CHAPTER 2Colonizing America

Why we study this… After Columbus’ voyage Europeans were rapidly

attempting to claim land in the New World. The first Europeans to claim land were the

Spanish. These conquerors, known as Conquistadors, became infamous for their brutal tactics.

Conquistadors Most conquistadors were hidalgos, or

working class trades-people. Not rich or well-known

If they conquered land, they would be rewarded with land of their own and power. Encomienda system

Hernán Cortés 1519- Led an expedition to find workers

for the mines in Cuba and to search for gold. Conquers Aztec with only 600 men. Burned ships to prevent desertion Montezuma attempted buyout-didn’t work.

Hernán Cortés Four factors contributed to easy

conquest. 1. Myth of “white gods with horses” 2. Spanish technology 3. Discontent among tribes 4. Diseases

Spain conquers the Aztec empire, names the land New Spain Capital-Mexico

Major Spanish Conquistadors Francisco Pizzaro - Conquers the Incas of

Peru with only 180 men. Francisco Vásquez de Coronado - Led

an expedition throughout the southwestern US in search of the Seven Gold Cities of Cibola

Hernando de Soto – Led 600 men throughout the American southeast. Explored Southeastern US

Discovers Mississippi River, dies, is thrown in.

Why are these Spanish men important?

These conquistadors failed to find golden cities and fountains of youth. Why is their failure worth noting? Caused Spain to lose interest in North

America. Focus on South America

Opened the door for English and French colonization in the North.

French Motivation French Motivation for Exploration

Find a Northern Passage to Asia (Catch up with Spain)

Set up trade posts Fur (Especially beaver)

Initial French Expeditions France needed to catch up with Spain.

Find a Northwest Passage to Asia. Search for a waterway that cut through the

continent.

French Explorers 1534 – Jacques Cartier – Mapped a

great deal of Northeastern America. Unsuccessful in finding Northwest Passage St. Lawrence River Brought back furs and minerals

New France is Founded Bickering between Catholics and

Protestants in France halted French exploration for 60 years. 1500’s – Fur became very fashionable

1608 - Samuel de Champlain – Explored North American Coast. Founded New France

Louisiana Algonquian tribes spoke of a “big river”.

1682 - Cavelier de la Salle Explored the Mississippi River all the way down

to the Gulf of Mexico. Claimed the land for France. Named it

“Louisiana” after their king, Louis XIV.

Spain Still in North America Spain didn’t completely leave North

America. 1565 - Founded St. Augustine, FL.

Oldest permanent colony in the US.

So where are we now… So far, we have French in the North,

Spanish in Mesoamerica and Florida, and Portugal has Brazil. Next section deals with England and what they will claim, but they came late, so they get the scraps.

CH. 2 SEC. 2Early English Colonization

Late to the Party Spain has conquistadors, France has the

Northwest Passage, Portugal has Brazil, England has… nothing.

Spain and France are racking up. They are partying like it is 1499 and England is at home. WHY?

English Problems Why was England so slow to follow up?

1. Internal Problems (Tudors try to hold on to power) Power struggles for the throne.

2. Spanish Navy was beast 3. Earliest expeditions found nothing

(Cabot)

First British Expeditions 1497 – John Cabot

Italian navigator hired by King Henry VII to find a western passage to Asia.

Landed somewhere in Nova Scotia Saw no humans, but saw traces. Found no gold or wealth Returned to England

Took a second expedition, was never seen again.

Mercantilist Theory A nations power is measured by its’

wealth. Wealth requires produced goods. Produced goods require raw materials. Colonies provide raw materials. Countries use raw materials to produce

goods. Countries gain wealth.

Social/Religious Issues What gave England power to explore in

the 1500’s? 1500’s - Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther – 95 Thesis Against the Catholic Church

John Calvin – Argued that congregations should control church, not Kings and Bishops.

Why is this note-worthy?

Founding the Anglican Church 1527 – King Henry VIII asked Pope for a

divorce from his wife. Pope refused, King angry. King creates own church, Anglican Church

Very similar to Catholic Church, just a different name, different man in charge.

Puritans Dissatisfied with the Anglican Church,

English Puritans sought to “purify” the church of its Catholic ways. Will be a very important group very soon…

SHEEP!

Economic Changes in England Enclosure Movement – Sheep farming

puts thousands out of work. Sheep pretty much take care of themselves, no

human helpers needed, which means high unemployment.

Lots of wool produced, price of wool falls. Must find a new market for wool.

Joint-Stock Companies – Pool money from many investors. Less reliance on government money.

Slow down, Rinks… Now that we have some background

knowledge, what caused England to explore? 1. GOLD 2. Northwest Passage 3. Missionaries – Protestant vs. Catholic 4. Poverty and Unemployment 5. Wool Market 6. Raw Materials for Mercantilism

England and Spain are at odds Spain and England become epic rivals in

the 1500’s. Protestant (England) vs. Catholic (Spain)

Queen Elizabeth allows for privateers, or privately owned English ships that can attack ships from other countries.

Privateers in the Caribbean Privateers in the Caribbean found it

difficult to attack ships with no English military bases nearby. Encouraged England to secure a settlement

in the New World.

Walter Raleigh 1585 -Walter Raleigh sends 100 men to

settle Roanoke. Times were tough, so they returned to

England.

Lost Colony of Roanoke 1587 – Raleigh tries again.

Sends 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children back to Roanoke. Raleigh returns to England.

War erupts between England and Spain, can’t return with supplies for 3 years.

1590 – English explorer returns to empty houses. Unsure of what happened.

http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/05/07/new-clue-to-mystery-lost-roanoke-colony/

Jamestown King James I grants charter for people to

colonize the New World. What is a “charter”?

Settlers company named The Virginia Company, establish the settlement Jamestown, in honor of their king.

Jamestown, we have a problem. Early problems with Jamestown

1. Settlers did not know how to survive. “Gentlemen and Ladies” Food Shortages

2. Governing council was slow to make decisions.

3. Lawlessness 4. Sickness and Disease 5. Poor relations with the Natives.

John Smith to save the day… John Smith – Jamestown settler who

took a leadership role saved the colony. “No work, no food”—John Smith Established trade relations with the

Powhatan Confederacy.

John Smith’s Importance to Jamestown

How John Smith saved Jamestown: 1. He knew that gold was hard to come by. 2. Implementation of the “No work, No

food” policy. 3. Skillful Indian relations 4. Created a military-like work system.

To and from the fields in formation to the beat of a drum.

More Problems… The Jamestown Company offered free

land to any Englishman who came. So many people, so little food. Winter of 1609 and 1610 =“Starving time”

Out of 200, 60 survived the winter.

Jamestown Survives The survivors packed up and moved

downriver. Found 150 settlers and 3 English ships.

Wanted to go home. Baron De La Warre (Robert West) forces them

back to work.

Jamestown Goes Tobacco Crazy Settlers begin farming tobacco—HUGE

moneymaker. John Rolfe – Experiments with different

breeding techniques. His type of tobacco sells more, Jamestown

becomes profitable. http://video.nationalgeographic.com/vide

o/places/culture-places/historical/us_jamestown/

The First Assembly In 1618, the Virginia Company holds its

first elections. Elected 1 governor, 6 councilors, and 20

representatives. Representatives called burgesses.

Headrights To lure settlers to Virginia, system of

headrights was introduced. New settlers who bought stock in the

Virginia Company were given 50 acres of land. More land for each family member or servant.

Maryland To the north of Virginia, Maryland was

established by John Calvert aka Lord Baltimore. He owned the colony, making it a

proprietary colony. Catholics vs. Protestants

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/places/culture-places/historical/us_jamestown/

CH. 2 SEC. 3New England

Colony Founder/Year Founded

Reasons Founded

Plymouth Pilgrims/1620 Religious persecution in England. (Anglican Church) King James I

Massachusetts Bay

Puritans/John Winthrop 1629-1630

Economic Reasons—SHEEP; Religious reasons

Rhode Island Roger Williams/Anne Hutchinson 1644

Banished people from Mass.

Connecticut Thomas Hooker 1637

Need more land for cattle

New Hampshire John Mason/1679 ?

Fishing and Fur/ More Voice in Gov’t

Maine Fernando Gorges/1623

Fishing and Fur/ More Voice in Gov’t

Puritans, Again.. 1608 – English Puritans fled to Holland.

Took a “pilgrimage”. Enjoyed religious freedom in Holland. Not all is well, however…

1. Hard work, low wages 2. Congregation won’t grow in Holland 3. Children may become “dutchified”

Pilgrims make a Pilgrimage 1620 – Puritan Pilgrims make a

pilgrimage. Mayflower – 101 passengers (over half not

Pilgrims) Tough trip – Food runs out, one passenger dies. Mayflower Compact*

Land on Plymouth Nov. 9, 1620

Plymouth Colony William Bradford – Kept a journal of

everything the Pilgrims accomplished. Plague kills all but 50 of the settlers. Squanto – Local NA (Wampanoag) who

taught the Pilgrims to grow maize, fish, and live off the land. Helped draw up a treaty with the NA tribes

Thanksgiving

Why Plymouth is Important Why is Plymouth worth remembering?

1. Mayflower Compact 2. Individuals seeking social justice.

“Proclaim the rights of Englishmen” 3. Successful NA relations 4. Private property established

Plymouth never very prosperous. 4-7-21 – Remaining 50 Pilgrims return to

England, none go back.

Massachusetts 1625 – King Charles I takes power, hates

Puritans. Wool industry terrible, high unemployment.

Puritans more motivated than ever to leave England. John Winthrop and other wealthy Puritans buy

stock in the Mass. Bay Company Winthrop turns business venture into a Puritan refuge. March 1630, 11 ships, 900 settlers set sail

A City Upon a Hill Winthrop declares Mass. shall be “A city upon

a hill, the eyes of the world are upon us.” Colony based on Bible law could flourish Economy based on agriculture, shipbuilding, and

foodstuffs. Sparks the Great Migration

20000 Puritans come by ‘47. Boyer - “In contrast to early Virginia,

Massachusetts Bay attracted disciplined, motivated men and women”

New Gov’t of New England MBC members were called “Freemen”

Freemen made up the General Court. Made laws and elected governor.

John Winthrop elected as first governor of MBC.

General Court passed laws that infringed on social freedom. Must go to church, no gambling, no drunkenness,

blasphemy, etc. Collected taxes for the church. Heretics

New Colonies Puritan intolerance led to the founding of

other colonies in New England=Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Maine

Providence and Rhode Island Roger Williams – Loud mouth radical.

Condemned Puritans for… 1. Remaining part of England 2. “Stealing” land from NA’s. 3. No separation of church and state

Banished from Mass. for his beliefs. Moved to Plymouth, then bought land from

NA’s in Rhode Island.

Anne Hutchinson Arrived in Boston during Roger Williams

ordeal Claimed she knew which ministers had

salvation from God and who didn’t Stated God spoke to her directly

Immediately she was banished for heresy She and her followers headed south to

Pocasset, later Portsmouth

Providence and Rhode Island 1636 – Rhode Island formed largely from

people who were banished from MBC. Almost complete religious freedom. Almost universal white male suffrage. Hutchinson later killed in Indian attack=>

Winthrop

River Towns of Connecticut In 1613, Thomas Hooker asked G.C. for

permission to move his congregation to the Connecticut River Valley

Frustrated with Mass. political system Founded Hartford

River Towns of Connecticut Others followed founded towns of

Windsor and Wethersfield In 1637, joined together created their own

G.C. Two years later adopted a constitution called

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut=1st written constitution of the American colonies

Allowed all adult men to elect governor and the G.C.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1. General Court with unlimited power 2. No governor’s veto 3. No two term governors 4. Note the emphasis on rule of law

rather than of men early suspicion of too much power in the

hands of one person 5. Increased church membership and

voting rights

Read about Pequot War pg. 70 2nd column 4th and 5th paragraphs.

New Hampshire and Maine New Hampshire

Land was granted to Capt. John Mason Maine

Land was granted to Sir Fernando Gorges Both were claimed by Massachusetts

Went to court in 1677=English court ruled against Mass. In 1679, N.H. became a royal colony Mass. bought Maine from Gorge’s

heirs=remained part of Mass. until 1820

King Phillip’s War For 40 yrs. after Pequot War, New England

settlers and N.A.’s had good relations Fur trade created Peace

King Phillip’s War In 1675, 3 Wampanoag were tried and executed in

Plymouth Wampanoag attacked Swansea =sparked King Phillip’s

War=named after Metacomet Wampanoag leader=King Phillip (by colonists)

he was killed in 1676 but fighting continued in Maine and New Hampshire

Settlers won in 1678=few N.A.’s remained in New England New England belonged to English

CH. 2 SEC. 4Restoration Colonies

So far.. We have covered Jamestown, Roanoke,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, Virginia, Maine, and New Hampshire. Only 43 states to go!

Today we look at New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, North and South Carolina, and Georgia.

A little background knowledge 1642 – English Civil War

King Charles I sends troops into Parliament to arrest Puritan leaders. King Loses

Oliver Cromwell – Takes control over Parliament.

The Colonies during the English Civil War

The colonies had to take sides during the English Civil War. Protestants vs. Catholics/Anglican (King vs.

Parliament) Maryland – Lord Baltimore sided with the

King. 1644- Maryland Protestants rebel. To calm things down, Lord Baltimore..

1. Appoints a protestant Governor 2. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649

England Restores After Cromwell dies, Parliament wants

stability. Charles II becomes King- Restoration The Middle Colonies would be known as the

“Restoration” colonies, as they were founded during the time of restoration.

Back in Time: Henry Hudson 1609 – Dutch explorer Henry Hudson

discovers the Hudson River Valley Claims the land as “New Netherlands”.

New York and New Jersey 1664 – King Charles II decides to seize

New Netherland. Reasons

1. Take over the fur trade of America 2. Have complete control over New England.

Region named after Charles’ brother James, or the Duke of York. –New York

New York and New Jersey 1664- New Jersey founded as a

proprietary grant by the Duke of York. Diverse population of Puritans, Quakers,

Swedes, Dutch, and English Movement toward religious freedom

QuakersCalled Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices.They offended religious & secular leaders in England. Refused to pay taxes to support the Church

of England. They met without paid clergy Believed all were children of God refused

to treat the upper classes with deference. Keep hats on. “Inner Light” Pacifists= opposed wars

Quakers and Pennsylvania William Penn was owed a debt by the

King. King gives remaining land of Virginia Co. to

Penn as payment. Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s

Woodland”].

Penn and Native AmericansBought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians.Quakers went among the Indians unarmed.BUT… non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA Treated native peoples poorly. This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

Government of Pennsylvania

Representative assembly elected by landowners.No tax-supported church.Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.

BUT…Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt.

Death penalty only for treason & murder. Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

Pennsylvania SocietyAttracted many different people Religious misfits from other colonies. Many different ethnic groups.

No restrictions on immigration.No slavery!!“Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

DelawareNamed after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610].

Very diverse society1703 granted its own assembly.Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

The Carolinas 1663- Colonies granted to 8 proprietors.

1. Given as payment for restoration. 2. Buffer against Spanish Florida. 3. Agricultural advantage: Rice

Rice in the CarolinasThe primary export.Rice was still an exotic food in England. Was grown in Africa,

so planters imported West African slaves.

These slaves had a genetic trait that made them immune to malaria.

By 1710 black slaves were a majority in Carolina.

Georgia

Georgia1733 - Last of the 13 colonies.Named in honor of King George II.Founded by James Oglethorpe.

GeorgiaChief Purpose of Creating Georgia: As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas &

Spanish Florida & French Louisiana. Export silk and wine. A haven for debtors

thrown in to prison.Determined to keep slavery out! Slavery found in GA

by 1750.