Chapter 19 Empires in collision Middle East and East Asia 1800 1914
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Transcript of Chapter 19 Empires in collision Middle East and East Asia 1800 1914
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@SOFISANDOVAL
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INTRODUCTION
s OpiumWarsremainacentralelementofChina´s“patrioticeducation”
s Some170yearsafterthatclashbetweentheChineseandBritishempires,theOpiumWarretainsenemotionalresonanceformanyChinese.
s ChinafacedanimmensemilitaryandpoliticalambitionsofrivalEuropeanstates.
s Becameenmeshedinnetworksoftradeandinvestment
s TouchedbyvariousaspectsofEruopeanculture–modernityandscientificrationalism
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MAPOFTIME
s 1973–ChineserejritishrequestsforOpenTrade
s 1798–NapoleoninvadesEgypt
s 1838-1842FirstOpiumWarinChina
s 1850-1864TaipinguprisinginChina
s 1856-1858SecondOpiumWarinChina
s 1868InJapan:MejiRestoration
s 1899-1901BoxerRebellioninChina
s 1911ChineseRevolution:EndofQingDynasty
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CRISISWITHINs In1853:430millionChinese=no
IndustrialRevolution,noagriculturalrevolution=couldntkeepup.
s Hugepeasantpopulation,unemployment,impoverishment,miseryandstarvationhigh.
s Statewasunabletoeffectvelyperformmanyfunctions:taxcollection,floodcontrol,socialwelfare.=corruption
s Gaverisetobanditgangs=peasantrebellionopposedtoQingDynasty.=TaipingUprising
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VIDEOTAIPINGREBELLION
3MINUTEVIDEO:HISTORYOFTAIPINGREBELLION
s https://youtu.be/UaWv5cE-_hM
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TAIPINGREBELLIONs Itsleadingfigure,Xiuquan(1814-1864)proclaimedhimseldyoungerbrotherofJesus.Establish
“heavenlyKigdomofGreatPeace”.
s XiuquanrenouncedtheQingDynasty.
s Taipingofficialsorderedthatthefeetofwomenbeunbound.Promisedwomenandmenequalsharesofland.Womenallowedforcivilserviceexaminations.
s Posturedtowardwomenrepresentedsharpchallegetolongestablishedgenderedroles.
s Taipingforces–capitalinNanjing.Butthelackofcommunicationwithotherleadersofrebelgroupsledtothepro-QingDynastytoorganizethemselves.
s Qingdynastyloyalitscrushedpeasantrebellions(WesternmilitarysupportforQingDynasty).
s =devastationanddestructionofcivilwarweakenedChina´seconomy.30millionliveslost.
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WESTERNPRESSURESs 1830sBritishandAmericansfound
enormous,growingprofitablemarketforthisaddictivedrug:OPIUM
s Chineseauthoritiesrecognizedproblem:illegaltrade=corruption
s Chinafounditselfwithmanymillionsofaddicts.–Emperordecidedsupppression.
s Britishoffendedbytheseizureoftheirpropertyinopium–sentanavalexpeditiontoChina.=FirstOpiumWar
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OPIUMWARSs FirstOpiumWar–TreatyofNanjing(ended
thewarin1842)onBritishterms,imposednumerousrestrictionsonChinesesovereigntyandopened5portstoEuropeantraders.(ForChinathiswas=“unequaltreaties”.)
s BritainsvictoryinaSecondOpiumWar(1856-1858)accompaniedbyabrutalvandalizingofemperor´sexquisiteSummerPalace(humilitation).Britishwantedmoreports,nowforeignersallowedtotravelfreelyandbuylandinChinaandpreachChristianity.
s ChinalostcontrolofVietnam,KoreaandTaiwan.Chinawasbeing“carvedup”.
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CONSEQUENCES?s Women:QiuJin(1785-1907)lefthusbandand
2childrentostudyinJapan,startedawomen´sjournalarguingthatliberatedwomenwereessentialforstrongChinesenation.
s Jin“myaimistodresslikeaman,inChinamenarestrongandwomenareviewedweak”.
s QingDynastyresponsetoforeignledtotheedictsin1898“HundredDaysofReform”.
s Manyorganizedrevolutionaries.Chinawasinthebeginningofanimmensestruggleovercountry´sfuture.
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OTTOMANEMPIREs Islamicworldrepresentedahighly
successfulcivilizationthatfeltlittleneedtolearnfromthe“infidels”or“barbarians”oftheWest.
s OttomanEmpireprotecteditspilgrimsontheirwaytotheMecca.
s ThegrowingWestbytheendofthe19thcentury,OttomanEmpirewasnolongerabletodealwithEurope.
s GreatWestsawOttomanEmpireastheSICKMANOFEUROPE
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SICKMANOFEUROPEs OttomanEmpireshrankconsiderablyatthehands
ofBritish,AustrianandFrenchaggresion.
s In1798NapoleoninvasionofEgyptwasastunningblow.=LedtoGreece,Serbia,BulgariaachievedindependencebasedontheirownsurgingfornationalismwiththesupportoftheBritish(army,trade).
s Ottomanstateweakened,(particularlyitsabilitytoraisenecessaryrevenuetofight)–technologicalandmilitarygapwiththeWestwasgrowing.
s CompetitionfromcheapEuropeanmanufacturergoodshitsOttomanEmpire.
s =OttomanEmpirefallsintoadependencyonEurope.
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REFORMANDITSOPPONENTS
s SultanSelimIIIsoughttoreorganizeandupdatearmytodrawonEuropeanadvisersandtechniques.
s ButhostilityofpowerfulfactionsamongtheUlama(religiousscholars)andJanissariesoverthrowSelimin1807.
s In1839,reformistmeasuresknownasTANZIMAT,reorganizationtookshapeontheOttomanleadershipstoprovideEconomic,socialandlegalforanewrecentralizedstate.
s Westernstylenewcodes,modernization=factories,railroads,steamships,telegraphsystem.Armaments.
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REFORMS–WOMENANDSTATEMODERNIZATION
s Tanzimatreformsdidnotaddressgenderissues,theydidstimulatemodesteducationforwomen.
s Teachertrainingcollegeforwomenin1870.Favoredgreateropportunitiesforthemasmeansofstrengtheningthestate,middlehighclasswereinvitedtodiscussionsstatematters.
s OttomanEmpirebecameinfavorofamoreEuropeanstyledemocratic,lesspowertotheEmperor.
s Islamicmodernism,suchideasfoundexpressioninmanypartsofMuslimworld.–societiesarguedtheneedtoembraceWesterntechnicalknowledge.
s Modernitywithoutsacrificingitsessentialreligiouscharacter.
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YOUNGTURKSs CivilianelitesknownasYoungTurks–
modernizationalongEuropeanlinestoperformTurkishnationalstate.
s Led=Turkishasofficiallanguage.OpeningsofUniveristies(UniversityofIstambul),womentowearWesternclothing,permittedtodivorce,restrictedpolygamy.
s OttomanidentityhelpstimulateArabandothernationalisms.
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COMPARINGCHINAANDOTTOMANEMPIRE
s Bothare/werevibrantCivilizations,shiftingbalanceofpowertotheWest.
s Nowtheywere“semi-colonies”withinWest(Europe).
s ChineseandOttomanEmpirescouldntcreateanIndustrialEconomyorStrongState.Butgaverisetoanewconceptionofsociety.
s InChinacollpaseofImperialSystem1911–ledtoacommunistregime.
s CollapseofOttomanEmpireledtothecreationofnewbutsmallerstateofTurkey.
s ChineseretainedtraditionalConfucianvalues.
s Islamretainedaholdonitscivilization.
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JAPANESEDIFFERENCE:RISEOFNEWEASTPOWER
s JapanconfrontedtheagressicepoweroftheWestduringthe19thcentury–SpeciallyUnitedState“blackships”ledbyMathewPerryscommodore.–demandingopeningportsandamore“normal”relationswiththeworlds.
s Japanundertookaradicalformofitssociety:Arevolutionfromabrove;turningJapanintoapowerful,modern,united,industrializednation.
s JapanjoinedtheclubofimperialistcountriesbycreatingitsownEmpire.
s BuildingasocietythatwasmodernanddistinclyJapanese.
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TOKUGAWABACKGROUND
s JapanhadbeengovernedbyShogun(militaryruler)fromtheTogukamafamily.–livedinTokyo300milesawayfromtheseatofpowerEDO(Tokyo).
s BasedonmilitarypwerJapanfor2centuriesenjoyedinternalpeace(1600-1850).Nonationalarmy,nouniformcurrency,littlecentralauthorityatlocallevel,theTokugamawasmoreinto:residence,behaviorofstatusgroupsanddressing.
s Japanesesocietywasdividedinto:(alldevotedtoDAIMYOLORDS)s Samurai(top)s Peasantss Artisansands Merchats
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TOKUGAWABACKGROUND
s Centuriesofpeacecontributedtoeconomicgrowth:riceproduction.
s InfluenceofConfucianismencouragededucationandremarkably40%ofitspopulation–literate.
s TokugawaeraprovidedasolidfoundationforJapan´sremarkableindustrialgrowthinthelate19thcenturies.
s Untilseverefaminein1830thaterodedwithoutbursts.–Shogunatewaslosingcontrol.
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AMERICANINTRUSIONANDMEJIRESTORATION
s JapandeliberatelylimitedcontactwiththeWesttoasingleportandonlyfortheDutchtoallowtrade.
s UnitedStatesforcedtheentrace:SendingCommodorePerryin1853todemandhumanetoAmericanvesselstorefuelandbuyprovisions,andtheopeningofportsfortrade.(Byforce)
s JapanagreedtoaseriesofunequealtreatieswithvariousWesternpowers.–ledtoapoliticaltakeoverbyagroupofyoungsamuraifromsouthernJapan:Mejirestoration.(EnlightenedRule).
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MODERNIZATIONJAPANESESTYLE
s Therereformswererevolutionary–transformingJapan.
s NationalUnity–requiredattackonthepowerandprivilegesofbothDaimyoandtheSamurai(replacingthemwithgovernorsappointedbyaresponsibletothenationalgovernment)Notthelocalauthorities
s Specialpriviledgesforthehighclasswasdismantled,withreformseveryonewasacommoner.
s Eliteclasshadasoftlandinginthearmy,orbusinessenterprises.ThesesocialandpoliticalchangeswasawidespreadandeagerfascinationwithalmosteverythingfromtheWesternworld:technologyandscience.
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MODERNIZATIONOFJAPAN
s LegalandeducationalsystemsfromthewestappliedtoJapan.Hundredsofstudentssentabroad,
s WesternwritersweretranslatedintoJapanese.
s JapansawthebenefitfromlearningfromtheWesttosuccesfullyapplyittothem.
s JapanborrowedmoreselectvelyandcombineforeignandJapaneseelementsindistinctiveways.
s Germanexperienceinffluence:Constitutionof1889.(politicalparties)
s Moderneducationalsystem(fromtheU.SandChina;confucianismappliedtoShinto)
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JAPANESEWOMEN?
s Newgovernmentincludedgirlsintheirplansforuniversaleducation.(schoolssegregatedbysex)
s Womenplayinaroleinpubliclifeorpoliticallifewassuppressed.
s Unitl1922womencouldjoinapoliticalparty.
s Constitutionof1889madeNOmentiononrightsforwomen.Itwasalmostasthereformswasathreattowomenthananopportinuty.
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INFRASTRUCTUREINJAPAN
s Actedtocreateamoderninfrastructurebybuildingrailroads,postalsystem,nationalcurrencyandbanking.
s Japan´sindustrilization,organizedaroundalargenumberoffirmscalledZAIBATZU
s Japanwasabletoproduceitsownmunitionsandindustrialgoodsaswell.Enjoyedamasscirculationofnewspapersandmovietheaters,electriclightsonstreets=createditsownindustrialrevolution.
s Japantaxedheavilyandledtoprotestsspeciallyfromtheoutsideofcities(poorfamilies)countryside.=starvation
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WOMENINTEXTILEINDUSTRY
s MajorityofJapan´stextileworkerswereyoungwomenfrompoorfamiliesinthecountryside.
s Paywaslowandtheirworkingconditionswereterrible,workingfrom14to20hoursperday!
s Somecommittedsuicideorranawayandmanytriedorganizingstrikesorjoinedsocialistmovementswhichlaterwererepressed.
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JAPANANDTHEWORLD
s Bytheearly20thcenturyitseconomicgrowth,opennesstotradeandtheembraceof“civilizationandenlightenment”
s TheAnglo-JapaneseTreatyof1902acknowledgeJapanasanequalplayeramongtheGreatPowersoftheworld.
s JapanescapefromitssemicolonialentaglementswiththeWestbutitalsolauncheditsownempirebuildingenterprise.
s Japanwasnowaneconomic,politiclaandmilitarycompetitorinAsia.
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JAPANANDTHEWORLDs JapandefeatedRussiain1905.(overterritoriesinKorea*)=
generatedadmirationamongmanyAsianandEuropean.
s ThewarconcludedwiththeTreatyofPortsmouth,mediatedbyUSPresidentTheodoreRoosevelt.ThecompletevictoryoftheJapanesemilitarysurprisedworldobservers.
s ThousandflockedtoJapantostudyitsachievements.Japan´svictoryoverRussiawasan“awakeningoftheEast”.
s Japanesemanagetoextend–imperialismtoTaiwan.ExceedingthebrutalityofEuropeanimperialismpractices.
s Nevertheless,JapanwasaliberatorofAsiafromtheEuropeanyokeandtherealityofJapanasanoppressiveimperialpowerinitsownrightderivedfromthecountry´sremarkablemoderntransformation.
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REFLECTIONS
s ShouldweconsiderJapanmoresuccessfulthanChinaortheOttomanEmpireduringthe19thcentury?
s Ifwemeasuresuccessisnationalwealthandpower,thenIndustrialRevolutionsurelycountsasagreataccomplishment.Butifpreservationoftheenvironment,spiritualgrowthandrelationshipsofvillagelifearemorehighlyvalued,thenindustrialization,asGandhiargued,mightbemorereasonablyconsideredadisaster.
s Successforwhom?Women?