Chapter 2 : Chapter 2 : Body CoordinationBody Coordination

Body coordination-Body coordination- is the is the adjustmentadjustment of our of our body’s reactionbody’s reaction towards any stimulus around towards any stimulus around us (like temperature change) and from inside us (like temperature change) and from inside

of our body (like digestion food) of our body (like digestion food)

2.1 Body Coordination2.1 Body CoordinationBody coordination

Nervous coordination-Controlled and coordinated by the nervous system-Coordinates body activities like: walking, looking, writing and reading

Hormonal coordination-controlled and coordinated by the endocrine system-coordinates body activities like body growth, reproduction, and food digestion

Importance of body coordination:-enables all body organs to function as a unit to detect stimuli and respond towards them-controls coordination between stimuli and body responses-helps us to avoid injuries or dangers-Enables us to adapt to the changes around us

2.2 Human Nervous System2.2 Human Nervous SystemHuman nervous system

Peripheral nervous systemCentral nervous system

Brain:Controls all activities of

the body

Spinal cord:

Controls reflex action

Autonomic nervous system

(involuntary):Control involuntary

actions

Somatic nervous system (voluntary):Controls voluntary

actions

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Central nervous system (CNS):Central nervous system (CNS):This system is consist of:This system is consist of:– BrainBrain– Spinal cordSpinal cordThe The brainbrain control all activities like control all activities like walkingwalking and and seeingseeing..The The spinal cordspinal cord control the control the reflex actionreflex action like like pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a pulling the hand away when the fingers touch a hot objecthot object..The CNS receives impulses from the sensory The CNS receives impulses from the sensory organs or other parts of the body for organs or other parts of the body for interpretation.interpretation.After an impulse interpreted, a new impulse is After an impulse interpreted, a new impulse is transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to transmitted to the muscle or gland to respond to the stimuli.the stimuli.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

PNS consist of all nerves which connect the PNS consist of all nerves which connect the CNS to the receptor and effectors located at CNS to the receptor and effectors located at other parts of body.other parts of body.Function of PNS: Function of PNS: transmit impulsestransmit impulses from from sensory organ/receptorsensory organ/receptor through CNS through CNS to the to the musclemuscle for it to respond or gland to produce the for it to respond or gland to produce the required secretion.required secretion.Spinal nerve-Spinal nerve- controls voluntary action like controls voluntary action like walking, scratching and running.walking, scratching and running.Cranial nerve-Cranial nerve- control voluntary action like control voluntary action like talking, smelling and seeing.talking, smelling and seeing.

The cranial nerve connects the brain to The cranial nerve connects the brain to sensory organssensory organs in the head and neck like in the head and neck like eyeseyes, , nosenose, , earsears, , tonguetongue and and jawsjaws..The autonomic nervous system (ANS) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) control involuntary actions like control involuntary actions like heartbeat heartbeat and and contraction of blood vesselscontraction of blood vesselsANS contains nerves which connect the ANS contains nerves which connect the spinal cord to spinal cord to internal organsinternal organs and and glandsglands like like liverliver, , kidneyskidneys, , heartheart and and lungslungs

Neurone:Neurone:The nervous system is The nervous system is made up of made up of nerve cellsnerve cells or or neuronesneurones..Neurones are Neurones are longlong and and thin.thin.Function of neurone is to Function of neurone is to carry impulses carry impulses (electrical (electrical signals).signals).A neurone consist of cell A neurone consist of cell body (contains nucleus, body (contains nucleus, dendrons, dendrites) and a dendrons, dendrites) and a single axon.single axon.

Neurone partNeurone part FunctionFunctionCell bodyCell body Controls all activities of bodyControls all activities of body

DendriteDendrite Receives impulses from other neurone Receives impulses from other neurone and transmit them to cell bodyand transmit them to cell body

DendronDendron Receives impulses and transmits them Receives impulses and transmits them to cell bodyto cell body

AxonAxon Bring the impulses leave the cell body Bring the impulses leave the cell body effector effector

Myelin sheathMyelin sheath -insulator on axon prevents the leakage -insulator on axon prevents the leakage of impulses.of impulses.-increases the speed of impulse -increases the speed of impulse transmissiontransmission

There are 3 types of neurone:There are 3 types of neurone:– Sensory neuroneSensory neurone– Relay neurone (interneurone)Relay neurone (interneurone)– Motor neuroneMotor neurone

Comparison between sensory neurone, relay Comparison between sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone.neurone and motor neurone.

CharacteristicCharacteristic Sensory Sensory neuroneneurone

Relay neuroneRelay neurone Motor neuroneMotor neurone

Position of Position of the cell bodythe cell body

In the middle of In the middle of neuroneneurone

At the cente of At the cente of neurone neurone

At the end of the At the end of the neuroneneurone

Length of Length of axonaxon

ShortShort ChangesChanges LongLong

FunctionFunction Carries impulses Carries impulses from sensory from sensory organ/receptor-> organ/receptor-> CNSCNS

Transmits Transmits impulses from impulses from sensory sensory neurone -> neurone -> motor neuronemotor neurone

Transmits Transmits impulses from impulses from CNS -> effectorCNS -> effector

2.3 Nerve Coordination2.3 Nerve CoordinationTransmission of impulses from receptor to effectorTransmission of impulses from receptor to effector

Receptor:Receives stimulus and triggers impulses

Synapses:The gap that separates two neurones and allows the impulses to pass through it in one direction only

Effector:Reacts by the contraction of the muscles or glands producing the hormones.

Sensory neurone

Relay neurone

Motor neurone

Reflex action:Reflex action:

Reflex action-are Reflex action-are automatic and fast responsesautomatic and fast responses of the body towards external stimuli, of the body towards external stimuli, withoutwithout the the involvement of involvement of thinkingthinking..Reflex action take place in the Reflex action take place in the spinal cordspinal cord..

START

1.1. If the hand is pricked by a needle, the receptors or If the hand is pricked by a needle, the receptors or sensory cells in the skin are stimulated. Nerve impulse sensory cells in the skin are stimulated. Nerve impulse is triggered.is triggered.

2.2. The impulse travels along the sensory neurones to the The impulse travels along the sensory neurones to the spinal cord.spinal cord.

3.3. The impulses pass through synapses to the relay The impulses pass through synapses to the relay neurone.neurone.

4.4. The impulse travel along the relay neurone.The impulse travel along the relay neurone.5.5. It across the synapses to the motor neurone.It across the synapses to the motor neurone.6.6. It travels along the motor neurone to the muscles.It travels along the motor neurone to the muscles.7.7. The muscles contract and jerk the hand from the The muscles contract and jerk the hand from the

needle.needle.

Other examples of reflex action:Other examples of reflex action:– Jerking away of hand when in contact with a hot Jerking away of hand when in contact with a hot

kettle.kettle.– Lifting of leg when the foot accidentally steps on a Lifting of leg when the foot accidentally steps on a

nail.nail.– Coughing when chocked on somethingCoughing when chocked on something– Jerking of the knee is knockedJerking of the knee is knocked– Blinking the eyes to avoid the entry of small insects or Blinking the eyes to avoid the entry of small insects or

dustdust– Immediately constriction of the pupils when a bright Immediately constriction of the pupils when a bright

light is directed to the eyes.light is directed to the eyes.

The path of reflex action is called a The path of reflex action is called a reflex arc.reflex arc.

Receptor/ sensory organs

Sensory neurones Synapses

Relay neurones

Synapses Motor neurones

Muscles/ effector

2.4 The role of proprioceptors in maintaining 2.4 The role of proprioceptors in maintaining balance and coordinationbalance and coordination

Kinaesthetic senses enable us to be aware of movement Kinaesthetic senses enable us to be aware of movement and position of limbs to maintain balance. and position of limbs to maintain balance. Kinaesthetis senses are important to maintain balance Kinaesthetis senses are important to maintain balance and coordination of body.and coordination of body.Kinaesthetis sensory receptors are found in muscles, Kinaesthetis sensory receptors are found in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints. Such receptors are called tendons, ligaments and joints. Such receptors are called proprioceptors.proprioceptors.Proprioceptors act as sensory organ because their Proprioceptors act as sensory organ because their sensitivity towards the tension of muscles.sensitivity towards the tension of muscles.Examples of activities which are helped by kinaesthetic Examples of activities which are helped by kinaesthetic senses are:senses are:– Playing the pianoPlaying the piano– Combing hair without looking at the mirrorCombing hair without looking at the mirror– Button our t-shirt with closed eyesButton our t-shirt with closed eyes

2.5 the human brain and its 2.5 the human brain and its complexitycomplexity

Part of brainPart of brain Specific featureSpecific feature FunctionFunction

CerebrumCerebrum --largest regionlargest region of the brain of the brain--Many folded surfaceMany folded surface that increase that increase the surface area to place more the surface area to place more neuroneneurone-consist of -consist of left hemisphereleft hemisphere and and right right hemispherehemisphereLeft hemisphere-receive impulses Left hemisphere-receive impulses from right side of bodyfrom right side of bodyRight hemisphere-receive impulses Right hemisphere-receive impulses from left side of bodyfrom left side of body

--control control mentalmental activities:thinking, memory activities:thinking, memory and emotions.and emotions.Control Control sensessenses:sight, :sight, hearing, smelling and hearing, smelling and touchingtouchingControls Controls muscles muscles movement:movement: wakling,writing,runningwakling,writing,running

CerebellumCerebellum -situated at lower part of the -situated at lower part of the cerebrum and at the back of cerebrum and at the back of medulla oblongatamedulla oblongata-has folded surface-has folded surface

-control -control body balancebody balance-coordinates muscle -coordinates muscle movementmovement-control activities like riding -control activities like riding bicyclebicycle

Medulla Medulla oblongataoblongata

-connects the -connects the brain with spinal cordbrain with spinal cord-it is the control centre of -it is the control centre of involuntary actionsinvoluntary actions

-control involuntary actions -control involuntary actions such as such as breathing, blood breathing, blood pressure, heartbeat, food pressure, heartbeat, food digestion, peristalsisdigestion, peristalsis

The differences between Voluntary Action and Involuntary Action

Voluntary actionVoluntary action DifferencesDifferences Involuntary actionInvoluntary actionActions we are awareActions we are aware Type of responseType of response AutomaticAutomatic

Begins in brainBegins in brain Stimuli of actionsStimuli of actions No stimuliNo stimuli

CerebrumCerebrum Region in brainRegion in brain Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata

Receptor->spinal Receptor->spinal cord->cerebrum-cord->cerebrum->spinal cord->muscles>spinal cord->muscles

Impulses Impulses transmissiontransmission

Receptor->spinal Receptor->spinal cord->Medulla cord->Medulla oblongata->spinal oblongata->spinal cord->internal organscord->internal organs

Skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles (biceps)(biceps)

Parts that respondParts that respond Internal organs (heart, Internal organs (heart, kidneys)kidneys)

Somatic nervous Somatic nervous systemsystem

Type of nerve Type of nerve involveinvolve

Autonomic nervous Autonomic nervous systemsystem

Writing, speaking, Writing, speaking, walking,hearing, walking,hearing, dancingdancing

Example of actionExample of action Heartbeat,peristalsis, Heartbeat,peristalsis, breathing,reflex breathing,reflex action, constriction of action, constriction of pupilspupils

Effect of injury to the brain:Effect of injury to the brain:

1. Injury to the region controlling movement:Results in certain parts of the body to be paralysisExample: limbs

2. Injury to the senses of smell and taste:Results in the loss of senses of smell and taste

3. Injury to the medulla oblongata:All involuntary actions cease and this cause death.

5. Injury to the senses of sight region:Results in blindness

4. Injury to the senses of hearing region:Results in deafness.

6. Injury to the cerebrum:Results in the loss of body balance

Comparison between nervous system and endocrine systemComparison between nervous system and endocrine system

DifferencesDifferences Nervous systemNervous system Endocrine systemEndocrine systemCoordinationCoordination Consist of nervesConsist of nerves Consist of ductless glandsConsist of ductless glands

Way of impulse Way of impulse transmissiontransmission

Goes through the Goes through the nerves nerves electrochemically.electrochemically.

Goes to bloodstream in the Goes to bloodstream in the form of chemical substances form of chemical substances (hormones) (hormones)

Speed of impulse Speed of impulse transmissiontransmission

Very fastVery fast SlowSlow

Duration of effectDuration of effect A short whileA short while LongLong

Target areasTarget areas SpecificSpecific WideWide

ResponsesResponses Fast and immediateFast and immediate Slow and continuousSlow and continuous

Examples of body Examples of body coordinationcoordination

Writing, dancingWriting, dancing Growth, body metabolismGrowth, body metabolism

SimilaritiesSimilarities Control and coordinates body function and activitiesControl and coordinates body function and activitiesRespond to a stimulusRespond to a stimulusPossess target organPossess target organ

Importance of coordination Importance of coordination between N.S and E.Sbetween N.S and E.S

Both of them coordinates the appropriate Both of them coordinates the appropriate body respondsbody responds towards towards on stimulus.on stimulus.Example, when fear strikes during a fire, Example, when fear strikes during a fire, adrenal glandsadrenal glands secretes hormones that secretes hormones that changes glycogenchanges glycogenglucose for muscles’ glucose for muscles’ usage.usage.Then Then musclesmuscles will gain more energy to will gain more energy to enable the person to running away from enable the person to running away from the fire.the fire.

Adverse effects of drug abuse on Adverse effects of drug abuse on body coordination and health:body coordination and health:

Stimulating body responseStimulating body responseHallucinationHallucinationSlowing down body responseSlowing down body responseInfection of diseasesInfection of diseases

Factors that cause drug abuse and Factors that cause drug abuse and steps to overcome itsteps to overcome it

FactorFactor Steps to overcomeSteps to overcomePeer influencePeer influenceDesire to tryDesire to tryPleasure-seekingPleasure-seekingLack of religious Lack of religious

educationeducationTo overcome To overcome

daily pressuredaily pressure

Anti-drug campaignAnti-drug campaignDeath penalty for drug Death penalty for drug

traffickingtraffickingParental love for the youngParental love for the youngParental supervision of daily Parental supervision of daily Emphasis on religious and Emphasis on religious and

moral educationmoral education

2.9 the effect of excessive consumption of 2.9 the effect of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination and healthalcohol on body coordination and health

Alcoholic drinks contain ethanolAlcoholic drinks contain ethanolEthanol is produced from fermentation of Ethanol is produced from fermentation of glucose by yeastglucose by yeastExamples: beer, whisky, vodka, rum and Examples: beer, whisky, vodka, rum and brandy. brandy. They are categorised as hard drinks They are categorised as hard drinks because of their because of their high alcohol contenthigh alcohol content

•Alcohol slow down the rate of nerve impulse

transmission and affects the central nervous

system

Effects of excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks

•Response of drinker in emergency is slow

•Cannot drive safely because his sight is blurred and his hearing is

poor.•A drinker uses longer time to stop

his vehicles

•Alcohol can damage liver cells, reduce the

production of bile, cause cirrhosis of the liver (scar tissue) and

hepatitis.•In severe case,

continuous consumption of alcohol

can cause death

2.10 importance of sound and healthy mind2.10 importance of sound and healthy mind

The mind is the ability of brain to think and judge.The mind is the ability of brain to think and judge.A healthy mind enables a person to make logical A healthy mind enables a person to make logical judgment before he actsjudgment before he acts

PeoplePeople CharacteristicsCharacteristicsHealthy mindHealthy mind -positive thinking, independent, -positive thinking, independent,

caring and responsible.caring and responsible.

Unhealthy mindUnhealthy mind -short-tempered, feels worry, not -short-tempered, feels worry, not have self esteem and difficult to have self esteem and difficult to control emotionscontrol emotions

The mind of an individual is affected by external and The mind of an individual is affected by external and internal factors internal factors

Factors that affect the mind

•Brain injury-caused by disease or accident•Disease-gastritis or joint pain•Hormones imbalances•Drug abuse-hallucination•Excessive consumption of alcohol-cannot think logically

•Social factor-family and peer•Environment conditions-weather and temperature•Mental stress

External factors Internal factors

conceptsconcepts conceptsconceptsspinal nerve and cranial nerve are spinal nerve and cranial nerve are not involve in reflex actionnot involve in reflex action

spinal nerve and cranial nerve are spinal nerve and cranial nerve are involved in reflex actioninvolved in reflex action

knee-jerking involves relay neuroneknee-jerking involves relay neurone knee-jerking does not involve relay knee-jerking does not involve relay neuroneneurone

left hemisphere control left side of left hemisphere control left side of body while right hemisphere control body while right hemisphere control right side of bodyright side of body

left hemisphere control right side of left hemisphere control right side of body while right hemisphere control body while right hemisphere control left side of bodyleft side of body

deficiency of iodine in blood can deficiency of iodine in blood can cause mumpscause mumps

deficiency of iodine in blood goitredeficiency of iodine in blood goitre

alcohol is not a type of drugalcohol is not a type of drug alcohol is a type of drug because it alcohol is a type of drug because it affects body functionaffects body function

all drugs can adverse effects only to all drugs can adverse effects only to a person’s healtha person’s health

drugs can cause adverse effects to drugs can cause adverse effects to the body if they are misused. Some the body if they are misused. Some drugs can be used for medical drugs can be used for medical purpose.purpose.

(cerebrum/cerebellum) control voluntary (cerebrum/cerebellum) control voluntary actions.actions.When your (cerebrum/cerebellum) is When your (cerebrum/cerebellum) is injured, you’ll lose your body balanceinjured, you’ll lose your body balanceExcessive of hormone produce by pituitary Excessive of hormone produce by pituitary gland will cause (gigantism/dwarfism)gland will cause (gigantism/dwarfism)Master gland of endocrine system is Master gland of endocrine system is (adrenal/pituitary) gland(adrenal/pituitary) gland4types of drugs:4types of drugs:– depressantsdepressants– –