. 4. Answers may include:

• Accessed the single market.

• Attracted investment and support.

• Developed the economy.

• Travelling and working freely in other EU countries.

• Higher pay for jobs in the EU.



2.15 Poland: migration, pages 72–73 1. (a) 2 million (b) Approx. 500 000 (c) 487 000 2. (i) 97% of registered migrants were in full time employment. (ii) Only 7000 applied for benefits – only 10% of these were processed. (iii) Less than 8% of registered migrants brought dependents with them. 3. • Push factors: high unemployment and inflation, housing shortages.

• Pull factors: jobs, higher wages (often enough to send money home), ‘better’ lifestyle (bright lights etc.)

4. (a) Polish migrant workers employed picking flowers on a farm in Lincolnshire, UK. (b) Graduates pick fruit and flowers whilst qualified accountants serve coffee. Many do so because

low wages in the UK are an alternative to having no job at home. 5. • Bring a different culture to the UK – enriches the UK’s multicultural society

• Set up shops and businesses which help the UK economy. 6. After 2006 … 4 The Polish currency became worth more when compared to the pound. 6 Almost half those who had migrated to the UK returned home. 5 The Polish government encouraged skilled migrants to return home. 2 The number of jobs fell in the UK. 3 The UK pound was now worth less in Poland than before. 1 Unemployment rates fell rapidly in Poland.

EU Case Study: EXTENSION TASK STUDENT CHOICE/Research

Chapter 2: Europe€¦ · Pyrenees north east Spain; south west France Alps north Italy; south east...

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