Chapter 2 Colonies Emerge. The Spanish Claim an Empire Explorers or Conquistadors swept through...
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Transcript of Chapter 2 Colonies Emerge. The Spanish Claim an Empire Explorers or Conquistadors swept through...
Chapter 2 Colonies Emerge
The Spanish Claim an The Spanish Claim an EmpireEmpire
Explorers or Conquistadors swept through Mexico to the Southern tip of South America Made Spain richest
& most powerful nation in Europe
Impact on Natives Impact on Natives Destroyed Native communities with the help
of: Superior weapons Native Allies Spread of disease
Hernan CortesHernan Cortes Conquered Aztecs
with help from a smaller tribe-Nahua wanted gold
located in the capital: Tenochtitlan
Cortes & MontezumaCortes & Montezuma Aztec Emporer,
Montezuma, mistook Cortes for a god, agreed to give them a portion of their gold
Claimed the land New Spain Capital: Mexico City
Life with the SpanishLife with the Spanish Spanish settlers were mostly men
Married Native Women Created Mestizo population
Spanish also made Natives work under the Encomienda system Natives labored under harsh conditions with
some dying
Juan Ponce de Leon Juan Ponce de Leon Easter Sunday 1513: claimed Florida
1562: lack of economic success Spain abandoned Florida
French take interest in Florida Spanish quickly take Florida back from France
Resistance to the Resistance to the Spanish Spanish
Spanish priests expect natives to convert to Christianity Smash & burn sacred
objects and suppressed rituals
Forced to pay tributes or were beaten
Pueblo religious leader: Pope
1680: lead an uprising with 17,000 New Mexico villagers
Destroyed churches, killed priests & drove Spanish back to New Spain
Roanoke Roanoke England’s first
attempt to plant a colony
1585: first expedition led by Sir Walter Raleigh Abandoned
RoanokeRoanoke 1587: Raleigh sent a second group led by
John White Sailed back to England for supplies Returned in 1590
Colony GONE “CROATOAN” carved in a tree
Where?Where? Virginia
Peninsula off of the James River Both named after
King James
Jamestown Settlement
Settlement at Settlement at JamestownJamestown
Who??Who?? 1606: King James I granted
charter to the Virginia Company – Joint Stock Company
Charter – legal document that gives the colony the Monarch’s blessing Group of investors pool their
money to fund expedition
Lured colonists with chance of finding gold or silver – colonies success relied on whether they find gold or silver King would receive 1/5th of
findings
Captain John Smith
Original Goals of Original Goals of JametownWhy? JametownWhy?
In search of wealth Gold or silver Repaying investors impressing kings
Nearly failed because people did not want to work Refused to clear fields, plant crops Disease from infected rivers
Rid England of poor and criminals by forcing them to go to Jamestown.
Problems of Problems of JamestownJamestown
Obsession with gold, little focus on crops (food)
Original settlement is on a swamp; difficult building of structures and growing crops.
No Fresh Drinking Water
When?When? April 1607: Four
months after 3 ships left England 150 passengers
That winter only 38 colonists alive Smith convinced
them to work Got help from
Powhatan people
JOHN SMITHJOHN SMITH JOHN SMITH – Leader of Jamestown
“He that will not work shall not eat” - John Smith
Failure to work resulted in harsh punishment
Smith’s discipline allows Jamestown to survive the next winter
Starving TimeStarving Time The Starving Time
Colonists had no food, whatever crops they had the indians ruined as revenge
Winter 1609- 600 more colonists sent by VA Co. Powhatan feel threatened
livestock was killed by Powhatan Famine Any food left is taken by Jamestown’s
leadership, and the poor are left to starve
Colonists ate rats, snakes, roots and shoe leather
Remaining colonists are saved by the addition of 150 new colonists.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO-vmHFD-9g
STARVING TIME
JAMESTOWN JAMESTOWN ECONOMY HOW?ECONOMY HOW?
*Brown Gold
Colonists need to make money
John Rolfe – develops a sweet tasting type of tobacco
The demand for tobacco increases throughout Europe
With the popularity of the sweet tasting tobacco, the colonists are able to use tobacco to increase their wealth through trade.
Tobacco is even used as a form of currency (Money)
King James is disgusted by smoking and sees it as unhealthy
Although, when the king sees the profits from tobacco he agrees to sell it.
- 1612: John Rolfe provided tobacco as a commodity to trade & profit from
- 1620: exported more than 1.5 million pounds of tobacco per year
TOBACCOTOBACCO
EARLY VIRGINIA EARLY VIRGINIA GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
House of Burgesses
1.Make laws
2.British Government could veto anything (to turn down or reject)
3.Virginia is divided into11 Districts each Burgess has 2 Burgesses (Representatives) from each district
The story of USThe story of US
The Story of US Jamestown
Encouraging Encouraging Immigration…Immigration…
In order to grow tobacco - field labor was needed
Headright system: 50 acres for each new arrival and 50 acres for each
family member
Indentured Servants Trip to North America was paid Food and shelter were provided In return they must provide labor for a master for 4-7 years to
repay debt of the trip Servants cost 1000 pounds of tobacco every 5-7 years
Impact on Native Impact on Native AmericasAmericas
Unsuccessful attempt at using Native as slaves Could not keep them as slaves Why
The First African The First African LaborersLaborers
1619: first Africans arrived on a Dutch ship in VA About 20 Treated as indentured servants
Change to Slavery late 1600s Many thought that the enslavement will “CIVILIZE”
the savage African population In the long run slaves were a better investment than
indentured servants WHY??? Slaves cost 2-3000 LBS to tobacco one time fee
Impact on Native Impact on Native AmericasAmericas
As settlers expanded & wanted more land relations with Natives worsened English settlers did not want to live
among or intermarry with Natives No mestizo population develops in N.
America
Colonists RelationsColonists Relations1/4 of free white men were former
indentured servants Had no $ to buy land No land = no vote Lived on outskirts of Virginia where
they fought Natives for land
BaconBacon’’s Rebellion-s Rebellion-16761676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor rebellion against Governor BerkeleyBerkeley Rebels resented BerkeleyRebels resented Berkeley’’s close s close
relations with Indians.relations with Indians.
Berkeley monopolized the fur trade Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.with the Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to retaliate for Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier Indian attacks on frontier settlements.settlements.Nathaniel
Bacon
BaconBacon’’s Rebellions Rebellion
BaconBacon’’s Rebellions Rebellion
Rebels attacked IndiansRebels attacked Indians
whether they were friendly or not to whites.whether they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
Burned the capital.Burned the capital. Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.hanged 20 rebels.
Results of RebellionResults of Rebellion
It exposed resentments between It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless inland frontiersmen and landless former servants former servants
Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel à laborers less likely to rebel à BLACK SLAVES!!BLACK SLAVES!!
Puritan & The Church Puritan & The Church of England of England
1530’s Henry VIII: broke away from the Roman Catholic Church Church of England
Puritans felt too much Catholic ritual remained Eliminate all traces of Catholicism
Puritan BeliefPuritan Belief Should embrace God directly
Through faith, prayer & bible Men, women & children had to be
literate Consult the Bible themselves
Who is eliminated?
Separatists BeliefsSeparatists Beliefs *Puritans who believed only *Puritans who believed only ““visible visible
saintssaints”” should be admitted to church should be admitted to church membership.membership.
Did not want to share church with the Did not want to share church with the ““damned.damned.””
Believed in a total break from the Church of Believed in a total break from the Church of England.England.
The MayflowerThe Mayflower September 1620
102 people: men, women and children
Took over 65 days
Landed outside of destination Plymouth Bay (MA)
Problem becomes… How were they to be
governed & by who???
Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact November 11, 1620
Written & signed on ship 41 men signed Set up crude
government for settlers
The First Year…The First Year… Winter 1620-1621
Only 44 of the original 102 survived None chose to leave when Mayflower sailed
back Fall 1621- “First Thanksgiving”
1691- Merged with MA Bay Colony
Colonizing New Colonizing New EnglandEngland
First Seal of MA BayFirst Seal of MA Bay
Massachusetts Bay Co. Massachusetts Bay Co. 1629--> Royal Charter to form
MA Bay Co.
1630-->1,000 arrive & set Boston as center of colony Led by John Winthrop - governor
“Great Migration” 1630’s English Civil War: sends 70,000 Puritans to
America
20,000 com to MA
““City Upon A HillCity Upon A Hill””
““The eyes of all people are on usThe eyes of all people are on us””- Winthrop- Winthrop
Part of a sermon given by Winthrop Believed Puritans were to create a
moral society Live according to Christian
principles God would reward them with peace &
prosperity
Puritan DissentersPuritan Dissenters Young popular minister in Salem
Wanted full break from Anglican Church
Condemned the MA Charter Because they took Native land
Denied Civil Govt to regulate religious behavior
1635--> found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions was exiled
Roger Williams
Roger Williams Roger Williams 1636-- Fled to Rhode Island
Lived with Narragansett Indians
Founded the colony on separation of Church & State
Church & State Church & State Puritan ministers could not hold office
Taxes supported the church
Puritan Law Church attendance was required NO- drunkenness, swearing, theft or idleness “work ethic” What was it????
Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials Series of trials between
1692-93
The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies
New Netherland/ New New Netherland/ New YorkYork
New Netherland / New New Netherland / New York York
Henry Hudson sailed the river named for him in 1609 for the Dutch Set up fur trading posts
with Iroquois
New Netherland Made up the current
states of NY & NJ
New YorkNew York New
Amsterdam(NYC)
Quickly grew as a port & attracted a diverse European population Dutch, Germans, French &
other Europeans Included many Africans,
Free & Slaved
Religious toleration guaranteed by law
New Amsterdam, 1664New Amsterdam, 1664
New YorkNew York 1664
Taken by English & given by Charles II to his brother James, duke of York Renamed New York
New JerseyNew Jersey
New JerseyNew Jersey Originally
inhabited by the Leni-Lenape Tribe
Settler had good trade relations with them
New JerseyNew Jersey
Early explorers include Henry Cabot & Verrazano
Originally settled by the Dutch Present-day: Weehawken
1664
British take over New Amsterdam including holdings across Hudson
King Charles II gives to brother Duke of York
He gives it to friends Lord Berkeley & Sir Carteret
NJNJ First English settlements at
Elizabethtown- Puritans migrate from NE to found Newark
1667: Colony divided into East & West East: Puritans West: Quakers
1702: NJ reunified & became royal
New JerseyNew Jersey 1760
75,000 inhabitants-- mainly English, with Dutch, Swedish, Germans and Scots
Natural resources to PA & NY “Keg tapped at both ends” B. Franklin
Most of population engaged in agriculture
PennsylvaniaPennsylvania
William PennWilliam Penn*Aristocratic Englishman.
*Embraced Quaker faithafter military service.
* 1681: he received agrant from the king to establish a colony.
* This settled a debt the king owed his father.
* Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].
Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.
QuakersQuakers “quaked” during intense religious
practice
Offended religious & secular leaders in England Quakers were not welcome in England
PennPenn’’s s ““Holy Holy ExperimentExperiment””
Establish a society with Quaker ideals
No land owning aristocracy
Every adult male was given 50 acres & the right to vote
Representative assembly
Freedom of Religion No tax supported church
PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia “City of Brotherly
Love” Philadelphia Planned by Penn
Native American Native American RelationsRelations
Bought land from Natives- did not simply take
Quakers went among the Indians unharmed
But non-Quakers flooded PA Treated Natives poorly
HomeworkHomework 1. Define: Proprietary
2. Unlike the Puritans, who wanted a “city upon a hill” , what were the settlers of New York interested in?
3. Describe how being a pacifist was both a weakness & strength for the Quakers.
Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies
The CarolinasThe Carolinas 1663: settled & named for King Charles II
Developed close ties with the West Indies Most settlers from West Indies Enslaved Savannah Indians
Crops: Rice Indigo
Port of Charles Town, Port of Charles Town, SCSC
Named for King Charles II
Busiest port in the South
Religious toleration
North Carolina North Carolina EmergesEmerges
1712- officially separated from SC
Irreligious
Hospitable to pirates
GeorgiaGeorgia Founded in 1732
Last of 13 colonies
Named after King George II
Founded by James Oglethorpe
Maryland Maryland Land granted to Baron
Baltimore in 1632
Set up as a haven for persecuted Catholics
1729: Baltimore was founded
Became a major commercial center
GeorgiaGeorgia “Buffer Colony”
Between Carolinas & Florida Haven for debtors thrown in prison Determined to keep slavery out!
Slavery found in GA by 1750