Chapter 2

Chapter 2Sketching and LetteringVOCABULARYArcsAxis (axes)CompositionConcentric CirclesEllipsesGothic LetteringGuidelinesIsometric Lines Isometric SketchingLetteringLine Non- Isometric LinesOblique SketchOverlayPlanePointProportionRadius (radii)Tangent arcsTexture

**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN and Define them.... Might be on a test!The Design ProcessThe Design ProcessThe Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 1: Identify the Problem -- Students should state the challenge problem in their own words. Example: How can I design a __________ that will __________?

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints -- Students should specify the design requirements (criteria). Example: Our growth chamber must have a growing surface of 10 square feet and have a delivery volume of 3 cubic feet or less. Students should list the limits on the design due to available resources and the environment (constraints). Example: Our growth chamber must be accessible to astronauts without the need for leaving the spacecraft.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions -- Each student in the group should sketch his or her own ideas as the group discusses ways to solve the problem. Labels and arrows should be included to identify parts and how they might move. These drawings should be quick and brief.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each student should develop two or three ideas more thoroughly. Students should create new drawings that are orthographic projections (multiple views showing the top, front and one side) and isometric drawings (three-dimensional depiction). These are to be drawn neatly, using rulers to draw straight lines and to make parts proportional. Parts and measurements should be labeled clearly.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The developed ideas should be shared and discussed among the team members. Students should record pros and cons of each design idea directly on the paper next to the drawings.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students should work in teams and identify the design that appears to solve the problem the best. Students should write a statement that describes why they chose the solution. This should include some reference to the criteria and constraints identified above.

Chapter 2The Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -- Students will construct a full-size or scale model based on their drawings. The teacher will help identify and acquire appropriate modeling materials and tools. See the design brief for a sample list.

The Design ProcessThe Design Process

The Design ProcessSTEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will examine and evaluate their prototypes or designs based on the criteria and constraints. Groups may enlist students from other groups to review the solution and help identify changes that need to be made. Based on criteria and constraints, teams must identify any problems and proposed solutions.

OVERVIEWWhat is spatial visualization?Isometric DrawingsSketching Isometric DrawingsCoded PlansVisualization of ObjectViewpointsExamples

SPATIAL VISUALIZATIONThe ability to mentally manipulate, rotate, twist, or invert a pictorially presented object.Important skill for scientific & technical fields, such as:Architects & EngineersDoctorsComputer ProgrammersAnyone needing a creative solution to a problem

Reasons for SketchingSketching is drawing freehand without the aid of any drafting equipment except paper and pencil. It is a very common form of visual communication that is used in virtually ALL areas of work and life.Cool thing about Sketching1. Uses no drafting equipment - freehand 2. Is an extremely fast form of visual communication. 3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding of concepts, shapes, or directions. 4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere. 5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool, which helps to minimize or prevent errors. 6. Is a collection of all necessary information required about an object - including detail, size and shape descriptions. Reasons for SketchingCritical FactorsA. Key Reasons for Sketching 1) Communicate 2) Organize 3) Realize IdeasB. Key Factors while Sketching 1) Speed 2) Accuracy 3) ClarityDrawing MethodsConstruction Lines to Object Lines 1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type lines! 2) Point to Point 3) Dash to Dash 4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B. Drawing MethodsBlock Technique 1) Establish outer proportions of object(s) 2) Divide into areas of major shapes 3) Add detail as required 4) Add text where necessary to clarify (notes or dimensions) Drawing MethodsGraph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an Original) 1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox copy. 2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of object spaced an exact distance apart (ex. ", ", etc.). 3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at desired size (enlarge / reduce) 4) Add line detail a block at a time.Types of Sketches One View Orthographic Projection 1) Always that view which would be considered the front of the object. 2) Used when only one view is necessary to provide shape description.

Types of SketchesTwo View Orthographic Projection 1) Front View and Top View. 2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views are identical.Types of SketchesThree View Orthographic Projection 1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View 2) Provides the most complete shape and size description. 3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of objects.

Types of SketchesEnlargement / Reduction (Templates) 1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid size 2) Complete sketch square by square, comparing individual squares as you proceed.

Types of SketchesRealize Ideas / Designing 1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View 2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever necessary. 3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your mind.

Chapter 2The Glass BOX!Does it exist?If it does.How does it work?Whats it purpose?

Chapter 2The Glass BOX!Does it exist? YESIf it does.How does it work? You will see.on next slideWhats it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the views for an object.Orthographic or Multiview DrawingsImagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box.

35Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, ContinuedThen draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box (figure 4) and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview" drawing.

36Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, ContinuedFigure 5 shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the box.

37Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, ContinuedWhich views should one choose for a multiview drawing? The views that reveal every detail about the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to describe the object fully.

38Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, ContinuedFor example, some objects need only two views, while others need four. The circular object in figure 6 requires only two views.

Figure 6 - An object needing only two orthogonal views 39To ReviewORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONShows the faces of an objectFaces are parallel to the viewing planeFrontalProfileHorizontal

VIEWING PLANES

FRONT VIEW

RIGHT SIDE VIEW

TOP VIEW

MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

UNFOLD THE BOX

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGFront view shows height & width Side view shows height & depth Top view shows width & depthVisible edges are solid lines.Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden) linesViews align with each otherRotation from one view to another equals 90ROTATION OF VIEWS

SURFACE IDENTIFICATION

Pictorial SketchesA Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.

Pictorial SketchesA Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view. An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.Pictorial SketchesA Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view. An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.

Pictorial SketchesA Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view. An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial sketch that relies on three axes to show width height and depth. However , an isometric sketch, shows the axes spaced equally. (120 degrees)Pictorial SketchesA Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view. An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.

ISOMETRIC DRAWINGSUsed to show 3-Dimensional projection on a 2-Dimensional surface.Projected so that width and length are 30 from horizontal and height is vertical.

Isometric Sketching

Isometric Sketching

Isometric Sketching

Isometric Sketching

CODED PLANSShows height of each cube stack.Each corner could be a viewpoint of the object.Viewpoint means the direction in which an observer is viewing the object.Similar to a top view in an Orthographic Projection.VISUALIZE OBJECT211VV = ViewpointVFOR SKECTHING DO NOT SHOW EACH CUBE. SHOW ONLY VISIBLE SURFACES AND EDGES, AS IF CUBES HAVE BEEN COMBINED.EXAMPLE #1211VV = ViewpointVNote location of viewpoint and coded plan noting height of object. Click to start animation.EXAMPLE #2212V31Click to start animation.VIEWPOINTViewpoints can make the object appear differently.Example #2 is redrawn with a different viewpoint.DIFFERENT VIEWPOINT212V31Click to start animation.COMPARISON OF VIEWPOINTSDifferent look Optical illusion of heightViewpoints can show or exclude detailsCOMPARE212V31212V31

ORTHOGRAPHIC vs. ISOMETRICISOMETRIC DRAWINGORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

CONCLUSIONSpatial Visualization is an important skill Coded plans help you visualize a solid objectViewpoints change look of object and can hide detailsDAY 1 STOPProportions in SketchingSketches are not usually made to scale (exact measurement).It is important to still show proportions, so that each part of the drawing is roughly the right size in relation to other parts of the drawing.

Dimensioning a SketchFirst what is a dimension?Dimensioning is a way of enhancing the shape description provided by the drawing. By dimensioning the drawing, you are providing a size description to enhance the shape description provided.

Dimensioning a SketchWhen dimensioning a drawing, the drafter must keep in mind the final object. Therefore, all information must be included such as sizes and the processes required to make the final piece.

Dimensioning a SketchAll drawings must be made to scale, with that scale indicated either in the title block, or below the detail's title on the sheet.

Dimensioning a Sketch There are many standards or "rules" for dimensioning a drawing. These may differ depending on the type of drawing and the accepted business standards for that discipline.

Learning to Sketch (pg 38)Rough SketchRefined SketchPresentation SketchTemporary SketchPermanent SketchThe OverlayMaterials for SketchingPaper and PencilMetric PaperISO A Drawing Sizes (mm)A4210 X 297A3297 X 420A2420 X 594A1594 X 841A0841 X 1189

U.S. Paper SizeU.S. Customary Drawing SizesA8.5" X 11"B11" X 17"C17" X 22"D22" X 34"E34" X 44"Pencils9H8H7H6H5H4H3H2HHFHBB2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9BHardestMediumSoftestPencilsToneU.S.World#1B#2HB#2 *F#3H#4

SKETCHING LINES

OPEN TO PAGE40Day 3LetteringLettering is used on drawings to give dimensions and other pertinent information needed to fully describe the item. The lettering must be neat and legible if it is to be easily read and understood.

87LetteringA drawing will be improved by good lettering.However, a good drawing will look sloppy and unprofessional if the lettering is poorly done.

88Lettering, ContinuedThe American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommends that the Single-Stroke Gothic Alphabet be the accepted lettering standard

89Lettering, ContinuedIt can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each part of every letter is made by a single stroke.

90Lettering, ContinuedThis is because there are no serifs on the letters of this alphabet. A serif is like a tiny foot on a letter; alphabets that have serifs are more difficult to letter by hand. An alphabet without serifs is always called a san serif alphabet.

91Lettering, ContinuedToday, because of computers, there are many different alphabet styles (also called fonts). When lettering a drawing, if the single stroke Gothic alphabet is not available, choose a san serif font and use only upper case letters.

92Good Lettering, ContinuedUse guide linesGuide lines should be drawn so lightly they will not show up on a print made from the drawingVertical guide lines may be used to assure that the letters will be verticalInclined guide lines are drawn at 67 1/20 to the horizontal line when inclined lettering is to be used.

INCLINED GUIDE LINES HELP KEEP INCLINED LETTERING UNIFORMGood Lettering, ContinuedOnly one form of lettering should appear on a drawing.AVOID COMbINING SEVERAL fORMS Of LETTERING.Lettering, ContinuedSpacing:Proper spacing of the letters is important. The letters should be placed so spaces between the letters appear to be about the same.

SPACED VISUALLYSPACED BY MEASURING95The Design Process Assignment (d2)Designing new products, adapting or altering existing designs or creating something brand new is always a challenging task. However, if we can follow a process or a plan, we can often times shorten the time required to complete the project as well as ensure that we have not missed any necessary elements or crucial steps.

The Design Process Assignment (d2)TaskUsing any available source, research and then write a one page summary / explanation of "the design process." Be sure to include the recommended steps that should be followed. Use the design process to create a new or original product Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt to work out the final version of your product Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of your finished design. Be sure to include a title and as much detail (and labels) as necessary to communicate your idea to another person. Self evaluate... Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming sketches & Final sketch) together and turn in.

Drafting 1 Assignments starting Page 58Problems 1, 3, 6, 9,10 Due in ONE WEEKComplete on Graph paper