Chapter 19 U.S. History 2. World War I and Its Aftermath 19.1 The United States Enters World War I...

Chapter 19U.S. History 2

World War I and Its Aftermath

• 19.1 The United States Enters World War I

• 19.2 The Home Front• 19.3 A World of Conflict• 19.4 The War’s Impact

19.1 The United States Enters World War I

• Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy

• The Outbreak of World War I

• American Neutrality• Moving Toward War

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy• In 1911, a revolution in

Mexico forced its leader, Porfirio Díaz, to flee the country.

• The new leader, Francisco Madero, was a poor administrator.

• General Victoriano Huerta took over in Mexico and presumably had Madero murdered.

General Victoriano Huerta

Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy

• Wilson refused to recognize the new government.

• He also prevented weapons from reaching Huerta.

• In 1914, Wilson sent U.S. Marines to seize Veracruz to overthrow Huerta.


• Anti-American riots broke out in Mexico.

• International mediation of the dispute placed Venustiano Carranza as Mexico’s new president.

• Mexican forces opposed to Carranza conducted raids into the United States.

• They were hoping Wilson would intervene. Venustiano Carranza


• Pancho Villa led a group of guerrillas, an armed group that carries out surprise attacks, into New Mexico killing Americans.

• Wilson sent General John J. Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa.

• Pershing was unsuccessful. • Wilson’s Mexican policy

damaged U.S. foreign relations. John J. Pershing

The Outbreak of World War I

• In the 1860s, Prussia began a series of wars to unite the German states.

• By 1871, Germany was united.

• France and Germany were enemies.

• Germany formed the Triple Alliance with Austria-Hungary and Italy.


• Russia and France formed the Franco-Russian Alliance against Germany and Austria-Hungary.

• Great Britain remained neutral until the early 1900s

• It then began an arms race with Germany.

• British became closer with France and Russia.

• The three countries became known as the Triple Entente.


• Nationalism, intense pride for one’s homeland, was developing in Europe in the late 1800s.

• Self-determination, the idea that a nation should have its own country and government, was a basic idea of nationalism.

• A crisis in the Balkans began when different groups within the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek independence.

ArchdukeFranz Ferdinand


• In June 1914, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was killed by a Bosnian revolutionary.



• On July 28, Austria declared war on Serbia.

• On August 1, Germany declared war on Russia.

• Two days later Germany declared war on France.

• The Allies–France, Russia, Great Britain, and later Italy–fought for the Triple Entente.



• Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers.

• Germany and France became locked in a stalemate in trench warfare.

• The stalemate lasted three years.

• The Central Powers were winning on the Eastern Front.

Trench warfare

British troops in trenches

Soldiers picking lice from clothes

German trenches preserved

American Neutrality

• Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral.

• He did not want to be pulled into a foreign war.

• Both sides found support among Americans.

• Most Americans favored the Allied cause.

American Neutrality

• Wilson’s cabinet was pro-British.

• They believed an Allied victory would preserve an international balance of power.

• The British skillfully used propaganda, or information used to influence opinion, to gain American support.

American Neutrality

• American companies had ties to the Allied countries.

• Many American banks gave loans to the Allies.

• The money would only be paid back if the Allies won.

• As a result, American prosperity was tied to the war.

Moving Toward War

• Most Americans did not want to enter the war.

• The British navy blockaded Germany to keep it from getting contraband, or prohibited materials.

• Germany deployed submarines known as U-boats.

• Germany threatened to sink ships around Britain.

Moving Toward War

• Attacking civilians ships without warning violated an international treaty.

• The Germans sunk the Lusitania, a British passenger liner, killing almost 1,200 passengers–including 128 Americans.

• Americans instructed Germany to stop U-boat strikes.

Moving Toward War

• Germany did not want the U.S. to join the war to strengthen the Allies.

• The Sussex Pledge, a promise made by Germany to stop sinking merchant ships, kept the U.S. out of the war for a bit longer.

Moving Toward War

• A German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany.

• In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States.

• The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by British intelligence and leaked to American newspapers. Arthur Zimmermann

Moving Toward War

• In February 1917, Germany went back to unrestricted submarine warfare and sank six American merchant ships.

• On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war against Germany.

19.2 The Home Front

• Building up the Military

• Organizing Industry• Mobilizing the

Workforce• Ensuring Public

Support

Building Up the Military

• The U.S. needed to recruit more soldiers.

• Many thought conscription, or forced military service, violated democratic and principles.

• The U.S. initiated a new system of conscription, called selective service.


• Black soldiers served in segregated units and faced discrimination.

• World War I was the first war in which women officially served.

• The navy enlisted women as clerics, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers.


• The army did not enlist women.

• It did hire them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions.

• Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war.

Organizing Industry

• In 1917, the War Industries Board (WIB) was created to manage the production of war goods.

• In 1918, the WIB was reorganized with Bernard Baruch as its new director.

Organizing Industry

• Herbert Hoover directed the Food Administration.

• He was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption.

• People planted victory gardens to raise their own food to leave more food for the troops.

Organizing Industry

• The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil.

• Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy.

• To raise money for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds.

• Buying bonds was a way to loan the government money.

Mobilizing the Workforce

• To prevent strikes, the government created the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in 1918.

• The labor leaders agreed not to strike in exchange for:– wage increases– 8-hour workdays– the right to organize unions

and bargain collectively


• The war increased the need for women in the workforce.

• They took manufacturing jobs that soldiers left behind.

• After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce.


• Few immigrants came during the war.

• This opened wartime jobs for blacks.

• Many blacks left the South to settle in the North during the “Great Migration.”

• Many Mexicans moved north to work on farms and take wartime factory jobs.

Ensuring Public Support• The Committee on Public

Information (CPI) tried to persuade Americans to support the war.

• Espionage is spying to acquire secret government information.

• The Espionage Act of 1917 set up consequences for people who aided the enemy.

Ensuring Public Support

• The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government.

• Many distrusted German Americans, labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and others.

• In Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court limited freedom of speech if it proved to be a “clear and present danger.”

19.3 A World of Conflict

• Combat in World War I• The Americans and

Victory• A Flawed Peace

Combat in World War I

• Millions of Europeans had died in WWI by 1917.

• Americans believed they could end the war quickly.

• Soldiers dug trenches for protection from modern weapons.

British trenches


• “No man’s land” was the space between the opposing trenches.

• Soldiers would charge the enemy by scrambling out of the trenches.

• This made soldiers easy targets. • Both sides lost several hundred

thousand men in major battles.

German trenches


• New technologies were created to improve military efficiency.

• The Germans used poison gas, which caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation.

• Tanks were unsuccessfully used.

• Airplanes dropped small bombs on the enemy and engaged in air battles.

The Americans and Victory

• “Doughboys” was a nickname for American soldiers.

• The American soldiers boosted the morale of Allied forces.

• American Admiral William S. Sims proposed convoys, in which merchant ships and troop transports were gathered into groups and brought across the Atlantic by warships.


• The result was a reduction in shipping losses and ensured that troops would get to Europe safely.

• Although Russians supported the war effort, their government was not equipped to handle the major problems of the nation.

• In 1917 Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik Party, overthrew the government and replaced it with a Communist one. Vladimir Lenin


• Lenin pulled Russia out of the war and agreed with Germany to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

• They agreed to removing German armies from Russian lands in exchange for territory.

• This closed the Eastern Front for Germany. Vladimir Lenin


• In March of 1918, Germany successfully launched a massive attack along the Western Front.

• Americans troops captured the village of Cantigny.

• The U.S. and France blocked the German attack of Paris.


• In September 1918, American General Pershing put together the most massive attack in American history.

• This caused one German position after another to fall to the Americans.

• On November 11, 1918, Germany finally signed an armistice, or cease-fire, that ended the war.

Pershing

A Flawed Peace• In January 1919, the Allied nations

met to resolve the issues caused by the war.

• Woodrow Wilson proposed his plan, called the Fourteen Points.

• The points included:– eliminating the general causes of

the war through free trade and disarmament

– open diplomacy instead of secret agreements

– the right to self-determination.

A Flawed Peace• They required the evacuation of

the Central Powers from all countries invaded during the war.

• The 14th point, known as the League of Nations, called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future wars.

• The other Allies felt the plan was too lenient toward Germany.

• The Treaty of Versailles, signed by Germany, weakened Wilson’s proposal.

Wilson at Versailles

A Flawed Peace

• The treaty stripped Germany of its military and made it pay reparations to the Allies.

• The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations were opposed by many U.S. lawmakers.

• Henry Cabot Lodge and the “Reservationists” supported the League but wanted to amend the treaty to preserve the nation’s freedom to act independently.

A Flawed Peace

• Wilson suffered a stroke.• The Senate refused to

ratify the treaty. • Instead, the U.S.

negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers.

Read the Time NotebookWar to End All Wars: 1914-1918

Pages 590-591 in The American Vision.

19.4 The War’s Impact

• An Economy in Turmoil

• Racial Unrest• The Red Scare• An End to

Progressivism

An Economy in Turmoil

• Rapid inflation occurred after World War I had ended.

• Inflation increased the cost of living–the cost of food, clothing, shelter, and other essentials people need.

• Workers needed higher wages meet the cost of living.

• Companies wanted to lower wages to reduce operating costs.


• Unions became bigger and better organized during the war.

• As a result, the number of strikes increased.• General strikes are strikes that involve all

workers living in a certain location.• The Seattle general strike brought the city to a

halt for five days.• In 1919, 75 percent of the Boston police went

on strike.


• The governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, called in the National Guard to stop looting.

• Coolidge fired the police that went on strike.

• A new police force was hired to replace them.


• One of the largest strikes took place when 350,000 steelworkers went on strike.

• They wanted higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union.

• Their failure set back the steel industry workers until 1937.

Racial Unrest

• In 1919, race riots in the North were caused by the return of soldiers who needed to find work.

• African Americans were now competing for the same jobs as the soldiers.

• Race riots occurred in Chicago and lasted almost two weeks.

The Red Scare

• The strikes in 1919 made Americans fear that Communists, or “reds,” might take control.

• This led to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare.

• The postal service intercepted 30 explosive parcels sent to business and political leaders.

• One bomb damaged the home of United States Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer.

The Red Scare

• Most people blamed Communists for the explosives.

• Palmer set up the General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover.

• Today, this is known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

• Palmer organized raids on various radical organizations.

• He rounded up many immigrants who were then deported, or expelled from the country.

An End to Progressivism

• Warren G. Harding won the election in 1920 with a campaign that called for a return to “normalcy.”

• Harding won the election by a landslide.

• The American people liked the idea of returning to a simpler time.

TEST TOMORROW!

Chapter 19 U.S. History 2. World War I and Its Aftermath 19.1 The United States Enters World War I...

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