Chapter 19 “The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY...

Chapter 19 “The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators

and Depression”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

I. Europe after WWI

A. Damaged economies

1.Lost producers and consumers

2. Industrial infrastructure destroyed

3. New borders separated factories from resources

4. Railway systems now split between multiple nations

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

II. The New USSR

A. 1921 – Lenin’s New Economic Plan (NEP)

1. Mixture of socialism and capitalism

B. Stalin/Trotsky Rivalry

1. 1922 – Lenin suffers stroke, dies in 1924

2. Leon Trotsky vs. Joseph Stalin

3. Stalin convinced party of:

- Rapid industrialization

- Opposition to Trotsky’s “worldwide revolution”

- 1929 - Trotsky exiled to Mexico, killed

C. Stalin’s 5-Year Plan

1. Gov’t control over economy, industrialization

2. 1928-1940 - Economy grows 400%

3. Horrid working conditions in factories

4. Collectivization of farms

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trotsky_Portrait.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lenin_CL.jpg


Administration

D. Stalin’s Terror

1. Kulaks – well off peasants who resisted collectivization

2. “Dekulakization” – removal of kulaks to Siberia

3. The Great Purges

- 1933 – Stalin’s killing or removal of enemies and opponents

- fueled by Stalin’s power and paranoia

III.Fascism in Italy

A. Fascism – “nation first dictatorship,” anti-Liberal, anti-Marxist, usually anti-Semitic

B. Benito Mussolini

1. Angered by Treaty of V

2. Strong Nationalist

3. Took advantage of post-war chaosCopyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942_flipped.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mussolini_biografia.jpg


Benito Mussolini became famous for bombastic public

speeches delivered in settings surrounded by his Fascist

followers and military supporters.

AP Wide World Photos

IV. The Weimar Republic in GA. The G Constitution – liberal and flawed

1. allowed small parties to gain seats in Reichstag easily2. permitted presidential “emergency powers” if

granted by ReichstagB. Lacked Support of People

1. Connected to Treaty of V2. Treaty reparations caused massive

inflation, paper money becomes worthless3. High unemployment4. Weimar Republic appearspowerless


Early Nazi Propaganda

"Come to the NSDAP Meeting."

At the bottom, there are the following notes:

“War injured and the unemployed half price, Jews not admitted.”


"Two million dead. Did they die in vain? Never! Front soldiers! Adolf Hitler is showing you the way!"


“Work and Food"

V. The Rise of Adolf Hitler in GA. 1919 - WWI

1. earned iron cross for bravery2. blames G loss on Jews and

Communists3. is humiliated by Treaty of V

B. 1921 - Joins Nazis 1. rises to leadership

2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests Weimar Republic

3. imprisoned, martyred4. writes Mein Kampf5. Nazi Party grows6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control

Reichstag7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G

"Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf

Hitler want? Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats,

Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking!


"Enough! Vote Hitler!"

“If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace.”

~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924


Kulturbesitz

C. Hitler gains total control 1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire

“This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.”

~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce

a) Hitler blames the Communistsb) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect

the nation”c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended“Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including

freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.”

2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws a) German citizens must be of German or related blood b) All others were not citizens but “subjects” including

Jews3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins a) Jews were seen as an impure threat to G “Master

Race”4. SS Guard – Hitler’s police led by Heinrich Himmler5. 1938 -- Kristallnacht – “Night of the Broken Glass” a) Thousands of Jewish stores, synagogues destroyed

Chapter 20“World War II”

AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON

MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL

Jews in Europe before WWII

Anti-Semitic Propaganda

"Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."


"The God of the Jews is money. To earn money, he commits the greatest crimes. He will not rest until he can sit on a huge money sack, until he has become the king of money."


“No Jews Wanted Here.”

"The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number six...“

“The Eternal Jew”

The Jew: “The inciter of war; the prolonger of war.”

I. World War II Begins A. Breaking the Treaty of V

1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy 3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland

B. Br and Fr Concerned1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br)

to discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr

C. German Aggression Continues1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in

Czech.)2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech.4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to

campsD. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G, Italy, Japan)

Benito Mussolini

Neville Chamberlain

German Rhineland

• Printed prior to the Nazi annexation of Poland.

• Danzig, Poland was a Nazi target.

• Even “the heavens” agree that Danzig is a German city.

German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”

II. U.S. Enters WWII

A.The War in Eu

1. 1941 - Under Axis Control: most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia

B. Japan – Fascist, expansionist military gov’t

C. U.S. responds to J aggression

1) U.S. ends all trade with J

2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor

D. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed

2. U.S. declares war on J

Stalingrad

III.The Allies vs. The Axis

A. Churchill+FDR’s War Strategy

1. Stop G, win war in Eu first

B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder

1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR

a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the Volga River)

b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers

c) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR

Stalingrad

C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch”

1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy

2. 1943 - Italy surrenders,

Mussolini executed by his people

Calais

Operation Overlord: D-Day

D. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord”

1. D-Day: June 6, 1944

a) Goal: Drive G out of Frb) Allied attack on Normandy Frhttp://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584

c) over 1 million Allied troops landed

d) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris

http://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584

Calais


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Approaching-omaha.jpg

Calais


E. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge

1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel

2. G fails – Allies advance toward G

IV. The HolocaustA. The Final Solution

1. 1941 – Nazi leaders met in Wannsee, Germany

2. The Final Solution = the Nazi answer to the “Jewish Question.” What to do with the Jews?

3. “These people must disappear from the face of the earth.” ~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi Leaders

The Gas Chambers

1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen cyanide (a pesticide) used in the gas chambers.

• 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2 tons of Zyklon B.

• 1943 – 13.4 tons.• 1944 – 19.6 tons.

The Crematorium1. Used to burn

dead bodies.2. Located at

extermination camps

Nazi Medical Experiments

1. Prisoners were human “guinea pigs.”

• Studied women’s wombs following injections of toxic chemicals.

• Cut off limbs and reattached limbs from other prisoners.

• Mustard-gas poisoning tests.

B. Liberation

1. Freeing of Concentration Camps

“There is no doubt that this is the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world.”

~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon witnessing camp atrocities

C. The Statistics

1. Number of Jews Killed:

• 6 million total• 2/3 of European

Jews • 1/3 of Jews in the

world• 88% of Jews in

Poland were killed – 2,950,000

V.Allied Victory

A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

1. USSR attacks Berlin, G

2. U.S. attacks Nuremberg, G

3. Hitler commits suicide in Berlin bunker

4. May 7, 1945 - G Surrenders

VI. War in the Pacific

A. J Refuses to Surrender

B. Allied Island Hopping

1. Island Battles at Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa

2. J fought to the death

3. Kamikaze suicide missions

C. The Atomic Bombs1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman

is Pres of U.S.2. Truman decides to “save U.S.

lives”

3. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima

a) 80,000 instantly dead

4. J refuses to surrender

5. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki

a) 40,000 instantly dead

6. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)

Chapter 19 “The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression” AP EUROPEAN HISTORY...

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