Chapter 19(a) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A.

Chapter 19(a)

The Representative The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Elements: Groups 1A

Through 4AThrough 4A

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19a–2

Figure 19.1: The periodic table.

Figure 19.2: The atomic radii of some atoms in picometers.

Figure 19.3: The structure of quartz, which has the empirical formula SiO2.


Figure 19.4: Lepidolite is composed mainly of lithium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen, but it also

contains significant amounts of rubidium and cesium.


(left) Hydrogen gas being used to blow soap bubbles. (right) As the bubbles float upward, they are lighted using a candle on a long pole. The orange flame is due to the heat from the reaction of hydrogen with the oxygen in the air that excites

sodium ions in the soap solution.


Figure 19.5: The structure of ice, showing the hydrogen bonding.

Chapter 19(b)

The Representative The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Elements: Groups 1A

Through 4A Through 4A (cont’d)(cont’d)


Calcium metal reacting with water to form bubbles of hydrogen gas.

Figure 19.6: (a) Solid BeCl2 can be visualized as being formed from many BeCl2 molecules, where lone pairs on the chlorine atoms are used to bond to the beryllium atoms in adjacent BeCl2 molecules. (b) The extended structure of solid BeCl2. (c) The ball-and-stick model of the extended structure.

Figure 19.7: (a) A schematic representation of a typical cation-exchange resin. (b) and (c) When hard water is passed over the cation-exchange resin, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ bind to the resin.

Gallium metal has such a low melting point (30ºC) that it melts from the heat of a hand.


Figure 19.8: (a) The structure of B2H6 with its two three-center B—H—B bridging bonds and four "normal" B—H

bonds. (b) The structure of B5H9. There are five "normal" B—H bonds to terminal hydrogens and four three-center

bridging bonds around the base.


Lead (II) oxide, known as litharge.

Chapter 19(a) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A.

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Transcript of Chapter 19(a) The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A.