Chapter 2 - Ecology
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Transcript of Chapter 2 - Ecology
Ecology = the study of how organisms interact with one another and the non-living environment Parts of the environment:
Biosphere - Portion of the earth that supports life.
http://stloe.most.go.th/html/lo_index/LOcanada1/102/images/L02_4.jpg
2 Types of Factors
anything in the environment that is non-living
Examples: air, currents, temperature, moisture, light, chemicals, water…
anything in the environment that is living
Examples: animals, plants, bacteria…
1. Abiotic 2. Biotic
Habitat Area where an organism lives ( “address”). Example: the habitat of a polar bear
is the ice-covered arctic waters.
www.greenpeace.org/raw/image
Niche A living thing’s particular role in the
environment (“occupation”). “What does it eat?” “Where does it
eat?” Example: polar bears are seal-
eating carnivores in the arctic. Note: no two species can occupy the
same niche!
Organism
Any individual thing that is livingOrganism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Species
A group of organisms that can produce fertile offspring
Organism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
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Population
A group of the same species in an area
www.hiltonpond.org/images/MonarchCluster01.jpg
Organism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Community
The collection of interacting populations in a given area
www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/UG/monarch-butterfly-lg.jpg
Organism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Ecosystem
A community and its physical surroundings Open vs. Closed
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Organism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Ecosystem
A community and its physical surroundings Open vs. ClosedOrganism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Biosphere
The layer of the Earth that supports life (all of the ecosystems on the planet).
Bacteria have been found 16,400 feet below sea level and some birds are known to fly over Mt. Everest (the highest point on Earth)!
Organism
Species
Population
Community Ecosystem
Biosphere
Warm-Ups 9/14
1. Which of the following factors are abiotic? Water current Algae Temperature Fish Salinity (salt concentration) Light
2. True or false? An organism’s niche is like its “address.”
3. Many populations of species and their physical surroundings are called a(n) __________.
Make an outline! Then research information that addresses the paper.
1. What is the issue? Learn about it.2. What are the pros? (social, $, etc…)3. What are the cons? (social, $, etc…)
Abstract hints: PREWRITING
Abstract hints: PREWRITINGLook for sources with specific information
Don’t go searching for a single source with all the information you need
Make an outline of what you need first, then go hunting. Example: If you need info on the positive
financial impact of cloning, skim for sources that specifically discuss how much money cloning companies can make.
Living Together Symbiosis = a relationship in which there
is a close and permanent association among organisms of different species.
Three different kinds of symbioses:
Mutualism = both species benefit from each otherExamples: Lichens = Fungi & Algae Ostrich & Gazelle
Commensalism = one species benefits and the other is not harmed.
Examples: Remora & Shark
Parasitism = one species benefits and the other is harmed (but not killed).
Examples: ticks, tapeworms, leeches
Other kinds of interrelationships:
Inter-specific Competition = between two different populations
Example: an owl and an eagle both want a rodent
Intra-specific Competition = is among the same
species
Example: two redwing blackbirds compete for mates, territory and/or food
Predation = predator/hunter eats prey/huntedExamples: a Venus fly trap eats insects or a
Hawk eats a rabbit
Warm-Ups 9/15
1. What are mutualism, commensalism and parasitism all forms of?
2. True or false? Two bucks fighting over a doe is an example of inter-specific competition?
3. What type of symbiotic relationship would include moss growing on a tree?
Pick good sources Books in library Articles found through SIRS (filtered for
you) Websites ending in .edu, .org, .gov Avoid using the first result from a Google
search, or Wikipedia Interview people that work in the field
related to your topic
Abstract hints: PREWRITING
Keep track of sources while you are researching
Make note cards Keep a list Use your student folders, gaggle account,
digital locker…
Abstract hints: PREWRITING
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
Herbivore: eats only plants
Carnivore: eats only animals
Omnivore: eats both plants and animals
Saprovore: eats dead organisms (cleaners)Scavengers: eat dead things (e.g.
crows)Decomposers:
fungus/maggots/bacteria
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain = direct feeding links in the environment.
A chain of organisms in which each link feeds on the one ahead and is eaten by the one behind.
Shows transfer of matter and energy.
neuromanagement.files.wordpress.com/2009/
Trophic levels Organisms in a food chain that represent a
feeding step in the passage of energy and materials through an ecosystem.
Place the following organisms in their appropriate trophic levels: Snake, Grass, Hawk, Mouse
1st trophic level = Producer - 2nd trophic level = 1st Order Consumer - 3rd trophic level = 2nd Order Consumer - 4th trophic level = 3rd Order Consumer -
2nd trophic level = 1st Order Consumer - MOUSE
http://www.australianfauna.com/images/pilligamouse.jpg
ENERGY
90 % of all the energy that passes from one organism to another is lost through heat/use
Therefore, only 10% is
passed on after the material is digested.
FOOD WEB =
ridge.icu.ac.jp/.../ecosystem-jpgs/food-web.jpg
All the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in the ecosystem (a tangle of many food chains). pg 53
Usually food webs are based on a specificcommunity.
Thought o’ the day:
Imagine you are in a roped-off section of the forest. All the producers, herbivores, and consumers are put into piles. Which do you think will be the largest? Why?
Create a food web below using the following organisms in an ecosystem:bee, deer, beetle, squirrel, rabbit, mouse, blackberries, snake, owl, grass, bear, wolf, oak tree, sparrow.
Warm-Ups 9/16
1. What is the term for the interrelationships of populations in an area?
2. What is the ultimate source of energy in all ecosystems?
3. Animals are heterotrophs and plants are ________.
Check MANY sources! Do multiple sources say the same thing? Skim a variety of articles/books/websites
first, then go diving deeper into specific sources
Abstract hints: PREWRITING
Warm-Ups 9/17
1. What do saprovores eat? What are the two types of saprovores?
2. Which of the following organisms is a producer?
Grass SunNathan Lane Mushroom
3. How much energy is lost by heat/use by each trophic level?
4. What is ecology?