Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior. Chapter topics Neurons – Building a Biocomputer The Nervous...
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Transcript of Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior. Chapter topics Neurons – Building a Biocomputer The Nervous...
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Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior
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Chapter topics
Neurons – Building a Biocomputer The Nervous System – Wired for Action Research Methods – Charting the Brain The Cerebral Cortex- My, What a Big Brain
you have! The Subcortex – At the Core of the Matter The Endocrine System – Hormones and
Behavior Psychology in Action – Handedness
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Neurons
Building a “Biocomputer”
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How do nerve cells operate and communicate?
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Neuron and Its Parts Neuron: Individual nerve cell
Dendrites: Receive messages from other neurons
Soma: Cell body; body of the neuron
Axon: Fiber that carries information away from the cell body of a neuron
Axon Terminals: Branches that link the dendrites and somas of other neurons
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The Nerve Impulse
Resting Potential: Electrical charge of an inactive neuron
Threshold: Trigger point for a neuron’s firing
Action Potential: Nerve impulse
Negative After-Potential: A drop in electrical charge below the resting potential
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Synapse
Microscopic gap between two neurons over which messages pass
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Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that alter activity in neurons; brain chemicals• Acetylcholine: Activates muscles• Dopamine: Muscle control• Serotonin: Mood and appetite control
• Receptor Site: Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters
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"To learn is to change.Education is a process that changes
the learner."
George Leonard
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"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd."
~William Wordsworth
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Plasticity
Capacity of the brain to change in response to experience
And, the capacity for routine
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Neurogenesis
Production of new brain cells
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The Nervous System
Wired for Action
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Neural Regulators
Enkephalins: Relieve pain and stress; similar to endorphins
Endorphins: Released by pituitary gland; also help to relieve pain
Neuropeptides: Brain chemicals that regulate the activity of neurons
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Nerves and Neurons
Nerves: Large bundles of axons and dendrites
Myelin: Fatty layer of tissue that coats axons
Neurilemma: Thin layer of cells wrapped around axons outside brain and spinal cord; forms a tunnel where damaged fibers go as they repair themselves
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Occurs when immune system attacks and destroys myelin layer in the individual’s body; numbness, weakness, and paralysis occur
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Central Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
All parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord
Somatic System: Links spinal cord with body and sense organs; controls voluntary behavior
Autonomic System: Serves internal organs and glands; controls automatic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure
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Two Divisions of the Autonomic System
Sympathetic Nervous System: Arouses body; emergency system
Parasympathetic Nervous System: Quiets body; most active after an emotional event
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The Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves: 31 of them; carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord
Cranial Nerves: 12 pairs that leave the brain directly; keep entire body in communication with your brain
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Reflex Arc
Simplest behavior; when a stimulus provokes an automatic response
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Research Methods
Charting the Brain
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Brain Imaging
Computed Tomographic Scanning (CT): Computer-enhanced X-ray image of the brain or body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Uses a strong magnetic field, not an X-ray, to produce a 3D image of the brain or body
Functional MR (fMRI)I: MRI that records brain activity
Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Computer-generated color image of brain activity, based on glucose consumption in the brain
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Researching the Brain Ablation: Surgical removal of tissue
Deep Lesioning: A thin wire electrode is lowered into a specific area inside the brain. Electrical current is then used to destroy a small amount of brain tissue.
Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB): When an electrode is used to activate target areas in the brain
Electroencephalograph (EEG): Detects, amplifies, and records electrical activity in the brain
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Cerebral Cortex
My, What a Big Brain You Have!
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Cerebral Cortex
Outer layer of the cerebrum
Cerebrum: Two large hemispheres that cover upper part of the brain
Corticalization: Increase in size and wrinkling of the cortex
Cerebral Hemispheres: Right and left halves of the cortex
Corpus Callosum: Bundle of fibers connecting cerebral hemispheres
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Split Brains
Corpus Callosum is cut; done to control severe epilepsy (seizure disorder).
Result: The person now has two brains in one body.
This operation is rare and is often used as a last resort
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Central Cortex Lobes
Occipital: Back of brain; vision center Parietal: Just above occipital; bodily
sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature
Temporal: Each side of the brain; auditory and language centers
Frontal: Movement, sense of smell, higher mental functions Contains motor cortex; controls motor
movement
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Association Cortex
All areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily sensory or motor in function
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Aphasia
Speech disturbance resulting from brain damage
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Broca’s Area
Language area in brain related to grammar and pronunciation If damaged, person knows what s/he
wants to say but can’t say the words
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Wernicke’s Area
Related to language comprehension If damaged, person has problems with
meanings of words, NOT pronunciation
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Facial Agnosia
Inability to perceive familiar faces
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Subcortex
At the Core of the (Brain) Matter
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Subcortex
All brain structures below cerebral cortex
Hindbrain (Brainstem): Lowest portions of the brain; includes cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation
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Cerebellum
Located at base of brain; regulates posture, muscle tone, and muscular coordination
Also stores memories related to skills and habits
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Medulla
Connects brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions such as heart rate and breathing
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Pons (Bridge)
Acts as a bridge between medulla and other structures Influences sleep and arousal
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Reticular Formation (RF)
Lies inside medulla and brainstem Associated with alertness, attention
and some reflexes (breathing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting)
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Part of RF that keeps the cortex active and alert
Its alarm clock
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Limbic System
System within forebrain closely linked to emotional response Thalamus: Relays sensory information to
the cortex; switchboard Hypothalamus: Regulates emotional
behaviors and motives (e.g., sex, hunger, rage, hormone release)
Amygdala: Associated with fear responses
Hippocampus: Associated with storing memories; helps us navigate through space
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Endocrine System
Glands that pour chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream or lymph system
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Pituitary Gland
Regulates growth via growth hormone Too little growth hormone means person
will be smaller than average Hypopituitary Dwarfs: As adults, perfectly
proportioned but tiny Too much leads to giantism
Excessive body growth
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Acromegaly
Enlargement of arms, hands, feet, and facial bones Too much growth hormone released late
in growth period Andre the Giant
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Pineal Gland
Regulates body rhythms and sleep cycles Releases hormone melatonin, which
responds to daily variations in light
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Thyroid
In neck; regulates metabolism Hyperthyroidism: Overactive thyroid;
person tends to be thin, tense, excitable, nervous
Hypothyroidism: Underactive thyroid; person tends to be inactive, sleepy, slow, obese
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The Adrenal Glands
Arouse body, regulate salt balance, adjust body to stress, regulate sexual functioning; located on top of kidneys.
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (also known as adrenalin and noradrenalin). Epinephrine arouses body; is associated
with fear. Norepinephrine arouses body; is linked
with anger.
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The Adrenal Medulla
Source of epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Adrenal Cortex
Produces hormones known as corticoids Regulate salt balance Deficiency in some types will cause
powerful salt cravings Oversecretion of adrenal sex hormones
can cause virilism: exaggerated male characteristics (Bearded woman)
May also cause premature puberty (full sexual development in childhood) if occurs early in life
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Psychology in Action
If Your Brain is Right What is Left?
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Handedness
Preference for right or left hand Dominant Hemisphere: Applies to
side of person’s brain that produces language
Lateralization: Difference in the abilities of the brain’s hemispheres
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