Introduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 22. Keynesian Macroeconomics.
Chapter 2: A Tour of the BookBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #1 Chapter Topics Aggregate Output The...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
224 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 2: A Tour of the BookBlanchard: Macroeconomics Slide #1 Chapter Topics Aggregate Output The...
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #1Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Chapter TopicsChapter Topics
Aggregate Output
The Other Major Macroeconomic Variables
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #2Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The value of the final goods and services
produced in an economy during a given period
Y = C + I + G + X - Im
Aggregate Output (national income and product accounts, or NIPA)Aggregate Output (national income and product accounts, or NIPA)
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #3Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
1) Final good
2) Value added
3) Income
Defining GDP: Three ApproachesDefining GDP: Three Approaches
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #4Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
Firm 1: Steel Company
Revenues from sales $100Expenses (wages) $80Profit $20
Firm 2: Car CompanyRevenues from sales $210Expenses $170
Wages $70Steel purchases $100
Profit $40
What is GDP?$310 or $210
GDP: The final goods approach
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #5Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
($110) cars added value ($100) steel added Value
($210) GDP
Two Firm ExampleTwo Firm Example
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #6Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
GDP from the income side
income capital
income labor
taxes indirect (income) GDP
Defining GDPDefining GDP
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #7Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Income (steel) Labor = $80 Capital = $20
$100
Income (car) Labor = $70 Capital = $40
$110
$210 $110 $100 (income) GDP
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
($110) car added value
($100) steel added value -$210)-added (value GDP
Compared to:
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #8Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
GDP = Price x Quantity of final goods produced
If price increases and quantity remains constant, the $ value of final output increases. But real output hasn’t changed.
Nominal & Real GDPNominal & Real GDP
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #9Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Nominal and RealNominal and RealU.S. GDP, 1960-1998U.S. GDP, 1960-1998
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #10Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
Real GDP = value of final goods in constant prices
The increase in real GDP is less than nominal GDP when prices are rising
More variation in real GDP than nominal GDP
ObservationsObservations
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #11Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
Real GDP GDP in terms of goods GDP in constant dollars GDP adjusted for inflation GDP in 1992 dollars
Synonyms for GDP AccountingSynonyms for GDP Accounting
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #12Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Aggregate OutputAggregate Output
GDP -- refers to real GDP
Yt -- real GDP in year t
$GDP -- nominal GDP
$Yt = nominal GDP in year t
Technical Notes: For the CourseTechnical Notes: For the Course
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #13Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
)( force labor
)( unemployed number )( Rate ntUnemployme
L
Uu
)(unemployed )( employed )( Force Labor UNL
The Unemployment RateThe Unemployment Rate
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #14Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Current population survey 60,000 households monthly Employed -- job holders Unemployed -- job seekers
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Counting the UnemployedCounting the Unemployed
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #15Blanchard: Macroeconomics
1998
)6.2( )( 131.4
)( 6.2 4.5%
6.2
131.4
UN
Uu
U
N
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Counting the UnemployedCounting the Unemployed
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #16Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Unemployed and Discouraged Workers
)(16 population adult
)( force labor Rate ionParticipat
L
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Macro TermsMacro Terms
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #17Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Okun’s Law High output growth -- reduces
unemployment Low output growth -- increases
unemployment
Unemployment and Economic ActivityUnemployment and Economic Activity
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #18Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Change in the U.S. Unemployment Rate Change in the U.S. Unemployment Rate versus U.S. GDP Growth 1960 - 1998versus U.S. GDP Growth 1960 - 1998
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #19Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
The Inflation Rate A sustained rise in the price level
Two Measures of the Price Level GDP Deflator Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #20Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Average price of final goods produced
GDP deflator in year t = Pt
t
t
t
tt Y
$YP
GDP Real
GDP nominal
The GDP DeflatorThe GDP Deflator
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #21Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Pt is an index number
• P1993 = 102.6 (1992 = 100)
Index numbers are used to measure rate of change over time
t 1- t
1- t t PP
PP
%
inflation of Rate
The GDP DeflatorThe GDP Deflator
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #22Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
t
t t Y
YP
$
ttt YP Y $
The GDP DeflatorThe GDP Deflator
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #23Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Average prices of goods consumed
The CPI is not equal to the GDP deflator Some final goods are sold to business,
government, and foreigners Some consumer goods are imported
The Consumer Price Index (CPI)The Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #24Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
1) Consumer expenditure survey to determine a market basket of items
2) Bureau of labor statistics (BLS) field workers price the items monthly (85 cities, 22,000 stores)
3) A base period is chosen, currently 1982-84
4) End 2001 CPI = 177.4 (1982-84 = 100) A basket of goods that cost $100 in 1982 – 84 cost
$177.40 at end of 2001. The price of the representative consumer good
increased by 77.4% over this period.
Steps in Calculating the CPISteps in Calculating the CPI
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #25Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Inflation Rate, Using the CPIInflation Rate, Using the CPIand the GDP Deflator, 1960, 1998and the GDP Deflator, 1960, 1998
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #26Blanchard: Macroeconomics
Change in the U.S. Inflation Rate versus Change in the U.S. Inflation Rate versus the U.S. Unemployment Rate, 1970-1998the U.S. Unemployment Rate, 1970-1998
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #27Blanchard: Macroeconomics
The Other MajorThe Other MajorMacroeconomic VariablesMacroeconomic Variables
Low unemployment --inflation rate increases
High unemployment -- inflation rate decreases
The Phillips CurveThe Phillips Curve
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #28Blanchard: Macroeconomics
What determines the level of aggregate output? Demand? Supply? Government, education, and savings?
• Short-run (a few years) demand
• Medium-run (10+ years) supply
• Long-run (50+ years) government, education, savings
The Central Question of MacroeconomicsThe Central Question of Macroeconomics
Chapter 2: A Tour of the Book Slide #29Blanchard: Macroeconomics
A Road MapA Road Map
What determines the level of aggregate output? Short-run (a few years) -- demand Medium-run (10+ years) -- supply Long-run (50+ years) -- government,
education, savings
The Central Question of MacroeconomicsThe Central Question of Macroeconomics