Ch. 2 Notes Organic Chemistry - Carmel Clay Schools chemistry chapter 2 notes 2-3. what is organic?
Chapter 2 chemistry notes
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Transcript of Chapter 2 chemistry notes
Chapter 2: Introductory Biochemistry
Anatomy and Physiology
Chemistry Elements – cannot be broken down into
simpler form Chemical symbol – represented with letters
(first always capital and second is small)
Atoms – smallest unit of matter Protons Neutrons electrons
Atomic mass = mass of nucleus (protons + neutrons)
Atomic number =number of protons Number of electrons = # of protons Number of neutrons = atomic mass - #
protons
19F9
55Mn25
32S16
40Ca20
27Al13
Math Monkey MomentHow many protons, neutrons and electrons are in each atom?
Protons Neutrons Electrons
Be
Na
Ca
Electron shells – electrons move in layers around the nucleus 2 electrons in shell closest to nucleus 8 electrons in the next shell
Ions – atoms that give up or gain electrons when bonding to another atom become positive or negative (charge). i.e. Ca2+ or K-
Molecule – 2 or more atoms share electrons
Compound – 2 or more different types of atoms bonded together. H2O and C6H12O6 are compounds and moleculesO2 and N2 are molecules not compounds
Chemical Reactions Occurs when bonds are broken and
reformed Reactants Products Law of conservation of matter
Count the atoms in H2O and C6H12O6
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O
Chemical energy - Energy stored in chemical bonds and is a form of potential energy Anabolic reactions build substances and
generally require energy which is then stored in their chemical bonds. i.e. glycogen
Catabolic reactions break down substances and release energy. i.e. fat catabolism
ATP – adenosine triphosphate is the compound of energy used for the work of cells in living organisms
Chemical Bonds Valence shell – outer electron shell and electrons
involved with bonding to other atoms. Ionic bonds – atom gains or loses electrons; metal
bonds to a nonmetal (see periodic table)
Cation – positively charged ionAnion – negatively charged ionElectrolytes – ionic compound that breaks apart into cations and anions when dissolved
Covalent bonds – atoms share electrons in their valence shell
(nonmetals only) Most common bonds in body Carbon can form 4 bonds
Hydrogen bonds – forms when hydrogen atoms with a partial positive charge bond with a partial negative atom.Weaker bondReason for properties of water
Vocabulary Cards
Anabolic
Catabolic
Cation
anion
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Hydrogen
bond
Inorganic Compounds Organic – carbon containing compounds
(except CO2)
Inorganic – all others including CO2
Water is most important and abundant inorganic compound in living systems. 5 properties Excellent solvent
Solutes that are polar (slightly charged) are hydrophilic and dissolve in water.
Solutes that are nonpolar are hydrophobic and do not dissolve in water.
Participates in chemical reactions Absorbs and releases heat slowly –
helps moderate changes in body temp.
Requires a lot of heat to change from liquid to gas
Serves as a lubricant: major component of mucus
Acids and bases Acids break apart or dissociate into
one or more hydrogen ions (H+) Bases break apart or dissociate into
one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) Salt dissociates into cations and anions
that are neither H+ nor OH-
pH Scale of 0-14 Below 7, greater H+ than OH-
and are acids Above 7, greater OH- than H+
and are bases 7 is neutral
10-1
10-4
10-8
10-14
Buffers Living systems are very sensitive to
changes in pH Buffer systems keep pH stable by giving
up H+ or OH- depending on what is needed
Blood pH is 7.35-7.45. Lethal is 6.8 and 7.8
i.e. bicarbonate buffer systemCO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3
- + H+
Organic compounds Most common elements of living
organisms: CHNOPS Made of monomers or building blocks
Monomers combined by dehydration synthesis reaction and water is lost.
Monomers break apart by hydrolysis and water required.
Vocabulary CardsOrganic
Inorganic
Dehydration synthesis
HydrolysisBufferpH
Organic Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates Monomer: monosaccharides Monomer components: C, H, O (2:1H-
C)
Types
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides(starch) Function: energy
Proteins Monomers: amino acids Monomer components:
amino group (-NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), and side chain (R group)
C, H, O, N, S
Types: Peptide polypeptide
Function(s): multiple Varies depending on type Generally responsible for structure
of body cells
Enzymes Proteins that are catalysts to
speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves.
Act as a lock and key Substrate is the key and binds
to the active site on the enzyme Enzyme is the lock or binding
site Form enzyme-substrate
complex
Lipids Monomers: fatty acids and glycerol Monomer components: C, H, O (H-O not
2:1)
Types: Triglyceride
Saturatedunsaturated
Steroids phospholipids
Function(s) Triglycerides – energy Steroids – hormones Phospholipids-membranes
Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotide Monomer components: sugar, phosphate,
nitrogen base
Types DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanineDouble strandedhelix
RNA: ribonucleic acidAdenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanineSingle stranded
Function: hereditary information
Vocabulary Cards
Enzyme Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Nucleic acid
ANY QUESTIONS?