Chapter 2
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Transcript of Chapter 2
Chapter 2
Foundations of individual behavior
• Ob model
• Dependent variables: productivity, satisfaction, absence, turnover, citizenship, and satisfaction
• Independent variables: individual-level variables, group-level variables, organization systems levels variables
• Individual-level variables:– Biographical characteristics;– Ability;– Leaning;– Personality characteristics;– Emotions;– Values & attitudes;– Motivations;– Perceptions
Biographical Characteristics
• Age
• Gender
• Tenure
Biographical Characteristics
• Age– Aged population– Aged workforce– Aged employees
• Work behavior– Age-turnover relationship – Age-absenteeism relationship – Age-productivity relationship– Age-job satisfaction relationship
Biographical Characteristics
• Gender– Gender-productivity relationship
• Male-female differences– Physical difference– Mental difference
– Gender-turnover relationship– Gender-absenteeism relationship
• Work schedule preference
Biographical Characteristics
• Tenure– The term of office or service
• Tenure– Seniority-productivity– Seniority-absenteeism– Seniority-turnover
• Individual-level variables:– Biographical characteristics;– Ability;– Leaning;– Personality characteristics;– Emotions;– Values & attitudes;– Motivations;– Perceptions
Ability
• Are we created equal?
• Knowing how people differ in abilities
• Knowing people’s strength & weakness
Ability
• “an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job”
– Intellectual abilities
– Physical abilities
Intellectual Ability
• Thinking, reasoning, and problem solving– Information procession
• Basic dimensions of intellectual abilities– Aptitude– Verbal comprehension– Perceptual speed– Inductive reasoning– Deductive reasoning– Spatial visualization– Memory
Intellectual ability
• Cognitive intelligence– Ability to comprehend complex things
• Social intelligence– Ability to relate to others
• Emotional intelligence– Ability to identify, understand, and manage
emotions
• Cultural intelligence– Ability to function in cross-cultural situations
How to define successful performance?
Performance = Ability X Motivation
Ability-Job fit
• Individual-level variables:– Biographical characteristics;– Ability;– Leaning;– Personality characteristics;– Emotions;– Values & attitudes;– Motivations;– Perceptions
Learning
• Learning involves changes
•
• Change must be relatively permanent
• Learning takes place when there is a change in actions
Learning theories
• Classical conditioning– Stimuli vs. response – Passive response
• Operant conditioning– Behavior = f (learned consequences)– Voluntary participation
• Social learning– Observational learning – Perception & attitude in learning
Shaping Behavior
• Communication– Learned consequences
• Change in behavior
• Reinforecment– Positive reinforcemen
• Following a response with something pleasant
– Punishment• Following a response with something unpleasant
Organizational applications
• Well pay vs. sick pay
• Employee discipline
• Developing training programs