Chapter 19Chapter 19Section 4Section 4

The Cold WarThe Cold War

At HomeAt Home

Another Red ScareAnother Red Scare The Cold War had a huge impact on the U.S.The Cold War had a huge impact on the U.S. Congress came up with theCongress came up with the National Security National Security

CouncilCouncil to advise the president on strategic matters Congress replaced the War Department with the

Department of Defense, combining all the branches of the military under the Joint Chiefs of Staff

It also established the CIA to gather information Although Truman obviously was opposed to

communism, some Republicans accused him of allowing Communists in the U.S. government

Truman responded by setting up the Loyalty Review Board to investigate all government employees

By the end 20,000 were investigated, 2,000 resigned and more than 300 were fired

*open source describes a broad general type of software license that makes source code available to the general public with relaxed or non-existent copyright restrictions.

Continued….Continued….

Leading Congress in the fight against Leading Congress in the fight against communism in the U.S. was the communism in the U.S. was the House Un-House Un-American Activities CommitteeAmerican Activities Committee

The HUAC investigated and questioned peace organizations, liberal political groups and even Hollywood

{A group of directors and writers known as the Hollywood TenHollywood Ten chose jail rather than answer the HUAC questions,} for this they were blacklisted

The hysteria created by the HUAC spread The hysteria created by the HUAC spread quicklyquickly

Any group or person that spoke out against the Any group or person that spoke out against the HUAC being undemocratic were investigated HUAC being undemocratic were investigated

The Hollywood TenThe Hollywood Ten

*For those of you who are paying enough attention to notice there are 12 men in the picture; the two men on either side in the front row are their lawyers

The Search for SpiesThe Search for Spies In 1948, In 1948, {a lawyer named {a lawyer named Alger HissAlger Hiss was

accused of being a Communist spy and giving federal documents to the Soviets}

When Hess sued his accuser, Whittaker Chambers, for slander, Whittaker produced copies of documents that proved Hess had lied to the HUAC.

Hiss was convicted of perjury and sentenced to 5 years in prison

{In 1951 a court convicted Julius and Ethel Julius and Ethel RosenbergRosenberg of providing the Soviets with atomic energy secrets during WWII}

Despite the testimony that they were innocent victims of the anti-red hysteria and world wide protests, the Rosenbergs were executed in June of 1953

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, convicted of passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet Union, were the first American civilians executed for espionage. Ethel's brother, David Greenglass, who was an employee of the Los Alamos atomic bomb project, passed secrets to Julius and Ethel, who then funneled them to the Soviets. At 8:05 pm on June 19, 1953, Julius was executed. Ten minutes later Ethel was also executed, although the first 57-second jolt of electricity failed to kill her. She received two more before being pronounced dead. Controversy about the Rosenberg case persists to this day, especially about the degree of Ethel's actual involvement in the espionage and the appropriateness of death as the penalty for her.

McCarthyismMcCarthyism

Wisconsin Senator, Wisconsin Senator, Joseph McCarthyJoseph McCarthy helped to escalade the red scare

In 1950 McCarthy claimed to possess a list of Communists who worked for the State Department

Although he never produced a list of any kind Although he never produced a list of any kind and had no evidence dozens of people lost their and had no evidence dozens of people lost their jobs and hundreds of reputations were ruined by jobs and hundreds of reputations were ruined by McCarthy’s accusations McCarthy’s accusations

Out of fear of communism and the Soviet Union Out of fear of communism and the Soviet Union many supported his crusademany supported his crusade

One who did challenge him was Maine Senator, One who did challenge him was Maine Senator, Margaret Chase SmithMargaret Chase Smith who along with others who along with others issued the Declaration of Conscience which issued the Declaration of Conscience which condemned those who turned the Senate into “a condemned those who turned the Senate into “a forum of hate and character assassination” forum of hate and character assassination”

Senator Margaret Chase Senator Margaret Chase SmithSmith

Senator Joseph McCarthy

McCarthy’s DownfallMcCarthy’s Downfall The few who did come out to criticize McCarthy did so The few who did come out to criticize McCarthy did so

in the form of the artsin the form of the arts Playwright Arthur Miller, compared McCarthyism to the Playwright Arthur Miller, compared McCarthyism to the

Salem Witch Trials in Salem Witch Trials in The Crucible The Crucible Newscaster Edward R. Murrow questioned McCarthy’s Newscaster Edward R. Murrow questioned McCarthy’s

ethics and tactics on the TV program ethics and tactics on the TV program See It NowSee It Now In 1954, McCarthy stated that there were Communists In 1954, McCarthy stated that there were Communists

in the U.S. Armyin the U.S. Army Each day the American public tuned their TV’s in to the Each day the American public tuned their TV’s in to the

Army-McCarthy hearings Army-McCarthy hearings McCarthy was publicly viewed relentlessly slandering, McCarthy was publicly viewed relentlessly slandering,

bullying and ridiculing high ranking war heroesbullying and ridiculing high ranking war heroes The 35 days of hearings never produced any evidence The 35 days of hearings never produced any evidence

to back up McCarthy’s claims to back up McCarthy’s claims A few months later the Senate condemned McCarthy for A few months later the Senate condemned McCarthy for

conduct unbecoming a Senator conduct unbecoming a Senator

Nuclear AnxietyNuclear Anxiety

The increased conflict between the U.S. and the The increased conflict between the U.S. and the S.U. led to a race to develop more powerful S.U. led to a race to develop more powerful nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

In 1950 U.S. scientists began the development In 1950 U.S. scientists began the development of the of the Hydrogen BombHydrogen Bomb claiming it would be claiming it would be 1,000 times stronger that the A-bomb 1,000 times stronger that the A-bomb

{The first test of an {The first test of an H-bombH-bomb by the U.S. in by the U.S. in 1952, completely decimated an island in the 1952, completely decimated an island in the Pacific}Pacific} (by decimated I mean gone, no longer (by decimated I mean gone, no longer exists at all.)exists at all.)

Nine months later the Soviet Union tested its Nine months later the Soviet Union tested its own H-bomb own H-bomb

Religion and Nuclear WarReligion and Nuclear War

Fear of a nuclear war turned many people Fear of a nuclear war turned many people to seek comfort in religionto seek comfort in religion

Evangelists such as Evangelists such as Billy Graham,Billy Graham, urged urged Americans to turn to God. Church Americans to turn to God. Church memberships grew rapidlymemberships grew rapidly

Reflecting this religious zeal, Congress Reflecting this religious zeal, Congress added “one nation under God” to the added “one nation under God” to the Pledge of Allegiance and “In God we Pledge of Allegiance and “In God we Trust” to coinsTrust” to coins

Nuclear Fallout Nuclear Fallout While the thought of an H-bomb was scary enough, the While the thought of an H-bomb was scary enough, the

thought of radioactive fallout- a by-product of nuclear thought of radioactive fallout- a by-product of nuclear explosions, was worseexplosions, was worse

Out of this, shelter manufacturers came about. Out of this, shelter manufacturers came about. For about $1500, you got a concrete and steel igloo For about $1500, you got a concrete and steel igloo

that contained flashlights, a first aid kit, a battery radio, that contained flashlights, a first aid kit, a battery radio, portable toilet, 2 weeks worth of food and water.portable toilet, 2 weeks worth of food and water.

In 1957, Congress held a hearing about the dangers of In 1957, Congress held a hearing about the dangers of radioactive fallout. radioactive fallout.

Defense officials claimed that nuclear testing was safe. Defense officials claimed that nuclear testing was safe. Scientists disagreed Scientists disagreed

At the hearing experts testified to the effects of nuclear At the hearing experts testified to the effects of nuclear testing on the environment and cancer and other health testing on the environment and cancer and other health risks in humansrisks in humans

Soon after a campaign against nuclear testing emerged Soon after a campaign against nuclear testing emerged

Space Programs Space Programs As the arms race was progressing, a new race beganAs the arms race was progressing, a new race began In October 1957, In October 1957, {the S.U. launched {the S.U. launched SputnikSputnik the first the first

artificial satellite}artificial satellite} This worried Americans, leading them to think that the This worried Americans, leading them to think that the

S.U. was more technologically advanced S.U. was more technologically advanced Then in November, the S.U. launched Then in November, the S.U. launched Sputnik IISputnik II which had which had

a dog aboard. a dog aboard. The craft orbited Earth for almost 200 days. (its crappy The craft orbited Earth for almost 200 days. (its crappy

life support system kept the dog alive for only a couple of life support system kept the dog alive for only a couple of days) days)

{In January 1958, the U.S. sent up its first satellite {In January 1958, the U.S. sent up its first satellite Explorer IExplorer I} } starting the space race.starting the space race.

Soon, the Soon, the National Aeronautics and Space National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Administration (NASA) was createdwas created

{In 1958, Congress approved the {In 1958, Congress approved the National Defense National Defense Education ActEducation Act which gave millions of dollars to improve which gave millions of dollars to improve education in science, math and foreign languages}education in science, math and foreign languages}

^ Explorer I

< < Sputnik I

V Sputnik II