Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High...
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![Page 2: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Chemical substances
in the presynaptic
neuron’s terminal
buttons that diffuse
across the synaptic
cleft to transmit a
neural impulse
• They influence the
receiving neuron
![Page 3: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• 50-100 have been
identified
– Each has its own chemical structure
– Each can fit into a specific receptor site on the dendrite of a receiving cell
• Example: Like a key fitting into a lock
![Page 4: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Some act to excite other
neurons (excitatory synapses)
– Cause neurons to fire
• Some act to inhibit receiving
neurons (inhibitory synapses)
– Prevent neurons from firing
• Very important!! When we
burn our finger and the
burning sensation goes
away, it is our inhibitory
synapses
![Page 5: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• Involved in processes
ranging from muscle
contraction to emotional
responses
• Excesses or deficiencies
of neurotransmitters
have been linked to
psychological disorders
– Depression and
Schizophrenia
![Page 6: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine (ACh) (first neurotransmitter
to be discovered)
– Controls muscle contractions and is involved
in memory formation
– Excitatory (causes receiving neurons to fire)
at synapses between nerves and muscles
that involve voluntary movement
– If it is blocked, Ach can’t get to the site and
muscles will not be capable of
contracting…so…?
![Page 7: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine
– Deficiencies are connected with paralysis
![Page 8: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine
– Curare
• A toxin that South
American Indians use
on blow darts
• Prevents ACh from
lodging within receptor
sites in neurons; result
is paralysis and often
death (can’t breath)
![Page 9: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• Acetylcholine
– Prevalent in the Hippocampus
• Involved in the formation of
memories
• Level of ACh to the brain
decreases, memory function
will be impaired
– Alzheimer's Disease
– Gradual deterioration in
mental processes such
as memory, language,
and problem solving
![Page 10: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• GABA
– Gamma-aminobutyric acid
– Inhibitory neurotransmitter
• Calms people down,
lowers anxiety
• Without the inhibitory
effect, brain activity is
so accelerated that the
person senses an
anxiety overload
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GABA and Drugs• Alcohol contains
GABA (acts as an
agonist for GABA)
– This is why people
drink to “calm-down”
or “relax”
• Xanax or Valium
– Strengthen the effects
of the low-levels of
GABA
![Page 12: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin
– Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter
– Involved in emotional arousal and sleep
– Helps regulate a person’s mood and appetite
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Neurotransmitters
• Serotonin
– Deficiencies are linked to:
• Overeating
• Alcoholism
• Depression
• Aggression
• Insomnia
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Neurotransmitters• Dopamine
– An inhibitory or
excitatory
neurotransmitter
– Involved with voluntary
muscles, learning and
memory, and emotional
arousal
• Levels increase
when:
– You fall in love-
giddiness
– You get scared
![Page 15: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Neurotransmitters
• Dopamine
– Deficiencies are linked
to Parkinson’s disease
• People lose control
over their muscles-
have jerky
uncontrollable
movements
![Page 16: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• Too much Dopamine…..
– Schizophrenia
• People have more receptor
sites for dopamine in an
area of the brain that is
involved in emotional
responding
– Overutilize the dopamine
available in the brain
– Leads to hallucinations
and disturbances of
thought and emotion
![Page 17: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How do high or low levels of
Dopamine affect a person?
• High Levels-
– Undistracted
– Works intensely on tasks
• Low Levels-
– Unattentive
– Distractible, moves from
one thing to another, has
difficultly completing a job
– Difficulty thinking ahead
– Impulsive
![Page 18: Chapter 2 - East Peoria Community High Schoolep309.org/faculty/LAMBJEN/Chapter2/neurotransmitters.pdf•Serotonin –Inhibitory or excitatory neurotransmitter –Involved in emotional](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022021812/5cfe0cdd88c99323308c4fb8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Neurotransmitters• Endorphins
– Inhibitory, pain controlling neurotransmitters
– Naturally produced in the brain and bloodstream
• Lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain
• Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock”, the pain-causing chemicals are locked out
• Similar to the drug morphine and heroin (why it can hurt so much to go through withdrawal)
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Substances (such as drugs) that
affect Neurotransmitters
• Agonists– Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the
effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor cites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell, depending on what the effect of the original neurotransmitter (excitatory or inhibitory) was going to be
• Antagonist– Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s
response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters (makes original neurotransmitter do opposite action)