MONARCHIES OF EUROPEChapter 5

Philip II Louis XIVElizabeth I Peter the Great

Age of Absolutism• Monarchs had complete

authority• Divine Right legitimized

their rule to the common people

• Period defined by rulers who kept power for decades

• Charles V split the Hapsburg Empire when he retired in 1556

Spain• Philip II was given

control of the western Hapsburg empire

• Ruled from 1556-1598

• Philip II was a hard working, suspicious leader as well as devoutly Christian

• Married Mary I of England

ESCORIAL

Social Unrest in Spain• Spanish were a regional people• Castile region in power under Philip II

– Language, Capital (Madrid)• Other regions resented Castile

Philip’s Religious Policy

• Religious minorities faced inquisitorial persecution

• Protestantism never took hold in Spain

• Efforts to Catholicize the Netherlands led to Dutch independence and a war with England

Spanish Armada• Protestant England

threatened Catholic Spain worldwide

• In 1588, the Spanish Armada attacked England, but was defeated

• Defeat marked the beginning of the end of Spanish naval power

Golden Century

• Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote

• Expulsion of religious minorities leads to over taxing of middle class

• Inflation

England

Tudors (1485-1603)

• Henry VII was first Tudor

• Henry VIII was most powerful

• Edward VI (age 9)

• Mary married Philip II and led a return to Catholicism (1553-1558)

• Elizabeth I became Queen in 1558 and ruled for 45 years

Elizabeth’s Reign

• Intelligent and strong willed• Refused marriage• Period of cultural growth• Social classes were important and

fixed• Kept England in severe debt

English Foreign Policy

• With no more holdings on Europe, English Channel was vital for protection and thus the Navy

• Balance of power in Europe helped control growing nations

• Conflict existed with Scotland and Ireland

• Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots

FRANCE

FRANCE’S BOURBON DYNASTY

• Henry IV (1589-1610)–First Bourbon

–Edict of Nantes

• Louis XIII / Cardinal Richelieu (1610-1643)–Centralize Monarch’s power

–Attempted to weaken Hapsburgs

LOUIS XIV (1643-1715)

• Gave power to middle class• 1685-Cancels Edict of Nantes• Moved Capital to Versailles• Domestication of the Nobility• Wars vs. the Netherlands

– League of Augsburg

• War of Spanish Succession 1700-1714

GERMAN STATES

Conflict• Protestant princes vs. Catholic Hapsburgs• 30 Years War (1618-1648)

– Ruined German Economy– French Influence– Peace of Westphalia (p. 170)

• Hapsburgs focus on Austria• Maria Theresa• Emergence of Prussia (Frederick II)• War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)• 7 Years War (1756-1763)