Chapter 2Chapter 2A Living PlanetA Living Planet

The Solar SystemThe Solar System

Consists of the sun and nine Consists of the sun and nine planets and other celestial bodiesplanets and other celestial bodies–Comets: spheres of ice and dust Comets: spheres of ice and dust –Asteroids: large chunks of rocky Asteroids: large chunks of rocky

materialmaterial

The Structure of the EarthThe Structure of the Earth Earth has 3 Earth has 3

layerslayers–Core: iron and Core: iron and

nickelnickel–Mantle: magmaMantle: magma–Crust: thin Crust: thin

layer of rocklayer of rock

The Structure of the EarthThe Structure of the Earth

AtmosphereAtmosphere: layer of gases: layer of gases LithosphereLithosphere: includes crust and upper : includes crust and upper

mantlemantle– Forms ocean floorForms ocean floor– Forms 7 continents: Asia, Africa, North Forms 7 continents: Asia, Africa, North

America, South America, Europe, America, South America, Europe, Australia, AntarticaAustralia, Antartica

HydrosphereHydrosphere: water elements of earth: water elements of earth BiosphereBiosphere: where plants and animals live: where plants and animals live

The Structure of the EarthThe Structure of the Earth

Continental Drift TheoryContinental Drift Theory–Earth was once a Earth was once a

supercontinent that divided supercontinent that divided and slowly drifted apart over and slowly drifted apart over millions of yearsmillions of years

Bodies of WaterBodies of Water Oceans and SeasOceans and Seas

– Covers 71% of earthCovers 71% of earth– Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,

Artic OceanArtic Ocean– Circulates through 3 basic motionsCirculates through 3 basic motions

Currents: like rivers in oceanCurrents: like rivers in oceanWaves: swells or ridges produced by windWaves: swells or ridges produced by windTides: created by gravitational pull of moon Tides: created by gravitational pull of moon

or sun or sun

Bodies of WaterBodies of Water

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle–The continuous The continuous

circulation of circulation of water between water between the atmosphere, the atmosphere, the oceans, and the oceans, and the earththe earth

Bodies of WaterBodies of Water LakesLakes

– Hold more than 95% of earth’s fresh water Hold more than 95% of earth’s fresh water supplysupply

– Salt water lakesSalt water lakes Rivers and streamsRivers and streams

– Flow through channels and move water to Flow through channels and move water to or from larger bodies of wateror from larger bodies of water

– Drainage basinDrainage basin: are drained by major river: are drained by major river

Bodies of WaterBodies of Water

Ground WaterGround Water–Water held in pores of rockWater held in pores of rock–Water table: level at which rock is Water table: level at which rock is

saturatedsaturatedCan change depending on Can change depending on amount of precipitationamount of precipitation

LandformsLandforms

Naturally formed features on the surface of Naturally formed features on the surface of the earththe earth– VolcanoVolcano -Plateau-Plateau -Cataract-Cataract– StraitStrait -Mesa-Mesa -Glacier-Glacier– IslandIsland -Prairie-Prairie -Cliff-Cliff– DeltaDelta -Steppe-Steppe -Mountain-Mountain– MarshMarsh -Valley-Valley -Butte-Butte– OasisOasis -Canyon-Canyon -Swamp-Swamp– Flood plainFlood plain -River mouth-River mouth -Cape-Cape– BayBay -Harbor-Harbor -Sea level-Sea level

LandformsLandforms Oceanic landforms:Oceanic landforms:

–Continental shelfContinental shelf: earth’s surface from : earth’s surface from edge of a continent to deep part of the edge of a continent to deep part of the oceanocean

–RidgesRidges: places where new crust is being : places where new crust is being formed on edges of tectonic platesformed on edges of tectonic plates

– IslandsIslands: formed by volcanic action, : formed by volcanic action, deposits of sand, or deposits of coral deposits of sand, or deposits of coral skeletonsskeletons

LandformsLandforms Continental landformsContinental landforms

– ReliefRelief: the difference in elevation of a : the difference in elevation of a landform from its lowest point to its landform from its lowest point to its highest pointhighest pointMountains, hills, plains, plateausMountains, hills, plains, plateaus

– TopographyTopography: the combination of the : the combination of the surface shape and composition of the surface shape and composition of the landforms and their distribution in a landforms and their distribution in a regionregion

Internal Forces Shaping the EarthInternal Forces Shaping the Earth

Plate tectonicsPlate tectonicsEarthquakesEarthquakesVolcanoesVolcanoes

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics

Tectonic PlatesTectonic Plates: enormous moving pieces of : enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithospherethe earth’s lithosphere– Move in 1 of 4 waysMove in 1 of 4 ways

Spreading or moving apartSpreading or moving apartSubduction or diving under another plateSubduction or diving under another plateCollision or crashing into one anotherCollision or crashing into one anotherSliding past each other in a shearing Sliding past each other in a shearing

movementmovement

Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics 3 types of boundaries mark plate movement3 types of boundaries mark plate movement

– Divergent boundaryDivergent boundary: move apart : move apart horizontallyhorizontally

– Convergent boundaryConvergent boundary: plates collide; one : plates collide; one goes under the other or both plates goes under the other or both plates crumblecrumble

– Transform boundaryTransform boundary: plates slide past : plates slide past one anotherone another

– FaultFault: fracture in the earth’s crust: fracture in the earth’s crust

VolcanoesVolcanoes

Crack in earth’s Crack in earth’s surface where surface where magma, gases, magma, gases, and water from the and water from the lower part of the lower part of the mantle pour outmantle pour out

LavaLava: magma that : magma that has reached has reached earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

VolcanoesVolcanoes Ring of FireRing of Fire

– Zone around rim of Zone around rim of the Pacific Oceanthe Pacific Ocean

– Eight major plates Eight major plates meet heremeet here

– Volcanic action and Volcanic action and earthquakes often earthquakes often occuroccur

– Hot springs and Hot springs and geysersgeysers

EarthquakesEarthquakes Violent movement of the earthViolent movement of the earth Occurs when plates slide past each Occurs when plates slide past each

other at a faultother at a fault SeismographSeismograph: detects earthquakes: detects earthquakes

EarthquakesEarthquakes LocationLocation

– Focus: where earthquake beginsFocus: where earthquake begins– Epicenter: directly above focus on the Epicenter: directly above focus on the

earth’s surfaceearth’s surface DamageDamage

– Richter Scale: relative strength of Richter Scale: relative strength of earthquakeearthquake

TsunamiTsunami– Giant wave in oceanGiant wave in ocean

External Forces Shaping the EarthExternal Forces Shaping the Earth

WeatheringWeatheringErosionErosionBuilding soilBuilding soil

WeatheringWeathering Physical and chemical processes Physical and chemical processes

that change the characteristics of that change the characteristics of rock on or near the earth’s surfacerock on or near the earth’s surface

Creates Creates sedimentsediment; smaller pieces ; smaller pieces of rockof rock–Mud, sand, siltMud, sand, silt

WeatheringWeathering Mechanical weatheringMechanical weathering: processes : processes

that break rock into smaller piecesthat break rock into smaller pieces–Does not change composition of Does not change composition of

rockrock–Frost, plant roots, human activityFrost, plant roots, human activity

WeatheringWeathering Chemical weatheringChemical weathering: rock is changed : rock is changed

into a new substance as a result of into a new substance as a result of interaction between elements in the air interaction between elements in the air or water and minerals in the rockor water and minerals in the rock–Iron rusting, acid rainIron rusting, acid rain–Occurs more in warm, moist climatesOccurs more in warm, moist climates

ErosionErosion Occurs when weathered Occurs when weathered

material is moved by the action material is moved by the action of wind, water, ice or gravityof wind, water, ice or gravity

Transporting agent must be Transporting agent must be presentpresent

ErosionErosion Water erosionWater erosion

–Water flows in streams or riversWater flows in streams or riversErode vertically and horizontallyErode vertically and horizontallyDeltaDelta: fan-like landform that occurs : fan-like landform that occurs

when a river enters the oceanwhen a river enters the ocean–Wave action along coastlineWave action along coastline

Can reduce or increase beachesCan reduce or increase beaches

ErosionErosion Wind erosionWind erosion

–Transports and deposits material in other Transports and deposits material in other locationslocations

–New landforms may be producedNew landforms may be producedSand dunesSand dunes

–LoessLoessWind blown silt and clay sediment that Wind blown silt and clay sediment that

produce very fertile soilproduce very fertile soil

ErosionErosion Glacial erosionGlacial erosion

–GlacierGlacier: large, long-lasting mass of : large, long-lasting mass of ice that moves because of gravityice that moves because of gravity

–GlaciationGlaciation: the changing of : the changing of landforms by slowly moving glacierslandforms by slowly moving glaciers

–MoraineMoraine: when rocks left behind by a : when rocks left behind by a glacier form a ridge or hillglacier form a ridge or hill

Building SoilBuilding Soil SoilSoil: loose mixture of weathered rock, organic : loose mixture of weathered rock, organic

matter (humus), air and watermatter (humus), air and water Soil factorsSoil factors

–Parent materialParent material–ReliefRelief–OrganismsOrganisms–ClimateClimate–TimeTime