Foundations of Economics Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 5 Section 2.
Chapter 2
Transcript of Chapter 2
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BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS)
BLD 60104 CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 1
By Azrina Md Yaakob [email protected]
CHAPTER 2
SITE AND TEMPORARY WORKS
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1.0 CHOICES OF SITE
Site Investigation
Accessibility to Site
Water Table
Subsoil Services
Available Facilities
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• Any existing road to the site? Do you need temporary roads?
• Condition of the road?
Ø Width Ø Gradient Ø Bends Ø Sharp corners
1.1 ACCESSIBILITY TO SITE
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1.2 AVAILABLE FACILITIES Look what you have around your site, such as: • Shops
• Town
• School
• Police / fire station
• Hospital / clinic
• Bus / taxi station
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1.3 SERVICES • Any underground services running? If yes, need to take necessary
action before constructing a building.
• Example of services:
Ø water mains Ø electricity cables Ø sewer (pipes) Ø petrol station
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1.4 WATER TABLE • The level at which the groundwater pressure is equal to atmospheric
pressure
• Building erected above the highest groundwater level
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1.4 WATER TABLE (CONT’D)
• Groundwater exists below the water table, which divides unsaturated soil & rock from saturated.
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1.5 SUBSOIL (TYPES)
• Loose • Subject to
movement
• Good bearing capacity
• Does not drain well • Take the foundation
down at least 1m below ground level
• Ideal subsoil • Strong and
easily drained
• Good foundation • High excavation cost
Hard Rock Gravel
Sand Clay
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1.6 SITE CLEARANCE • Demolition of existing building; either hand or rapid destruction
• Removal of bushes and trees
• Removal of soil to reduce level
• What types of plants is used for demolition?
Ø Back-hoe, lorries, bulldozer, crane, tractor, scraper, barrow?
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1.7 SITE SETTING OUT Es
tabl
ish
a ba
selin
e Position of line must be marked On-site measuring by a steel tape Se
tting
out
mai
n lin
es
Each corner being marked with a stout peg Check on right angles & correct lengths
Setti
ng u
p pr
ofile
boa
rd
Foundation trench positions and walls
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1.8 TEMPORARY WORKS 1.8.1 ACCOMMODATION FOR WORKERS
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1.8.2 MATERIAL STORAGE
Types depend on durability, vulnerability to damage and vulnerability to theft:- ü Cement, plaster, lime : dry store free from draughts which
can bring in moist air
ü Aggregates : clean firm base to ensure foreign matter is not included when extracting material from the base of the stockpile
ü Bricks & blocks : to be stacked in stable piles on a level & well-drained surface; covered with polythene sheets
ü Roof tiles : to be stacked in pairs, head to tail, to give protection to the nibs.
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1.8.2 MATERIAL STORAGE
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a) Fencing • 2 functions:
i) defines the limit of site & compound ii) deterrent to trespasser
• Types depend on the degree of security required, cost, neighborhoods and duration of contract
• At least 1.80m high above ground
1.8.3 SECURITY
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b) Hoarding • Close-boarded fence to prevent unauthorized persons access
to site
i. Vertical hoarding –close-boarded panels to resist wind loads, Free standing / fixed by stays to external wall
ii. Fan hoarding –give protection from falling object,
placed at a level above the normal traffic
1.8.3 SECURITY
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1.9 SCAFFOLDING • A temporary structure from which persons can gain access to a place of
work
• 3 forms:
a) putlog scaffold
b) independent scaffold
c) mobile access tower
• Material: tubular steel, tubular aluminium alloy & timber
• Tubular steel: tubes of 48mm dia with a nominal 38mm dia; galvanised & ungalvanised; 3 times heavier than aluminium alloy, stronger, for longer span
• Aluminium alloy: 48mm outside diameter; no protective treatment is required unless to be in contact with wet cement / sea water which can cause corrosion –bitumastic paint
• Timber: rarely used; members are lashed together with wire / rope
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1.9.1 PUTLOG SCAFFOLDING
• Consists of a single row of standards set away from wall at 1.25 / 1.30m
• Standards are joined together with horizontal members –ledgers & are tied to the building with cross-members –putlogs
• Erected as the building rises; used mostly for brick construction
• Partly supported by the building
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• 2 rows of standards at about 1m apart which tied by cross-members –transoms
• Does not rely upon building for support
1.9.2 INDEPENDENT SCAFFOLDING
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1.9.3 MOBILE ACCESS TOWER • Gaining access to buildings for maintenance and repair
• Preferred to conventional scaffold…why? • Assembled from prefabricated components
• Move manually on ground
• Free-standing
• Having dimensions to a predetermined design
• At least 1 platform to work from
• At least 4 legs; each is fitted with castor
• Platform is accessed by a ladder which is firmly attached, should not touch the ground, 1strung not more than 400mm above the ground
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1.10 TIMBERING • To cover temporary supports to sides of excavations
• Planking & strutting
• Amount of timbering depends on: depth of excavation & nature of soil to be upheld
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1.10.1 TIMBERING MAIN COMPONENTS
• Poling boards: 1.00 –1.50m in length; vary in cross-section 175 x 38 –225 x 50mm; placed vertically & abut the soil at sides of excavation
• Walings: running the length of trench & support poling boards; 175 x 50 –225 x 75mm
• Struts: square; 100 x 100 or 150 x 150mm; support walings; spaced at about 1.80m centres to allow adequate working space between them
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TUTORIAL 2 • You are currently working as a contractor in a
construction firm. You are required to perform a presentation to your boss and client highlighting the issues that need to be taken into consideration before constructing a building. Clearly highlight the issues and explain the condition.
• Besides that, list down all temporary works that you think it is important for that particular site.
Requirements:
You should prepare the presentation in powerpoint format. Maximum slide is 15. Each presentation must state the name, student ID and title of presentation. (Group of 5)