CHAPTER 2Early People: Migration and Adaptation

THE EARLIEST PEOPLE What are some of your family stories? Oral Tradition: Kansas or Kaw Creation Story:

A. The Kaw nation lived on an island that was too small for them

B. Because of this, Kaw mothers prayed to the Great Spirit

C. Beavers, muskrats, turtles sent to make island bigger

D. In time, the earth became large and plants and animals thrived

Artifacts tell the story of migration, adaptation, and technological change.

RELATIVE DATING Orders things in relation to others Artifacts found closer to the surface are

younger, deeper objects are older Principle of Super Position

ABSOLUTE DATING Done through scientific study of artifacts Radiocarbon dating for organic materials Archeologist assume the relationship

between the artifacts and infer their meaning to see what life was like

MIGRATION Big Game Hunters

Used domesticated dogs for work Migrated from the north when glaciers pushed

south Why would the Big Game Hunters need to

migrate south?

ADAPTATION What are some effects of climate change?

Change was very slow so people had time to adapt

Some plants and animals did not change adapt and become extinct

What are the ways Native Americans adapted to their environments?

TECHNOLOGY How do we get new

technology? New ideas from people

from the east Pottery improved cooking

and food storage Bow and arrows made

atlatl’s unnecessary Grew food Boiling stones

How do you think these new technologies affected population growth?

VILLAGE FARMERS 800 years ago Native Americans began living

in permanent villages all over Kansas Located on bluffs overlooking water Villages had 2-20 structures Houses

Built with poles buried in ground Clay walls Thatched roofs

VILLAGE FARMERS Cultivated corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, and

sunflower seeds Also ate fish, buffalo, and wild plants Had storage pits for surplus

Tools made from stones, bones, and shells Traded with people (shells from gulf of Mexico

found)

BUFFALO Tipi- Homes during

buffalo hunts Bison= Scientific

name for buffalo Considered a giver

of life with great spiritual power

Why is the buffalo a giver of life?

WHERE’S THE MONEY Barter- trading items

For this to work both parties must agree to value of goods being traded.

What items do you think would be traded?

HISTORIC TRIBES What do you think a historic tribe is? Means we have written documents as

evidence about their lives. Began just a few hundred years ago when

Francisco de Coronado explored the area. Horses

From Spanish in the southwest Replaced dogs as work animals Some tribes called them “big dogs”

HISTORIC TRIBES CONT. Lived in large family units (tribes)

Wichita, Kansa, Osage, Pawnee, and Plains Apache (direct descendants)

Comanche, Kiowa, and Kiowa-Apache (migrated) Did not speak the same language Had different styles of clothing Ate differently Different Art All lived in Great Plains

See Chart on p.33

WICHITA AND PAWNEE Migrated from Arkansas and Louisiana to

Platte River in Nebraska, then split into 2 groups

Homes Wichita built beehive shaped homes (p.36) Covered with leaves from willows and

cottonwoods Entered through low doorways on east and west

side

WICHITA AND PAWNEE CONT. Homes Cont.

Pawnee Round homes covered in earth Looked much like the Wichita homes up until the earth

was used Community effort with help of neighbors to build Enter through tunnel like entrances that were big

enough for stable horses in winter

WICHITA AND PAWNEE CONT. Tipi (temporary)

Hunted buffalo year round Made 2 extended buffalo hunts with family

because buffalo migrated in herds Crops

Corn, Squash, and pumpkins Cut in strips and dried for preservation Flattened and woven into mats For stew pieces of the mats were torn off

Wichita traded squash and pumpkins for buffalo meat

WICHITA AND PAWNEE CONT. Clothing

Tanned animal skins Women

Moccasins, leggings, and skirts (protection from tall grass)

Men (Wichita) Pierced ears Tattoos (men and women)

1st on hand when boys learn to hunt Men (Pawnee)

Removed all hair but a narrow strip on top War drums decorated with symbols of celestial powers

KANSA OSAGE Migrated from South east forests Homes

Kansa- permanent longhouses covered in bark Osage- long wood-framed lodges covered by

cattail stems, bark, hides, or woven grass mats 2 related families lived together (each had their own

end)

KANSA AND OSAGE CONT. Crops

Corn, beans, and squash Also hunted buffalo and large animals

Osage did not use tipi’s Had permanent wood structures built a day’s travel

apart and took hide coverings from structure to structure

KANSA AND OSAGE CONT. Clothing

Kansa (men) Plucked hair from their eyebrows, chins, arms, and

heads Wore ornaments in their pierced ears Warriors wore bear claws around neck

Osage (men) Shaved heads (except a narrow strip from forehead to

neck) Wore ornaments in their pierced ears Wore bracelets and tattooed their bodies for certain

ceremonies Women

Colorful tattoo patterns

NOMADIC TRIBES Scarcity of some resources in western Kansas

forced tribes to be nomadic Homes

Relied on the tipi Transported tipi on a frame called travois Highly decorated

NOMADIC TRIBES CONT. Clothing

Used hides Kiowa- decorated clothing in elk teeth, bone, shells,

and porcupine quills Comanche women- painted inside of ears read.

Orange and red circles with red and yellow lines on their cheeks

Arapaho women- painted and scented hair Carried face paint and porcupine tail brushes in

fringe bags

NOMADIC TRIBES CONT. Telling Stories and Keeping Records

Kept on hides and painted war stories, hunts, calendars, and other important events

INTERACTION AND TRADE Trade between tribe usually dealt with food Conflict began as populations grew in Kansas Pawnee- engaged in long conflicts with

Osage and Kansa Cheyenne and Arapaho forced Kiowa and

Kiowa-Apache south Kiowa and Comanche raided Mexico Then Europeans and Americans entered

Kansas