Chapter 19 Electrochemistry - WordPress.com

CMBYk19

19-2

eeGGLLiiccRRttUUKKIImmII ( E l e c t r o c h e m i s t r y )

esckþIepþIm TMrg;mYyénfamBlEdlmansar³sMxan;kñúgkarGnuvtþya:gxøaMgenaH KWfamBlGKÁisnI. KµanGKÁisnImYyéf¶BIRkumh‘unfamBlrWGaKuyKWKµanlT§PaBKitBIGVI²enAkñúgsgÁmbec©kviTüarbs; eyIgeT. vis½yénKImIviTüaEdlsikSaBIkarpøas;bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmkénfamBlGKÁisnInigfamBl KImI KWeGLicRtUKImI. dMeNIréneGLicRtUKImI KWRbtikmµerduk EdlfamBlbeBa©jedayRbtikmµekItÉgKWRtUv )anbMEbøgeTACaGKÁisnI rWEdlGKÁisnIRtUv)aneRbIedIm,InaMeGaymanRbtikmµKImIminekItÉg. RbePTcugeRkayenHRtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfa GKÁisnIviPaK .

CMBUkenHBnül;GMBIeKalkarN_sMxan;² nigkarGnuvtþeTAelIBilGKÁisnI ETm:UDINamic énRbtikmµeGLicRtUKImI nigmUlehtunigkarkarBarkareLIgERcHedayviFIeGLicRtUKImI. dMeNIr kareGLicRtUlITicgay²mYycMnYnnigTidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaKk¾RtUv)anBiPakSapgEdr.

1 Rbtikmµerduk

eGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImIKWCasaxaénKImIviTüa EdlsikSaBIkarpøas;bþÚrKñaeTAvijeTAmkénfamBl GKÁisnI nigfamBlKImI. dMeNIrkareGLicRtUKImIKWCaRbtikmµerduk¬GuksIutkmµ-erdukmµ¦ Edl beBa©jedayRbtikmµekItÉgRtUv)anbMEbøgeTACaGKÁisnI rWfamBlGKÁisnIRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IeFVI eGayRbtikmµminekItÉgekItman. eTaHbIRbtikmµerdukRtUv)ansikSakñúgCMBUkTI4 rYcehIyk¾eday k¾RbeyaCn_kñúgkarrMlwkbBaØtißmUldæanxøH² EdlnwgsikSamþgeTotkñúgCMBUkenH.

kñúgRbtikmµerdukeGLicRtugRtUv)anepÞrBIsarFatumYyeTAsarFatumYyeTot. Rbtikmµ rvagelah³ Mg nig HCl Ca]TahrN_mYyénRbtikmµerduk )(2

0

)(2

2

)(

1

)(

0

2 gaqaqs HClMgClHMg +→++−

cUrcaMfaelxsresrenABIelIFatuCacMnYnGuksIutkmµénFatu. kar)at;eGLicRtugkñúgeBl eFIVGuksuItkmµKWRtUv)anbBa¢ak;edaykarekIneLIgcMnYnGuksIutkmµénFatu. erdukmµmankar)at;bg; cMnYnGuksIutkmµ EdlCalT§pl KWvacMeNjeGLicRtugBIFatu. RbtikmµxagelIelah³ Mg rg GuksIutkmµ ehIyGIuy:ug H+ rgerdukmµ GIuy:ug Cl- CaGIuy:ugs,úictaT½r.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-3

karkarkarkarføwgsmIkarføwgsmIkarføwgsmIkarføwgsmIkarerdukerdukerdukerduk smIkarsMrab;Rbtikmµerduk dUcsmIkarxagelI CasmIkargayRsYlføwg. b:uEnþenAkñúgTI BiesaF CaerOy²eyIgCYbRbTHsmIkarerdukmanlkçN³saMjauM EdlTak;TgeTAnwgGuksUGaj:úg dUcCaGIuy:ugRkUma:t(CrO4

2-) GIuy:ugDIRkUma:t(Cr2O72-) GIuy:ugEBkm:gkaNat(MnO4

-) GIuy:ug nIRtat(NO3

-) nigGIuy:ugs‘ulpat(SO42-). CaeKalkarN_ eyIgGacføwgsmIkarerdukedayeRbI

TRmg;karEdl)anerobrab;kñúgCMBYkTI3EpñkTI7. b:uEnþmanbec©keTsBiessxøH²sMrab;dMeNIrkar Rbtikmµerduk EdlCabec©keTspþl;eGayeyIgpgEdrnUvkaryl;dwgya:gc,as;GMBIdMeNIrbenÞr eGLicRtug. enAcMNucenH eyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIdMeNIrkarmYyEdleKeGayeQµaHfa viFIGIuy:ug-eGLicRtug. enAkñúgviFIenH smIkarTaMgmYUlRtUv)anEckecjCasmIkar Bak;kNþalcMnYnBIr mYy CasmIkarGuksIutkmµ ehIymYyeTotCasmIkarerdukmµ. smIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIr RtUv)anføwgepSg²Kña bnÞab;mkbUkbBa©Úl KñaedIm,IeGaysmIkarTaMgmUlmanlMnwg. ]bmafa eyIgRtUv)ansMueGayføwgsmIkarEdlbgðajGMBIGuksIukmµénGIuy:ug Fe2+ eTACaGIuy:ug Fe3+ eday GIuy:ugDIRkUma:t(Cr2O7

2-) kñúgmCÄdæanGasIut. CalT§plGIuy:ugDIRkUma:t(Cr2O72-)rgerdukmµeTACa

GIuy:ug Cr3+. CMhanbnþeTAenHCYyeyIgeGayføwgsmIkar ³ CMhanTI1³ sresrsmIkarminlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµkñúgTMrg;GIuy:ug

++−+ +→+ 33272

2 CrFeOCrFe CMhanTI2³ EbgEcksmIkareGay)anCaBak;kNþalRbtikmµcMnYnBIr

GuksIutkmµ³ 2+Fe 2+

3+Fe 3+

erdukmµ³ 2

6+Cr −2

7O 3+Cr 3+

CMhanTI3³ føwgGatUmepSteToteRkABI O nig H enAkñúgBak;kNþalRbtikmµnImYy²edayELkKña. RbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµmanlMnwgehIysMrab;GatUmFe. sMrab;erdukmµénBak;kNþal Rbtikmµ eyIgKuN Cr3+ nwg 2 edIm,IføwgGatUm Cr.

+− → 3272 2CrOCr

CMhanTI4³ sMrab;RbtikmµkñúgmCÄdæanGasIut eyIgRtUvbEnßmTwk(H2O) edIm,IføwgGatUm O ehIy bEnßm H+ edIm,IføwgGatUm H. edayRbtikmµRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgmCÄdæanGasIut eyIgbEnßm H2O

7m:UleTAGgÁxagsþaMénRbtikmµerdukmµBak;kNþalRbtikmµedIm,IføwgGatUmGuksIuEsn(O).

CMBYk19

19-4

OHCrOCr 232

72 72 +→ +− edIm,IeGaymanlMnwgGatUm H eyIgbEnßmGIuy:ug 14H+ eTAGgÁxageqVg

OHCrOCrH 232

72 7214 +→+ +−+ CMhanTI5³ bEnßmeGLicRtugeTAGgÁmçagénRbtikmµBak;kNþaledImI,føwgbnÞúkTaMgGs;manlMnwg. ebIcaM)ac; RtUveFIVeGaycMnYneGLicRtugesIµKñaenAkñúgsmIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIredayKuN smIkarBak;kNþalmçagrWTaMgBIredayemKuNsmRsb.

sMrab;RbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµeyIgsresr³ −++ +→ eFeFe 32 eyIgbEnßmeGLicRtugmYyeTAGgÁxagsþaM dUecñHmanbnÞúk +2 enAGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkarBak;

kNþalRbtikmµ. enAkñúgRbtikmµBak;kNþalerdukmµ manc,as;bnÞúkviC¢mancMnYn 12 enAGgÁxageqVg nigman

EtbnÞúkviC¢man 6 b:ueNÑaHenAGgÁxagsþaM dUecñHeyIgbEnßm 6 eGLicRtugenAGgÁxageqVg OHCreOCrH 2

3272 72614 +→++ +−−+

edIm,IeGaycMnYneGLicRtugkñúgBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIresµIKña eyIgRtUvKuNGuksIutkmµ Bak;kNþalRbtikmµnwg6³ −++ +→ eFeFe 666 32 CMhanTI6³ bUksmIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIrrYmKña ehIyføwgsmIkarcugeRkayeGay)an Cak;lak;. cMnYneGLicRtugenAGgÁTaMgBIrRtUvlb;ecal.

−++−+−+ +++→+++ eFeOHCreFeOCrH 66726614 32

32272

cMnYneGLicRtugénGgÁTaMgBIrlb;ecal dUcenHeyIgenAsl;EtsmIkarlMnwg +++−+ ++→++ 3

2322

72 672614 FeOHCrFeOCrH CMhanTI7³ epÞógpÞat;emIlfa smIkarmanRbePTnigcMnYnGatUmdUcKña nigmanbnÞúkdUcKñaenAelI GgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkar.

karBinitücugeRkaybgðajfa lT§plénsmIkarRtUv)anføwgeGaymanlMnwgehIyTaMg cMnYnGatUmnigbnÞúkGKÁisnI.

sMrab;RbtikmµkñúgmCÄdæan)as eyIgGacføwgGatUmdUcCMhanTI4sMrab;mCÄdæanGasIutEdr. dUecñH sMrab;GIuy:ug H+ eyIgGacbEnßmcMnYnesµIKñaén OH- eTAkñúgGgÁTaMgBIrénsmIkar. enAeBl Edl H+ nig OH- elceLIgenAelIGgÁEtmYyénsmIkar eyIgGacpSMbUkGuIy:ug enaHedIm,IeGay )anCa H2O. ]TahrN_teTAenHbgðajkareRbIR)as;énTRmg;karenH.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-5

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____1111³³³³ cUrsresrsmIkarGIuy:ugmanlMnwg edIm,ItagGuksIutkmµénGIuy:ugGIuy:Ud(I-) eday GIuy:ugm:g;kaNat(MnO4

-) enAkñúgsUluysüúg)as edIm,ITTYl)anGIuy:Ut (I2) nigm:gkaENsDI

GuksIut(MnO2 ). cMelIy cMelIy cMelIy cMelIy ³ ³ ³ ³ CMhanTI1³ smIkarKµanlMnwgKW³ MnO4

- + I- MnO2 + I2 CMhanTI2³ RbtikmµBak;kNþalénRbtikmµTaMgBIrKW³

GuksIutkmµ³ 1−I -

0

2I

erdukmµ³ OMnOMn4

4

7 +−

+→

CMhanTI3³ føwgsmIkarGatUm I enAkñúgRbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµ eyIgsresr 2I- I2

CMhanTI4³ RbtikmµBak;kNþalerdukmµ eyIgbEnßmBIrm:UelKulTwk (H2O) eTAGgÁxagsþaMedIm,I føwgGatUmGuksIuEsn (O).

MnO-4

MnO2 + 2H2O

edIm,IføwgGatUmGIuRdUEsn eyIgbUk 4H+ enAGgÁxageqVg³ MnO-

4 + 4H+ MnO2 + 2H2O

edayRbtikmµekIteLIgkñúgmCÄdæan)asnigman 4H+ eyIgbUkGIuy:ug4OH- eTAGgÁTaMgBIr énsmIkarpSM H+ nig OH- begáIt)anTwk ehIylb;BIrm:UelKulTwkBIGgÁTaMgBIr eyIg)an³

MnO-4 + 2H2O

MnO2 + 4OH- CMhanTI5³ bnÞab;mkeyIgføwgbnÞúkénBak;kNþalRbtikmµTaMgBIrtamlMdab;lMedaydUcteTA³ 2I- I2 + 2e- MnO-

4 + 2H2O + 3e- MnO2 + 4OH- edIm,IeGaycMnYneGLicRtugesµIKña eyIgKuNRbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµnwg3 ehIy

RbtikmµBak;kNþalerdukmµnwg 2³ 6I- 3I2 + 6e-

2MnO-4 + 4H2O + 6e- 2MnO2 + 8OH-

CMhanTI6³ RbtikmµBak;kNþalTaMgBIrRtUv)anbUkbBa©ÚlKña³ 6I- + 2MnO-

4 + 4H2O + 6e- 3I2 + 2MnO2 + 8OH- + 6e-

bnÞab;BIrkarlb;eGLicRtugenAGgÁTaMgBIr eyIg)an³ 6I- + 2MnO-

4 + 4H2O 3I2 + 2MnO2 + 8OH- CMhanTI7³ karBinitücugeRkaybgðajfasmIkarmanlMnwg TaMgGatUmnigbnÞúk.

CMBYk19

19-6

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ cUrføwgsmIkarteTAenH sMrab;RbtikmµkñúgmCÄdæanGasIut tamviFIGIuy:ug-eGLic Rtug.

++−+ +→+ 234

2 MnFeMnOFe

2 BileGLicRtUKImI

kñúgCMBYk4Epñk4 eyIgdwgfa enAeBlEdldMuelah³ Zn dak;cUlkñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4 Zn rgGuksIutkmµeGayCaGIuy:ug Zn2+ cMENkGIuy:ug Cu2+ rgerdukmµeGayCaelah³Tg;Edg Cu

¬emIlrUb 4-9¦. Zn(s) + Cu2+

(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

eGLicRtugRtUv)anepÞredaypÞal;BIPñak;garerdukmµs½gásI (Zn) eTAPñak;garGuksIutkmµ Tg;Edg(Cu)kñúgsUlusüúg. b:uEnþebIeyIgEjktamlkç³NrUbénPñak;garGuksIutkmµBIPñak;gar erdukmµ eyIgdwgfakarbBa¢ÚneGLicRtugGacqøgkat;mCÄdæandwknaMxageRkA. edayRbtikmµdMeNIr kareTAmux vabegáIteGaymanlMhUrefréneGLicRtug dUecñH vabegáItGKÁisnI ¬enaHvaplitkmµnþ GKÁisnI dUc)anmkBIma:sIunGKÁisnI¦.

BileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIKWCa]bkrN_BiesaFsMrab;karbegáItGKÁisnItamry³kareRbIR)as;Rbti- kmµerdukekItÉg ¬BileGLicRtUKImICUnkalsMedAelIBilkalva:nic (galvanic) rWBilvultaGuic (voltaic) EdlykeQµaHGñkviTüasa®sþ Luigi Galvani nig Allessandro Volta Edl)anbegáIt TMrg;BilenHmuneK¦. rUbTI1 bgðajBIFatupSMsMxan;²énBileGLicRtUKImI. dMus½gásIRtUv)andak;eTA kñúgsUluysüúg ZnSO4 ehIyduM Cu dak;eTAkñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4. BilenHdMeNIrkartam eKalkarN_EdlfaGuksIutkmµén Zn eGayeTACa Zn2+ ehIyerdukmµén Cu2+ eGayeTACa Cu

GacRbRBwtþeTAdMNalKñaenATItaMgepSgKñaedaybBa¢ÜneGLicRtugrvagGuksIutkmµnigerdukmµEdl ekItmantamry³ExScMlgxageRkA. duM Zn nig Cu RtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfaeGLicRtUt. kar erobcMedayELkenHéneGLicRtUt (Zn nig Cu ) nigsUluysüúg (CuSO4 nig ZnSO4) RtUv)an eKeGayeQµaHfa BildanIEj:l (Daniell Cell). tamniymn½yGaNUtGaNUtGaNUtGaNUténBileGLicRtUtKImICa eGLicRtUtEdlGuksIutkmµekItman ehIykatUtkatUtkatUtkatUtCaeGLicRtUtEdlerdukkmµekItman. sMrab;BildanIEj:l RbtikmµBakRbtikmµBakRbtikmµBakRbtikmµBak;;;;kNþalBilkNþalBilkNþalBilkNþalBil KWCaRbtikmµGuksIutkmµnigerdukmµenAelI eGLicRtUt.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-7

eGLicRtUt Zn ¬GaNUt¦³ Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

eGLicRtUt Cu ¬katUt¦ ³ Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

cUrcUrcUrcUrcMnaMfacMnaMfacMnaMfacMnaMfa³³³³ elIkElgEtsUluysüúgTaMgBIrenAdac;BIKña KWGuIy:ug Cu2+ nwgeFIVRbtikmµedaypÞal; elIduM Zn: Cu2+

(aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq)

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI1111³ ³ ³ ³ BileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImI.... ssss<<<<anGMbil ¬bMBganGMbil ¬bMBganGMbil ¬bMBganGMbil ¬bMBg; ; ; ; GuGuGuGu‘‘ ‘‘ypáabypáabypáabypáab;; ;;¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ EdlpEdlpEdlpEdlpÞúkÞúkÞúkÞúksUluysüúg sUluysüúg sUluysüúg sUluysüúg KCl pþlpþlpþlpþl;;;;CaCaCaCa mCÄdæanmCÄdæanmCÄdæanmCÄdæancMlgcMlgcMlgcMlgGKÁisnI rvagsUluysüúgGKÁisnI rvagsUluysüúgGKÁisnI rvagsUluysüúgGKÁisnI rvagsUluysüúgBIrBIrBIrBIr.... matmatmatmat;;;;bMBbMBbMBbMBgggg; ; ; ; U RtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))ancukbiTedaydMusMLIancukbiTedaydMusMLIancukbiTedaydMusMLIancukbiTedaydMusMLI edImedImedImedIm,,,,II II karBarsUluysüúgkarBarsUluysüúgkarBarsUluysüúgkarBarsUluysüúg KCl kMueGaykMueGaykMueGaykMueGayhUrhUrhUrhUrcUlkñúg cUlkñúg cUlkñúg cUlkñúg kugtWnkugtWnkugtWnkugtWn½½ ½½r EtGaceGayr EtGaceGayr EtGaceGayr EtGaceGayGajGajGajGaj:::: úgnigkacugúgnigkacugúgnigkacugúgnigkacugqøgkatqøgkatqøgkatqøgkat; ; ; ; pøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TITITITI))))anananan. . . . eGLicRtugeGLicRtugeGLicRtugeGLicRtugpøaspøaspøaspøas;;;;TIxageRkATIxageRkATIxageRkATIxageRkABIBIBIBI eGLicRtUt eGLicRtUt eGLicRtUt eGLicRtUt Zn ¬GaNUt¦ eTAeGLicRtUt ¬GaNUt¦ eTAeGLicRtUt ¬GaNUt¦ eTAeGLicRtUt ¬GaNUt¦ eTAeGLicRtUt Cu

¬katUt¦¬katUt¦¬katUt¦¬katUt¦.... edIm,IerobcMesoKVIGKÁisnImYy sUluysüúgRtUvP¢ab;eTAnwgmCÄdæancMlg Edlkacug nigGaj:úgGacpøas;TIBIbnÞb;eGLicRtUtmYyeTAbnÞb;eGLicRtUtmYyeTot)an. tMrUvkarenHGac bMeBj)anedays<anGMbil(Salt bridge) EdlTMrg;gaybMputKWCabMBg;Gu‘ypáab;pÞúkeGLicRtUlIt nicl dUcCa b:UtasüÚmkørU (KCl) nigGam:Uj:ÚmnIRtat (NH4NO3) EdlGIuy:ugrbs;vanwgmineFIVRbti kmµCamYyGIuy:ugepSg²eTotenAkñúgsUluysüúgrWeGLicRtUlIteT¬rUbTI1¦. eBlRbtikmµerduk ekIteLIg eGLicRtughUrenAxageRkABIGaNUt¬eGLicRtUtZn¦ tamExScMlgnigvu:ulEm:RteTAkan; katUt¬eGLicRtUt Cu¦. enAkñúgsUluysüúg kacug ¬Zn2+, Cu2+ nig K+¦ pøas;TIeTAkan;katUt ehIyGaj:úg ¬SO4

2-, Cl-¦pøas;TIeTAkan;GaNUt. ebIKµans<anGMbiltPöab;sUlusúügTaMgBIreT enaHkarkekIteLIgbnÞúkviC¢mankñúgbnÞb;kaNUt¬edaysarkMN Zn2+¦ nigkarkekItbnÞúkGviC¢man enAbnÞb;katUt ¬RtUv)anbegáIteBlGIuy:ug Cu2+ rgerdukmµeTACa Cu¦ GacnwgkarBarBilkMueGay dMeNIrkar. crnþGKÁisnIhUrBIGaNUteTAkatUt eRBaHmanPaBxusKñaénfamBlb:Utg;EsülGKÁisnI rvageGLicRtUt. lMhUrcrnþGKÁisnIenHeRbob)aneTAnwgTwkFøak;BITIx<s;EdlekItmanedayPaB xusKñaénfamBlb:Utg;EsülRbCMuTm¶n;rWlMhUr]sµn½BItMbn;sMBaFx<s;eTAtMbn;sMBaFTab. tamkar BiesaF PaBxusKñaénb:Utg;EsülGKÁisnIrvagGaNUt nigkatUtRtUv)anvas;edayv:ulEm:Rt¬rUbTI2¦

CMBYk19

19-8

ehIykarGanCavu:lRtUv)aneK eGayeQµaHfakMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgvvvv:: :: ululululBilBilBilBil. eTaHbIya:gNa BaküBIrepSgeTot KWkMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrGKÁisnIclkrGKÁisnIclkrGKÁisnIclkrnigb:Utg;EsülBilRtUv)aneKeRbIpgEdredIm,IbBaöak;kMlaMgv:ulBil. eyIgnwgeXIjfa kMlaMgv:ulBilminRtwmEt GaRs½yelIRbePTeGLicRtUtnigGIuy:ugb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþGaRs½yelIkMhab;GIuy:ug nigsItuNðPaBenAeBlBildMeNIrkareTotpg. cMeBaHBildanIEj:l RtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI1 ebIeyIgsnµtfakMhab; Zn2+ nig Cu2+ KW 1M düaRkamBilenaH KWdUcxag eRkam ÷

Zn(s) | Zn2+ (1M) || Cu2+ (1M) | Cu(s)

bnÞat;bBaÄrmYytageGayr)aMgx½NÐpas. ]TahrN_³eGLicRtUt Zn CaGgÁFaturwg ehIy GIuy:ug Zn2+ ¬)anmkBIZnSO4¦kñúgsUluysüúg. dUcenHeyIgKUsbnÞat;mYyrvag Zn nig

Zn2+edIm,IbgðajRBMxNÐpas. bnÞat;bBaÄrBIrsMKal;BIs<anGMbil. tamkarsnµtKñaGaNUtRtUv sresrmuneKenAxageqVgbnÞat;bBaÄrBIrenH ehIysmasPaKdéTeTotsresrtamlMdab;lMeday EdleyIg)anCYbtamclnaBIGaNUteTAkatUt .

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI2222³ ³ ³ ³ karGnuvtþtMeLIgBilkarGnuvtþtMeLIgBilkarGnuvtþtMeLIgBilkarGnuvtþtMeLIgBileGLieGLieGLieGLicRtUKImIEdlerobrabcRtUKImIEdlerobrabcRtUKImIEdlerobrabcRtUKImIEdlerobrab;; ;;tamtamtamtamrUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI1111.... cUrcMNaMfabMBgcUrcMNaMfabMBgcUrcMNaMfabMBgcUrcMNaMfabMBg;;;;GGGG‘‘‘‘ uyuyuyuyU ¬s¬s¬s¬s<<<<anGMbil¦ anGMbil¦ anGMbil¦ anGMbil¦ P¢abP¢abP¢abP¢ab;; ;;EkvEkvEkvEkvEbEsEbEsEbEsEbEs‘‘‘‘TaMgBIrTaMgBIrTaMgBIrTaMgBIr.... kMhabkMhabkMhabkMhab;;;;rbsrbsrbsrbs; ; ; ; ZnSO4 nignignignig CuSO4 KWmYymKWmYymKWmYymKWmYym:::: Ul Ul Ul Ul (1M) enA enA enA enA 25

oc kMlaMgvkMlaMgvkMlaMgvkMlaMgv:: :: ululululénBilKWénBilKWénBilKWénBilKW 1.10V....

3 b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;da enAeBlkMhab;GIuy:ug Cu2+ nig Zn2+ mankMhab;1.0M eyIgdwgfa kMlaMgv:ulrWkMlaMg GKÁisnIclkr(emf)énBildanIEj:lKW 1.10VenAsItuNðPaB 25oC¬emIlrUbTI2¦. kMlaMgv:ulenH RtUvEtTak;TgedaypÞal;CamYyRbtikmµerduk. etIvaTak;TgKñaEbbNa? enAeBlRbtikmµBil Bil TaMgmUl eyIgRtUvKitBIplbUkrbs;RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilTaMgBIr karvas; emf énBilGacRtUv

eGLicRtUKImI

19-9

)anKitCakarbUkb:Utg;EsülGKÁisnIrbs;eGLicRtUt Zn nig Cu. kardwgb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUt mYykñúgcMeNam eGLicRtUtTaMgBIr eyIgGacTTYl)anb:Utg;EsüléneGLicRtUtmYyeTot eday kardk¬BI 1.10V¦. eyIgminGacvas;b:Utg;Esül eGLicRtUtEtmYy)aneT b:uEnþebIsinCaeyIg GacerobcMeGaytMélb:Utg;EsüléneGLicRtUtedayELkmYyenAsUnü edayeyIgGaceRbIva edIm,IkMnt;b:Utg;EsüleFobéneGLicRtUtepSgeTot. eGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnbgðajkñúgrUbTI3 RtUv )aneRbICaeKalsMrab;eKalbMNgenH. ]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnbegáItBBuHkñúgsUluysüúgHCl enA 25oC. eGLicRtUt)øaTIn(Pt) manmuxgarBIr. muxgarTI1 pþl;CaépÞEdlkarbMEbkm:UelKulGIuRdUEsnGac ekItman³ H2 2H+ + 2e-

muxgarTI2 KWCaFatucMlgcrnþeTAesoKVIeRkA. enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da¬eBlsMBaF H2 KW1atm ehIykMhab; HCl KW 1M¦ b:Utg;Esül sMrab;erdukmµrbs; H+ enA 25oC mantMélesµIsUnü. 2H+(1M) + 2e- H2 (1 atm) Eo = 0V

elxsresrxagelI“ 0 ” bBa¢ak;BIlkçxNçsþg;da ehIy Eo KWCabbbb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþg;;;;dadadada (standard reduction potential)rWCakMlaMgv:ulEdlTak;TgCamYyRbtikmµerdukmµenAelIeGLic- RtUteBlFaturlaymankMhab; 1M ehIy]sµ½nTaMgGs;enAsMBaF 1atm. dUecñHb:Utg;Esül erdukmµsþg;daéneGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnRtUv)ancMNat;faesµIsUnü. eGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnenHehAfa eGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnsþg;da(SHE). eyIgGaceRbI SHE edIm,Ivas;b:Utg;EsülénRbePTeGLicRtUtepSg²eTot. ]TahrN_rUbTI 4 bgðajBIBileGLicRtUKImImYy EdlmaneGLicRtUt Zn nig SHE. enAkñúgkrNI enH eGLicRtUt Zn CaGaNUt ehIy SHE CakatUt. eyIgsnñidæanehtukarN_enHBIkar)at;bg; ma:srbs;eGLicRtUtZnkñúgkMLúgeBldMeNIrkarBil EdlRsbtamkar)at;bg;ma:s;rbs; Zn kñúgsUluysüúg RtUv)anbgáeLIgedayRbtikmµGuksIutkmµ.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI3 3 3 3 ³ ³ ³ ³ dMeNIrkareGLicRtUtGIudMeNIrkareGLicRtUtGIudMeNIrkareGLicRtUtGIudMeNIrkareGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn eRkamlkçxNç sþgRdUEsn eRkamlkçxNç sþgRdUEsn eRkamlkçxNç sþgRdUEsn eRkamlkçxNç sþg;; ;;dadadada.... ]]]]sµ½sµ½sµ½sµ½nnnnGIuRdGIuRdGIuRdGIuRdUEsn UEsn UEsn UEsn 1atm BuHecjBuHecjBuHecjBuHecjBIsUluysüúg BIsUluysüúg BIsUluysüúg BIsUluysüúg HCl 1M . . . . eGLicRtUteGLicRtUteGLicRtUteGLicRtUt))))aøTinaøTinaøTinaøTinKWCaEpñkKWCaEpñkKWCaEpñkKWCaEpñkéneGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnéneGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnéneGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnéneGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn....

CMBYk19

19-10

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI4444³ ³ ³ ³ (a) BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt Zn nigeGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnnigeGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnnigeGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsnnigeGLicRtUtGIuRdUEsn. . . . (b)BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt BilmaneGLicRtUt Cu nigeGLicRtUt nigeGLicRtUt nigeGLicRtUt nigeGLicRtUt GIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsn. . . . BilTaMgBIrdMeNIrkareRkamlkçxNçsþgBilTaMgBIrdMeNIrkareRkamlkçxNçsþgBilTaMgBIrdMeNIrkareRkamlkçxNçsþgBilTaMgBIrdMeNIrkareRkamlkçxNçsþg;; ;;dadadada.... cUrcMNaMcUrcMNaMcUrcMNaMcUrcMNaMcMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaH (a) SHE CaGaNUtCaGaNUtCaGaNUtCaGaNUt bbbb:::: uEnþuEnþuEnþuEnþcMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaHcMeBaH (b) vaCa vaCa vaCa vaCa katUtvijkatUtvijkatUtvijkatUtvij.... Zn(s) Zn2+

(aq) + 2e- düaRkamBilKW³ Zn(s) | Zn2+(1M) || H+(1M) | H2 (1atm) | Pt (s)

eyIg)andwgehIyfa eGLicRtUt Pt pþl;CaépÞsMrab;RbtikmµerdukmµRbRBwtþeTA. enAeBl EdlFatuRbtikrTaMgGs;sßitkñúglkçxNçsþg;darbs;va¬H2 1atm ehIyGIuy:ug H+ 1M¦ emf

énBilmantMél 0,76V enA 25oC. eyIgGacsresrRbtikmµBak;kNþalBildUcxageRkam³ GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦³ Zn(s) Zn2+(1M) + 2e- Eo

Zn/Zn2+

katUt¬erdukmµ¦³ 2H+(1M) + 2e- H2(1atm) EoH+/H2

Rbtikmµsrub³ Zn(s) + 2H+(1M) Zn2+(1M) + H2(1atm) Eocell

Edl EZn/Zn2+ Ca bbbb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülGuksIutkmµsþgEsülGuksIutkmµsþgEsülGuksIutkmµsþgEsülGuksIutkmµsþg;;;;dadadada rWkMlaMgv:ul eRkamlkçxNçsþg;dasMrab;Rbtikmµ Bak;kNþalGuksIutkmµ ehIy EH+/H2 Cab:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;da EdlRtUv)ankMNt;mun enHsMrab; SHE. karsresr Zn/Zn2+ mann½yfa Zn Zn2+ +2e- ehIykarsresr H+/H2

mann½yfa 2H+ + 2e- H2. emf sþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadadaénBil Ecell KWCaplbUkénb:Utg;EsülGuksIutkmµ sþg;danigb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;da³

Eocell = Eo

ox + Eored ¬1¦

karsresr ‘ox’ nig ‘red’ bBa¢ak;BIGuksIutkmµnigerdukmµerogKña. cMeBaHBil Zn -SHE³ Eo

cell = EoZn/Zn2+ + Eo

H+/H2

0,76V = EoZn/Zn2+ + 0

dUecñHb:Utg;EsülGuksIutkmµsþg;darbs; Zn KW 0,76V

eGLicRtUKImI

19-11

eyIgGacvaytMélb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;darbs; Zn, Eo Zn2+/Zn edaykarRtlb; RbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµ.

Zn2+(1M) + 2e- Zn(s) EoZn2+ / Zn = -0,76V

cUrcaMfacUrcaMfacUrcaMfacUrcaMfa enAeBlRbtikmµBak;kNþalRtUv)anRtlb; enaH Eo k¾bþÚrsBaØaEdr. b:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;darbs; Cu GacTTYl)antamKMrUdUcKñaenHEdr edaykareRbI R)as;BilmYy CamYyeGLicRtUt Cu nig SHE ¬rUbTI4 (b)¦. enAkñúgkrNIenH eGLicRtUt Cu

KWCakatUt BIeRBaHma:srbs;vaekIneLIgkñúgeBldMeNIrkarBil dUecñHvamanlMnaMCaRbtikmµerdukmµ. Cu2+

(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)

düaRkamBilKW³ Pt(s) | H2(1atm) | H+ (1M) | | Cu2+ (1M) | Cu(s)

RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilKW ³ GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦³ H2(1atm) 2H+(1M) + 2e- Eo

H2/H+ (H2|H+)

katUt¬erdukmµ¦³ Cu2+(1M) + 2e- Cu(s) EoCu2+/Cu (Cu2+|Cu)

Rbtikmµsrub³ H2(1atm) + Cu2+(1M) 2H+(1M) + Cu(s) Eocell

eRkamlkçxNçsþg;da enA 25oC, emf énBilKW 0,34V dUcenHeyIgsresr³ Eo

cell = EoH2/H+ + Eo

Cu2+ / Cu

0,34V= 0 + EoCu2+ / Cu dUecñH b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;darbs; Cu esµI 0,34V nigb:Utg;EsülGuksIutkmµsþg;darbs;vaKW -0,34V.

cMeBaHBildanIEj:lEdl)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI1 eBlenHeyIgGacsresr³ GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ +2/ ZnZn

oE katUt ¬erdukmµ¦ ³ CueMCu →−++ 2)1(2 CuCu

oE /2+

Rbtikmµsrub ³ )(22

)( )1()1( ss CuMZnMCuZn +→+ ++ celloE

emf rbs;BilKW Eocell = Eo

Zn / Zn2+ + EoCu2+ / Cu

= 0,76V +0,34V = 1,10V

]TahrN_enHbgðajBIrebobEdleyIgGaceRbIsBaØaén emf rbs;BiledIm,IBüakrN_BI lkçN³ekItÉgénRbtikmµerduk. enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;dasMrab;FatuRbtikr nigplitplRbti- kmµerdukCaRbtikmµekItÉgkñúgTiseTAmux ebI emf sþg;darbs;BilenaHviC¢man. ebIsinCavaGviC¢-manRbtikmµekItÉgkñúgTispÞúy. vasMxan;RtUvcaMTukfa Eo

cell GviC¢manminEmnmann½yfa Rbtikmµ

−+ +→ eMZnZn s 2)1(2)(

CMBYk19

19-12

nwgminekIteLIgenaHeT RbsinebIRbtikrRtUv)anlayenAkMhab;1M. vamann½yfalMnwgén RbtikmµerdukeBlenaHvanwggakeTAxageqVg. eyIgnwgBinitüemIlTMnak;TMngkñúgcMeNam Eo

cell,

�Go nig K enAeBleRkaykñúgCMBUkenH. taragTI1 CabBa¢Ib:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;dasMrab;RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilmYycMnYn. tamniym

n½ySHEmantMélesµI0,00V. enAxagelI SHE b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;daGviC¢manekIneLIg. enAxageRkam SHE b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;daviC¢manekIneLIg. vasMxan;RtUvdwgBIcMnucbnþeTAenH sþIGMBItarag³

• tMél Eo GnuvtþcMeBaHRbtikmµBak;kNþalBil CakarGankñúgTiseTAmux¬BIeqVgeTAsþaM¦.

• tMél Eo viC¢mankan;EtFM TMenarkan;EtxøaMgsMrab;sarFatuRtUvrgRbtikmµerdukmµ.

]TahrN_ RbtikmµBak;kNþalBil

F2 (1atm) + 2e- 2F-(1M) Eº = 2,87V RbtikmµxagelImantMél Eo viC¢manx<s;bMputkñúgcMeNamRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilTaMgGs;.

dUecñH F2 KWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgbMput BIeRBaHvamanTMenarnwgrgRbtikmµerdukmµ. T enAcugmçageTot KWRbtikmµ³ Li+ (1M) + e- Li(s) Eo = -3,05V

RbtikmµxagelImantMél Eo GviC¢manx<s;CageKbMput. dUecñH Li+ KWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµ exSaybMput BIeRBaHvaCaRbePTBi)akya:gxøaMgnwgrgRbtikmµerdukmµ. pÞúymkvij eyIgdwgfa F-

CaPñak;garerdukmµexSay ehIyelah³ Li CaPñak;garerdukmµxøaMg. enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da Pñak;garGuksIutkmµ¬RbePTenAxagsþaMédrbs;Bak;kNþalRbtikmµkñúgtarag1¦ ekIneLIgBIelIcuH eRkam ehIyPñak;garerdukr¬RbePTenAxageqVgédrbs;Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ¦ekIneLIgBIeRkam eLIgelI .

• RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilGaceTAmk)an. edayeyaltamlkçxNç eGLicRtUtNak¾ GacedIrtYCaGaNUtpgrWkatUtEdr. munenHeyIgeXIjfa SHE KWCakatUt ¬H+ rgerdukmµ eTACa H2¦ eBlenACaKUCamYy Zn kñúgBil ehIyvakøayCaGaNUt ¬H2 rgGuksIutkmµ eTACa H+¦ enAeBleRbIkñúgBilCamYy Cu.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-13

PñakPñak PñakPñak;; ;; gar

GuksIut

kmµekIn

eLIg

garGuk

sIutkm

µekIneL

Iggar

GuksIut

kmµekIn

eLIg

garGuk

sIutkm

µekIneL

Ig PñakPñak PñakPñak ;; ;; garerdukmµekIneLIggarerdukmµekIneLIggarerdukmµekIneLIggarerdukmµekIneLIg

tartartartaragTIagTIagTIagTI1111³³³³ bbbb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþgEsülerdukmµsþg;; ;;dadadadaenA enA enA enA 25oC

cMeBaHRbtikmµBak;kNþalerdukmµTaMgGs;kMhab;rlayKW 1M nigsMBaF 1atm sMrab;]sµ½n. TaMgenHKWCatMél lkçxNÐsþg;da.

Bak;kNþalRbtikmµ Eo(V)

Li +(aq) + e- Li(s) -3,05

K+(aq) + e- K(s) -2,93

Ba2+(aq) + 2e- Ba(s) -2,90

Sr2+(aq) + 2e- Sr(s) -2,89

Ca2+(aq) + 2e- Ca(s) -2,87

Na+(aq) + e- Na(s) -2,71

Mg2+(aq) + 2e- Mg(s) -2,37

Be2+(aq) + 2e- Be(s) -1,85

Al 3+(aq) + 3e- Al(s) -1,66

Mn2+(aq) + 2e- Mn(s) -1,18

H2O + 2e- H2(aq) + 2OH- (aq) -0,83 Zn2+

(aq) + 2e- Zn(s) -0.76 Cr3+

(aq) + 3e- Cr(s) -0,74 Fe2+

(aq) + 2e- Fe(s) -0,44 Cd2+

(aq) + 2e- Cd(s) -0,40 PbSO4(s) + 2e- Pb(s) + SO2-

4(aq -0,31 Co2+

(aq) + 2e- Co(s) -0,28 Ni2+

(aq) + 2e- Ni(s) -0,25 Sn2+

(aq) + 2e- Sn(s) -0,14 Pb2+

(aq) + 2e- Pb(s) -0,13 H+

(aq) + 2e- H2(g) -0,00 Sn4+

(aq) + 2e- Sn2+(aq) +0,13

Cu2+(aq) + e- Cu+

(aq) +0,15 SO4

2-(aq) + 4H+ + 2e- SO2(g) + 2H2O +0,20

AgCl (s) + 2e- Ag + Cl- +0,22 Cu2+

(aq) + 2e- Cu (s) +0,34 O2 (g) + 2H2O + 4e- 4OH-(aq) +0,40 I2(s) + 2e- 2I-

(aq) +0,53 MnO4

-(aq) + 2H2O + 3e- MnO2(s) + 4OH-

(aq) +0,59 O2(g) + 2H+

(aq) + 2e- H2O2(aq) +0,68

Fe3+(aq) + e- Fe2+

(aq) +0,77 Ag+

(aq) + e- Ag(s) +0,80 Hg2

2+(aq) + 2e- 2Hg(l) +0,85

2Hg2+(aq) + 2e- Hg2

2+(aq) +0,92

NO3-(aq) + 4H+ + 3e- NO(g) + 2H2O +0,96

Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br-(aq) +1,07

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O +1,23

MnO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2e- Mn2+

(aq) + 2H2O +1,23

Cr2O72-

(aq) +14H+(aq)+ 6e- 2Cr3+

(aq) + 7H2O +1,33

Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq)

+1,36 Au3+

(aq) + 3e- Au(s) +1,50

MnO4-(aq) + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+

(aq) + 4H2O +1,51

Ce4+(aq) + e- Ce3+ +1,61

PbO2(s)+4H+(aq)+SO4-(aq)+2e- PbSO4(s) + 2H2O +1,70

H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- 2H2O +1,77

Co3+(aq) + e- Co2+ +1,82

O3(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- O2(g)

+ H2O(l) +2,07 F2 (g) + 2e- 2F- +2,87

CMBYk19

19-14

• enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da RbePTNaenAxagénRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilnwgekIteLIgÉg CamYyRbePT EdlenAxagsþaMénRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilNaEdlsßitenAxagelIvakñúg taragTI1. eKalkarN_enHCYnkalRtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfaCaviFanviCÄekaN(diagonal

rule). kñúgkrNIénBileGLicRtUKImI Cu/Zn: Zn2+(1M) + 2e- Zn(s) Eo = -0,76V Cu2+(1M) + 2e- Cu(s) Eo = + 0,34V

eyIgdwgfa sarFatuenAxageqVgénRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilTIBIrKW Cu2+ ehIysarFatuenA xagsþaMénRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilTI1KW Zn. eTaHbIya:gNa eyIgeXIjmunenHfa Zn eFIVerdukmµ edayÉkÉgelI Cu2+ edIm,IbegáIt)an Zn2+ nig Cu.

• bMErbMrYlemKuNsÞWsüÚemRTIrbs;RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilminmankarb:HBal;dl;tMél Eo

eT BIeRBaHb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtCalkçN³rwgmaM. enHmann½yfa tMél Eo minrgpl b:HBal;BITMhMeGLicRtUtrWbrimaNénsUluysüúgenaHeT. ]TahrN_

I2(s) + 2e- 2I-(1M) Eº = 0,53V

b:uEnþ Eo minERbRbYleT ebIsineyIgKuNBak;kNþalRbtikmµnwg2

2I2(s) + 4e 2I-(1M) Eº = 0,53V

• dUcCa H, G, nig S, Eo CabrimaNETm:UDINamic. dUecñHsBaØarbs;vabþÚr b:uEnþTMhMrbs; vaenAdEdlenAeBlEdleyIgRtlb;Rbtikmµ .

dUc]TahrN_bnþeTAenHbgðaj taragTI1GaceGayeyIgBüakrN_lT§plrbs; Rbtikmµerduk eRkamlkçxNçsþg;da eTaHbICavaRbRBwtþeTAkñúgBileGLicRtUKImIEdlPñak;garerdukmµnigPñak;gar GuksIutkmµ®tUv)anbMEbkBIKñak¾edayrWenAkñúgEkvEbEs‘EdlRbtikrlaycUlKñaTaMgGs;. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TI TI TI TI 2222

cUrTsSn_Tayfa manGIVnwgekIteLIg ebIsinm:UelKulRbUm (Br2) RtUv)anbEnßmcUleTAkñúg sUluysüúg EdlmanNaClnigNaI enA25oC. cUrsnµtRbePTKImITaMgGs;sßitenAkñúglkçxNÐ sþg;da. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ edIm,IBüakrN_RbtikmµerdukEdlnwgekIteLIgenaH eyIgRtUveRbobeFobb:Utg;Esül erdukmµsþg;daeTAnwgBak;kNþalRbtikmµxageRkamenH³

I2(s) + 2e- 2I-(1M) Eo = 0,53V Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br-(1M) Eo = 1,07V Cl2 (1atm) + 2e- 2Cl-(1M) Eo = 1,36V

eGLicRtUKImI

19-15

edayGnuvtþeTAtamk,ÜnviCÄekaN (diagonal rule) eyIgeXIjfa Br2 nwgeFIVGuksIutkmµ I- b:uEnþnwgmineFIVGuksIutkmµ Cl- eT. dUecñHRbtikmµerdukEtmYyKt;Edlnwg ekIteLIgBiteRkam lkçxNÐsþg;daKW³

GuksIutkmµ ³ 2I- (1M) I2(s) +2e-

erdukmµ ³ Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br- (1M)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ 2I-(1M) + Br2(l) I2(s) + 2Br-(1M) BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;;³³³³ cUrcaMfaGIuy:ug Na+KWCaGIuy:ugnicl nigmincUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµeT. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____ ³³³³ etI Sn GaceFIVerdukmµ Zn2+ eRkamlkçxNçsþg;da)aneT? ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TI TI TI TI 3333

Bilkal;va:nicmYymaneGLicRtUtMg kñúgsUluysüúg Mg(NO3)21,0M nig eGLicRtUt Ag kñúgsUluysüúg AgNO3 1,0M. cUrKNna emf sþg;darbs;BileGLicRtUKImIenHenA 25oC. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ taragTI 1pþl;eGayeyIgnUvb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;darbs;eGLicRtUtTaMgBIr

Mg2+(1M) + 2e- Mg(s) Eo = -2,37V Ag+(1M) + e- Ag(s) Eo = 0,80V

tamkarGnuvtþtamviFanviCÄekaN eyIgdwgfa Ag+ nwgeFIVGuksIutkmµ Mg

GaNUt ¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ Mg(s) Mg2+(1M) + 2e-

katUt¬erdukmµ¦ ³ 2Ag+(1M) + 2e- 2Ag(s)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ Mg(s) + 2Ag+ Mg2+ + 2Ag(s) cUrcaMfaedIm,IføwgsmIkarsrub eyIgRtUvKuNerdukmµAg+ nwg 2. eyIgGaceFIV dUecñH

BIeRBaHedaylkçN³rwgmaM Eominrgplb:HBal;BIdMeNIrkarenHeT. eyIgrk emf rbs;Bil edayeRbIkñúgsmIkar ¬ 1¦ nigtaragTI1

Eocell = Eo

Mg/Mg2+ + EoAg+/Ag

= 2,73V + 0,80V =3,17V

BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;;³³³³ tMélviC¢manén Eo bgðajfa RbtikmµsrubRbRBwtþeTAedayÉkÉg lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuGnuGnuGnuvtþnvtþnvtþnvtþn__ __³³³³ etIemfsþg;darbs;BileGLicRtUKImI EdlbegáIteLIgedayeGLicRtUt Cd

kñúgsUluysüúg Cd(NO3)2 1M ehIynigeGLicRtUt Cr kñúgsUluysüúg Cr(NO3)3 1M

mantMélb:unµan?

CMBYk19

19-16

4 PaBekItÉgrbs;Rbtikmµerduk CMhanbnÞab;KWBinitüemIlfaetI Eo

cell RtUvTak;TgeTAnwgbrimaNETm:UDINamicdéT²eTot dUcCa �Go nig K edayrebobNa. enAkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI famBlKImIRtUv)anbMEbøgeTACa famBlGKÁisnI. famBlGKÁisnIkñúgkrNIenH KWCaplitplén emf rbs;BilnigbnÞúkGKÁisnI srub ¬CaKULúM¦ Edlqøgkat;BilenaH³

famBlGKÁisnI = v:ul(V) × KULúM (C) = s‘SÚl (Joules) ‘J’

bnÞúksrubKWRtUv)ankMnt;edaycMnYnm:Ulrbs;eGLicRtug (n) Edlqøgkat;esoKVI. tamniymn½y eyIg)an³ bnÞúksrub = nF EdlnCacMnYnm:UléneGLicRtugEdl)anbþÚrrvagPñak;garerdukmµnigPñak;garGuksIutkmµkñúg smIkarerdukTaMgmUl. FCaefpara:ed (Faraday1) EdlCabnÞúGKÁisnIEdlmankñúgmYy m:UleGLicRtug. karBiesaF)anbgðajfa mYyppppaaaarararara:: ::edededed ‘1Faraday’smmUlnwg 96.487C rW 96.500C edaysresrelxbIxagcugCaelxmUl. dUecñH

1F = 96 500C/mol eday 1J = 1C× 1V

eyIgGacbgðajxñatpara:edCa 1F= 96.500J /V.mol emfEdlRtUv)anvas;KWCakMlaMgvu:lGtibrimaEdlBilGacbegáIt. tMélenHRtUv)aneRbI

edIm,I KNnabrimaNGtibrmaénfamBlGKÁisnI EdlGacTTYl)anBIRbtikmµKImI. famBlenH RtUv)aneRbICakmµnþGKÁisnI (wele) dUecñH

wmax = wele = -nFEcell

Edl wmax KWCabrimaNGtibrmarbs;kmµnþEdlGaceFIV)an. sBaØaGviC¢manenAGgÁxag sþaMbBa¢ak;fakmµnþGKÁisnIbegáIteLIgedayRbBn§½EdlenACMuvij. enACMBUkTI18eyIg)aneGay Gtßn½yfamBlesrIfaCafamBlEdlGaceFIVkmµnþ. Cak;Esþg bMErbMrYlfamBlesrI(�G)

tageGaybrimaNGtibrmaénkmµnþmansar³sMxan;EdleKGacTTYl)anBIRbtikmµ �G = wmax

1 mIEslpaVra:ed (Michel Faraday) ‘1791-1867’ CaGñkKImI-rUbCnCatiGg;eKøs. Kat;RtUv)ansÁal;edaymnusSCaeRcInCaGñkviTüasaRsþ mansñaédBiesaFd¾FMeFgénstvtüTI19. Kat;)ancab;epþImeronedresovePAenAGayu13qñaM b:uEnþmancMNab;GarmµN_xagviTüasaRsþbnÞab;BIGan esovePAKImImk. elak)anbegáItmU:T½rGKáisnI nigCamnusSdMbUgEdlbgðajeKalkarN_erobcMma:sIunGKÁisnI. eRkABIkarrYmviPaKTanKYreGaykt;sMKal; cMeBaHvis½yGKÁisnI nigma:ejTic elakk¾)aneFIVkarxagskmµPaBGubTic nig)anrkeXIjnigdak;eQµaHeGaybg;Esn .

eGLicRtUKImI

19-17

dUecñHeyIgGacsresr ³ �G = -nFEcell ¬2¦ TaMg n nig F CabrimaNviC¢man ehIy �G KWGviC¢mansMrab;dMeNIrekItÉgenH dUecñH Ecell

RtUvEtviC¢man. cMeBaHRbtikmµEdlRbtikrnigplitplsßit kñúgPaBsþg;da smIkar 2 køayCa �Go = -nFEo

cell ¬3¦ Eo

cell KWviC¢mansMrab;dMeNIrekItÉg. \LÚvenHeyIgGacPöab; Eo

cell eTAnwg efrlMnwg K

énRbtikmµerduk. enAkñúgCMBYk18Epñk5 eyIg )aneXIjfa bMErbMrYlfamBlesrIsþg;da�Go sMrab; Rbtikmµ KWTak;Tg;eTAnwgefrlMnwgdUcteTAenH ¬sUmemIlsmIkar10

kñúgCMBYkTI18¦.

�Go=-RTlnK

dUecñHebIeyIgpSMsmIkar3 nigsmIkar10 (CMBYkTI18)

eyIgTTYl)an -nFEocell=-RTlnk

dMeNaHRsayEocell

KnF

RTE cell

o ln= ¬4¦

enAeBlT=298K smIkar¬4¦GacsMrYledaykarCMnYs Rnig F

Kn

VK

molVJn

KmolKJE cell

o ln0257,0

ln)./500.96(

)298)(./314,8( == ¬5¦

dUecñHRbsinebIbrimaNmYyénbrimaNTMagbIKW �Go, K, rW Eocell RtUv)ansÁal;

enaHbrimaNBIrepSgeTotGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar¬18-10¦ smIkar ¬3¦ rwsmIkar ¬4¦ ¬rUb5¦. eyIgsegçbTMnak;TMngrvag �Go, K, nig Eo

cell nigkMNt;lkçNekItÉgén Rbtikmµerdukkñúg taragTI2. edIm,ImanPaBgayRsYl eyIgnwgsresrlubBakü cell enAkñúg Eo

nig E ecj. ]TahrN_4 nig5GnuvtþsmikarTI5. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN_ _ _ _ 4444 cUrKNnaefrlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC

Sn(s) + 2Cu2+(aq) ⇌ Sn2+

(aq)+ 2Cu+(aq)

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy: Bak;kNþalsmIkarTaMgBIrsMrab;dMeNIrkarsrubkñúgRbtikmµKw

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI5 5 5 5 TMnakTMnakTMnakTMnak;; ;;TMngkñúgcMeNam TMngkñúgcMeNam TMngkñúgcMeNam TMngkñúgcMeNam Eocell,

K, nigenigenigenigehIyhIyhIyhIy ��Go

CMBYk19

19-18

GuksIutkmµ³ Sn(s) Sn2+(aq) + 2e-

erdukmµ³ 2Cu2+(aq)+ 2e- 2Cu+

(aq)

kñúgtaragTI1 eyIgeXIjfa EoSn2+/Sn = -0,14V ehIy Eo

Cu2+/Cu+= 0,15v

dUecñH Eo = EoSn/Sn2+ + Eo

Cu2+/Cu = 0,14 V + 0,15V = 0,29V

smIkar¬5¦ GacRtUv)ansesr

V

nEK

o

0257,0ln =

kñúgsmIkarsrubeyIgeXIjfa n= 2 dUecñH 6,22

0257,0

)29,0)(2(ln ==

V

VK

K = e22,6 = 6,5× 109

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³

KNnaefrlMnwgcMeBaHRbtikmµxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC:

Fe2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) ⇌ Fe(s) + 2Ag+

(aq)

taragTI2³ TMnak;TMngrvag �Go , K nig Eocell

�Go K Eocell RbtikmµeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da

GviC¢man (-) >1 viC¢man ¬+¦ RbtikmµekItÉg sUnü ¬0¦ = 1 0 eBlmanlMnwg viC¢man (+)

<1 GviC¢man¬-¦ RbtikmµminekItÉg. RbtikmµekItÉgkñúgTisRtlb;

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI5555

cUrKNnabMErbMrYlfamBlesrIsþg;dasMrab;RbtikmµteTAenHenAsItuNðPaB 25oC:

)(32

)( 3)1(2)1(32 ss CaMAuMCaAu +→+ ++

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ dMbUgeyIgbMEbksmIkarsrubCaBak;kNþalRbtikmµ³ GuksIutkmµ ³ −+ +→ eMAuAu s 6)1(32 3

)( erdukmµ ³ )(

2 36)1(3 sCaeMCa →+ −+

eGLicRtUKImI

19-19

enAkñúgtaragTI1 eyIgdwgfa EoAu

3+/Au =1,50V ehIy Eo

Ca2+

/Ca =-2,87V dUecñH E o = Eo

Au3+

/Au + EoCa

2+/Ca

= -1,50V - 2,87V = -4,37V

eBlenHeyIgeRbIsmIkar ¬3¦ �Go = -nFEo

Rbtikmµsrubbgðajfa n=6

�Go = -(6 mol) (96,500J/V.mol) (-4,37V) = 2,53 × 106J = 2,53 × 103kJ

BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;;³³³³ tMélviC¢manFMén �Go R)ab;eyIgfaRbtikmµKWminekItÉgenaHeTenAeRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da enA 25oC.

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ cUrKNna �Go sMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamenA 25oC:

2Al3+(aq) + 3Mg(s) ⇌ 2Al(s) + 3Mg2+

(aq)

5 \T§iBlénkMhab;eTAelIemf rbs;Bil mkdl;eBlenH eyIg)ancab;GarmµN_eTAelIRbtikmµerduk EdlRbtikrnigplitplsßit

kñúgPaBsþg;darbs;va b:uEnþlkçxNÐsþg;eRcInEtBi)akehIyCYnkalminGacrkSa)an. eTaHbIya:g Na manTMnak;TMngKNitviTüarvag emf rbs;BilnigkMhab;énRbtikrnigplitplkñúgRbtikmµ erdukeRkamlkçxNÐminsþg;da. smIkarenHRtUv)anTajykmkdUcxageRkam³ smIkar smIkar smIkar smIkar Nernst

sUmKiteTAdl;RbtikmµerdukénRbePT aA + bB cC + dD

BIsmIkar ¬18-9¦ �G = �Go + RT ln Q eday �G = -nFE ehIy �Gº = -nFEº smIkarenHGacbgðajdUcteTA³

-nFE = -nFEo + RT ln Q

edayEcksmIkarnwg –nF eyIgTTYl)an Q

nF

RTEE o ln−= ¬6¦

CMBYk19

19-20

Edl Q CaplEckRbtikmµ ¬emIlEpñkTI 14-4¦. smIkar¬6¦RtUv)aneKsÁal;fa CasmIkar smIkar smIkar smIkar Nernst2. enAsItuNðPaB 298K smIkar¬6¦GacRtUv)ansresr

Qn

VEE o ln

0257,0−= ¬7 ¦ enAeBlmanlMnwg minmankarbBa¢ÜneGLicRtugeT dUecñH E = 0 ehIyQ=K Edl K CaefrlMnwg.

smIkarNernstGaceGayeyIgKNna E CaGnuKmn_énkMhab;Rbtikrnigplitplkñúg Rbtikmµerduk. dUcCaBildanIEj:lkñúgrUbTI1

)()(2

)(2

)( saqaqs CuZnCuZn +→+ ++ smIkarNernst sMrab;BilenHenA 25oC Gacsresr

+

+

−=2

2

ln2

0257,010,1

Cu

ZnVVE

ebIsinpleFob [Zn2+]/[Cu2+] tUcCagmYy enaH ln[Zn2+]/[Cu2+] KWmancMnYnGviC¢man dUecñHenARkumTI2 enAGgÁxagsþaMrbs;smIkarxagelI KWviC¢man. eRkamlkçxNçenH E KWFMCag sþg;da emf Eo . ebIsinpleFobenHFMCagmYy enaH E tUcCag Eo. ]TahrN_bnþeTAenHbgðajBIkareRbIR)as;smIkarNernst. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI6 6 6 6

cUrBüakrN_emIlfaetIRbtikmµxageRkamenHGacekItÉgEdrb¤eTenA298K. )()(

2)(

2)( saqaqs FeCoFeCo +→+ ++

eKeGay [Co2+] = 0,15M ehIy [Fe2+] = 0,68M

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³ smIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµKW GuksIutkmµ ³ −+ +→ eCoCo aqs 2)(

2)(

erdukmµ ³ )()(2 2 saq FeeFe →+ −+

tamtaragTI1 eyIgdwgfa EoCo2+/Co = -0,28V ehIy Eo

Fe2+/Fe = -0,44V . dUecñH sþg;darbs; emf KW Eo = Eo

Co2+/Co + EoFe2+/Fe

= 0,28V + (-0,44V) = - 0,16V

tamsmIkar ¬7¦ eyIgGacsresr

2 elak Walter Hermann Nernst(1864-1941) CaGñkKImI-rUbCnCatiGaløWm:g;. kargarsMxan;rbs;elakKWsUluysüúgeGLicRtU lItnigETm:UDINamic. Kat;k¾)anbegáItBü:aNUeRbIGKÁisnIpgEdr. Kat;)anTTYlrgVan;NUEblxagKImIkñúgqñaM1920 sMrab;viPaKTan rbs;Kat;eTAelIETm:UDINamic.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-21

][

][ln

0257,02

2

+

+

−=Fe

Co

n

VEE o

68,0

15,0ln

2

0257,016,0

VV −−=

= - 0,16V + 0,019V = - 0,14V

eday E KWGviC¢man ¬�G KWviC¢man¦RbtikmµminGacekItÉgtamTisedAEdlsresrenaHeT. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____

etIRbtikmµxageRkamenHnwgekItÉgEdrb¤eTenA 25oC? eKeGay [Fe2+] = 0,60M ehIy [Cd2+] = 0,010M. )()(

2)(

2)( saqaqs FeCdFeCd +→+ ++

]bmafa eyIgcg;kMnt;enApleFobén[Co2+] eTA [Fe2+] nUvRbtikmµkñúg]TahrN_TI6 Gac nwgkøayCaRbtikmµekItÉg. eyIgGaceRbIsmIkar¬7¦dUcxageRkam³

Qn

VEE o ln

0257,0−= enAeBl E = 0 , Q = K eyIgeGay E esµIsUnü EdlRtUveTAnwgsßanPaBlMnwg.

][

][ln

2

0257,016,00

2

2

+

+

−−=Fe

CoVV

5,12][

][ln

2

2

−=+

+

Fe

Co

KeFe

Co == −+

+5,12

2

2

][

][

K = 4 × 10-6

dUecñHsMrab;RbtikmµekItÉg pleFob[Co2+]/[Fe2+]RtUvEtmantMéltUcCag 4 ×10-6.

dUc]TahrN_xageRkambgðaj RbsinebI]sµ½ncUlrYmkñúgRbtikmµBil enaHkMhab;rbs;va RtUv)anKitCa atm. ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI7777

cUrBinitüemIlBileGLicRtUKImI Edl)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI4 (a) tamBiesaFn_Cak;lak; emf (E)

rbs;BilRtUv)aneKrkeXIjmantMél 0,54V enA 25oC. ]bmafa [Zn2+]=1,0M ehIy PH2 = 1,0

atm. cUrKNnakMhab;m:UElrbs;[ H+]. cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ Rbtikmµrbs;BilsrubKW

)1(22

)( )1()(?2 atms HMZnMHZn +→+ ++ dUceyIg)andwgenAeBlmunenH emf sþg;dasMrab;BilKW 0,76V. BIsmIkar7 eyIgsresr

CMBYk19

19-22

2

2

][

][ln

0257,02

+−=

+

H

PZn

n

VEE Ho

2][

)0,1)(0,1(ln

2

0257,076,054,0 +−=

H

VVV

2][

1ln

2

0257,022,0 +−=−

H

VV

2][

1ln1,17 +=

H

17,1= -2ln[H+] ln [H+] = -8,6 [H+]= 2 × 10-4M

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____ etItMél emf énBilEdlmanBak;kNþalBil Cd2+/Cd nigBak;kNþalBil Pt/H2/H

+

b:unµan? ebIsineKeGay [Cd2+]=0,20M , [H+] = 0,16M ehIy PH2= 0,80atm.

]TahrN_7 bgðajfaBileGLicRtUKImIEdlRbtikmµBilmanGIuy:ug H+ cUlrYmGacRtUv)aneRbI edIm,Ivas; [H+] rW pH. Rbdab;vas; pH

Edl)anBN’nakñúgEpñkTI15-3 RtUv)anEp¥kelIeKal karN_enH b:uEnþsMrab;ehtuEdlCak;EsþgeGLicRtUtEdleRbIenAkñúg pH

Em:RtKWxusKñaBI SHE nig eGLicRtUt Zn

kñúgBileGLicRtUKImI¬rUbTI6¦.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI6666³³³³ eGLicRtUtEkv EdlRtUveGLicRtUtEkv EdlRtUveGLicRtUtEkv EdlRtUveGLicRtUtEkv EdlRtUv))))ananananeRbIkñúgkarP¢abeRbIkñúgkarP¢abeRbIkñúgkarP¢abeRbIkñúgkarP¢ab;; ;;CamYyeGLicRtUtCamYyeGLicRtUtCamYyeGLicRtUtCamYyeGLicRtUteKaleKaleKaleKal kñúg kñúg kñúg kñúg pH EmEmEmEm::::RtRtRtRt.... BilkMhab;

edaysarEtb:UtgEsüleGLicRtUtGaRs½yelIkMhab;GIuy:ug vaGacbegáItBilBIrkarpSM eday Bak;kNþalBilBIénRbePTdUcKña b:uEnþvamankMhab;GIuy:ugxusKña. BildUcenHRtUv)aneKehA fa BilkMhab;. sUmBinitüemIlsßanPaBenAkñúgeGLicRtUts½gásIZn RtUv)andak;cUleTAkñúgsUluysüúg Twkéns½gásIs‘ulpatenAkMhab; 0,1M nig 1,0M. sUluysüúgTaMgBIrenHRtUvP¢ab;Kñaedays<an

eGLicRtUKImI

19-23

GMbil ehIyeGLicRtUtRtUvP¢ab;edayExScMlgmYytamkarerobdUcEdl)anbgðajdUcrUbTI1. eyagtameKalkarN_ Chatelier TMenarsMrab;erdukmµ

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- Zn(s)

ekIneLIgCamYynwgkMenInkMhab;GIuy:ug Zn2+. dUecñHerdukmµKYrEtekItmankñúgEpñkEdlmankMhab; x<s;Cag ehIyGuksIutkmµKYrEtRbRBwtþeTAkñúgEpñkEdlmankMhab;rav.

düaRkamBilKW³ Zn(s) | Zn2+(0,1M) || Zn2+ (1,0M) | Zn(s)

ehIyRbtikmµBak;kNþalKW³ GuksIutkmµ ³ Zn(s) Zn2+

(aq) (0,10M) + 2e-

erdukmµ ³ Zn2+ (aq)(1,0M) + 2e- Zn(s)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ Zn2+ (aq)(1,0M) Zn2+

(aq) (0,10M)

emf rbs;BilKW conc

dilo

Zn

ZnVEE

][

][ln

2

0257,02

2

+

+

−=

edaykarsresr dil {rav} nig conc {xab;} eyaleTAtamkMhab; 0,1M nig 1,0M

erogKña Eo sMrab;BilenHKWsUnü ¬eGLicRtUtdUcKñanigRbePTdUcKñaénGIuy:ugRtUvcUlrYm¦ dUecñH

0,1

10,0ln

2

0257,00

VE −= = 0,0296 V

emf rbs;BilkMhab;KWCaTUeTAmantMéltUc ehIyfycuHCabnþbnÞab;kñúgeBldMeNIrkar énBiledaysarkMhab;enAEpñkTaMgBIrxitCitcUlKñaeTAvijeTAmk. enAeBlkMhab;GIuy:ugenAEpñk TaMgBIrmantMéldYcKña enaH E køayCasUnü ehIyKµanbMErbMrYlekIteLIgeToteT.

ekasikarCIvsa®sþGaceRbobeTAnwgBilkMhab;sMrab;eKalbMNgKNnab:Utg;EsülPñas; rbs;va. b:Utg;EsülPñasKWCab:Utg;EsülGKÁisnI EdlekItmanqøgkat;PñasénRbePTekasika EdlrYmmanekasikasac;dMunigekasikaRbsaT. vaTTYlxusRtUvsMrab;kardaléncrnþRbsaTnig sgVak;ebHdUg. b:Utg;EsülPñasRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlEdlmankMhab;minesIµKñaénRbePT GIuy:ugdUcKñaenAxagkñúgnigxageRkAénekasika. ]TahrN_ kMhab;GIuy:ugrbs; K+ enAxagkñúgnig xageRkAekasikaRbsaTKW400mMnig15mMerogKña. edayKitBIsßanPaBCaBilkMhab;nig GnuvtþsmIkarNernst eyIgGacsresr³

in

exo

K

KVEE

][

][ln

2

0257,0+

+

−=

CMBYk19

19-24

400

15ln)0257,0( V−=

=0,084V rW 84 mV

Edl “ex”nig “in” bBa¢ak;BIxageRkAnigxagkñúg. cUrcMNaMfa eyIgeGay Eo = 0 BIeRBaH RbePTdUcKñaénGIuy:ugRtUv)ancUlrYm. dUecñH b:Utg;EsülGKÁisnI 84mV ekItmanqøgkat;Pñas GaRs½yedaykMhab;minesµIrKñaénGIuy:ugb:UtasüÚm(K+). 6 GaKuy GaKuyGaKuyGaKuyGaKuyKWCaBileGLicRtUKImImYy rWCaes‘rIénBileGLicRtUKImIpSMcUlKña EdlGacRtUv)an eRbICaRbPBéncrnþGKÁisnIpÞal;enAkMlaMgv:ulefr. eTaHbICadMeNIrkarénGaKuyKWRsedogKñaeTA nwgeKalkarN_énBileGLicRtUKImIEdl)anBN’nakñúgEpñkTI2k¾edayk¾GaKuymanGtßRbeyaCn_ edaymanbnÞúkRKb;RKan;edayxøÜnva nigminRtUvkarsmasFatubEnßm dUcCa s<anGMbilenaHeLIy. enAEpñkenH eyIgnwgBiPakSanUvRbePTGaKuymYycMnYn EdlmankareRbIR)as;TUlMTUlay. GaKuys¶ÜtGaKuys¶ÜtGaKuys¶ÜtGaKuys¶Üt Bils¶ÜtEdleKeRbIR)as;eRcInCageK KWCaBilEdlKµansmasFaturaveTvaKWCaBilLWkøg; es (Leclanche cell) EdlRtUv)aneRbIkñúgBilbBa©aMgnigviTüúRtg;sIusÞ½r. GaNUténBilmankMb:ug s½gásIEdlsßitenAb:HCamYynwgm:g;kaENsDIGuksIut(MnO2)ehIynigeGLicRtUlIt. eGLicRtU- lItmanGam:Uj:ÚmkørYnigs½gásIkørYlaykñúgTwk EdlemSAGamIdugRtUv)anbEnßmedIm,IeGaysUluy süúgxab;dUcCaemSAlayCamYyTwkEdldUecñHvahak;dUcCaminelcTwkecj¬rUbTI7¦. begáal kabUneFIVCakatUt EdlRtUv)aneKdak;cMkNþaleGLicRtUlIténBil. RbtikmµénBilenHKW³ GaNUt ³ Zn(s) Zn2+

(aq) + 2e-

katUt ³ 2NH4+

(aq) + 2MnO2(s) + 2e- Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l)

Rbtikmµsrub³ Zn(s)+2NH4+

(aq)+2MnO2(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) + Mn2O3(s)

CakarBit smIkarenHKWCakareFVIeGaygayeBkéndMeNIrsaMjaMurbs;fµBil. kMlaMgv:ul EdlplitedayBils¶ÜtKWRbEhlCa 1/5v:ul.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-25

GaKuyGaKuyGaKuyGaKuy))))artartartart

GaKuy)artRtUv)aneRbIya:gTUlMTUlaykñúgevC¢saRsþ nigkñúg]sSahkmµGKÁisnI ehIyva éføCagfµBils¶ÜtTUeTA. sßitenAkñúgsIuLaMgEdkERcHmincab;GaKuy)artmanGaNUtCas½gásI ¬RClk;)art¦ sßitenAb:HCamYyeGLicRtUlItGal;kaLaMgxøaMgedaymansgá½sIGuksIutnig)artDI GuksIut¬rUbTI8¦. RbtikmµBilenHKW³ GaNUt ³ Zn(Hg)+2OH-

(aq) ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e-

katUt ³ HgO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e- Hg(l) + 2OH-(aq)

smIkarsrub ³ Zn(Hg) + HgO(s) ZnO(s) + Hg(l) edaysarminmankarpøas;bþÚrsmasPaBeGLicRtUlItkñúgeBldMeNIrkar ¬RbtikmµBil

TaMgmUlmanEtsarFaturwg¦. GaKuy)artpþl;kMlaMgvu:l¬1,35V¦efrCagBilLWkøg;es. vak¾man smtßPaBx<s; nigeRbI)anyYrCagBilLWkøg;esEdr. KuNPaBTaMgenHehIyEdleFIVeGayBil )artl¥bMputsMrab;kareRbIkñúgRbdab;sÞg;sþab;ebHdUg Rbdab;RsUbsMelg naLikaédeRbIcrnþnig Rbdab;vas;BnøW.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI7 7 7 7 ³ ³ ³ ³ xñatxñatxñatxñat;; ;;xagkñúgxagkñúgxagkñúgxagkñúgénénénénBils¶Üt EBils¶Üt EBils¶Üt EBils¶Üt EdldldldlRtUv RtUv RtUv RtUv ))))aneRbIkñúgBilbBa©aMg aneRbIkñúgBilbBa©aMg aneRbIkñúgBilbBa©aMg aneRbIkñúgBilbBa©aMg nnnniiiig viTüú g viTüú g viTüú g viTüú RtgRtgRtgRtg;;;;sIussIussIussIusÞ½Þ½ Þ½Þ½rrrr CakarBit fµBilmins¶ÜtTaMgRsugeTCakarBit fµBilmins¶ÜtTaMgRsugeTCakarBit fµBilmins¶ÜtTaMgRsugeTCakarBit fµBilmins¶ÜtTaMgRsugeT BIeRBaH BIeRBaH BIeRBaH BIeRBaH vapÞúkeGLicRtUlIvapÞúkeGLicRtUlIvapÞúkeGLicRtUlIvapÞúkeGLicRtUlIttttemSAmansMeNImemSAmansMeNImemSAmansMeNImemSAmansMeNIm....

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI8888³ ³ ³ ³ EpñkEpñkEpñkEpñkxagkñúgrbsxagkñúgrbsxagkñúgrbsxagkñúgrbs;;;;GaKuy GaKuy GaKuy GaKuy ))))artartartart

CMBYk19

19-26

GaKuyGaKuyGaKuyGaKuysMNsMNsMNsMN GaKuysMNEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAkñúgrfynþ pÁúMeLIgedayBildUcKñaebHbiTcMnYnR)aMmYy

tP¢ab;KñaCaes‘rI. BilnImYy²manGaNUtsMN nigkatUteFIVBIsMNDIGuksIut(PbO2) Pöab;KñaCabnÞH elah³¬rUbTI9¦. katUtnigGaNUtTaMgBIrRtUvRtaMkñúgsUluysüúgTwkénGasuIts‘ulpYric(H2SO4)

EdledIrtYCaeGLicRtUlIt. RbtikmµénBilKWRbtikmµénBilKWRbtikmµénBilKWRbtikmµénBilKW³³³³

GaNUt ³ Pb(s) + SO42-

(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e-

katUt³ PbO2 (s) + 4H+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq) + 2e- PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)

smIkarsrub³ Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO4

2-(aq) 2PbSO4(s) +2H2O(l)

enAeRkamlkçxNÐkMBugdMeNIrkarFmµta BilnImYy²plit2V dUcenHsrubTaMgGs;KW12V

BIBilTaMg6RtUv)aneRbICaRbPBpþl;famBleGayesoKVIbeBaöHrbs;rfynþ nigRbB½n§GKÁisnIdéT eTotrbs;vaBilsMNGacpþl;crnþbrimaNeRcInsMrab;ry³eBlxøI²dUcCaeBlcab;epþImbeBaäH ma:sIun.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI9999³³³³ EpñkxagkñúgénBilsMEpñkxagkñúgénBilsMEpñkxagkñúgénBilsMEpñkxagkñúgénBilsMNNNN.... enAeRkamlkçxNçkMBugdMeNIrkarFmµta kMhabenAeRkamlkçxNçkMBugdMeNIrkarFmµta kMhabenAeRkamlkçxNçkMBugdMeNIrkarFmµta kMhabenAeRkamlkçxNçkMBugdMeNIrkarFmµta kMhab;;;;énGasIuts‘ulpYric KWRbEhl énGasIuts‘ulpYric KWRbEhl énGasIuts‘ulpYric KWRbEhl énGasIuts‘ulpYric KWRbEhl 38383838PaKryKitCamaPaKryKitCamaPaKryKitCamaPaKryKitCama:: ::ssss....

mindUcBilLWkøg;esnigBil)arteT BilsMN KWGacsakvij)an. karsakGaKuyvij KWmann½yfa karRtLb;vijénRbtikmµeGLicRtUKImIFmµta edaykarGnuvtþkMlaMgv:ulxageRkAenA elIkatUtnigGaNUt¬RbePTéndMeNIrkarenHeKehAfaGKÁisnIviPaK. RbtikmµEdlbMeBjeGay vtßúFatuedImvijenaHKW³

eGLicRtUKImI

19-27

GaNUt ³ PbSO4(s) + 2e- Pb(s) + SO42-

katUt ³PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + SO4

2-(aq) + 2e-

smIkarsrub³ 2PbSO4(s) +2H2O(l) Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO4

2-(aq)

RbtikmµsrubKWBitCapÞúyBIRbtikmµBilFmµta.

TidæPaBBIréndMeNIrkarBilsMNKWmantMélKYreGaykt;sMKal;. TImYyKWedaysarEt RbtikmµeGLicRtUKImIeRbIR)as;GasIuts‘ulpYric kMritEdlGaKuy)anbeBa©jbnÞúkGacRtUvRtYt Binitüedaykarvas;dg;sIueteGLicRtUlItedayGIuRdUEm:Rt(hydrometer) ehIyCaTUeTARtUv)aneFIV enAsßanIyeRbgsaMg. dg;sIuetsnÞnIykñúgGaKuyRtUv)ansakeBjGacesµIrWmantMélFMCag 1,2

g/ml. TIBIr Gñkrs;enAkñúgGakasFatuRtCak;CUnkalmanbBaðacMeBaH karbeBaäHrfynþrbs;BYkeK edaysarEtGaKuyGs;ePøIg. karKNnaETm:UDINamicbgðajfa emf rbs;BileGLicRtUKImIfy cuHCamYysItuNðPaBfycuH. b:uEnþ cMeBaHGaKuysMN emKuNsItuNðPaBKWRbEhl 1,5× 10 –4

V/oC KWmankarfycuHkMlaMgv:ul 1,5× 10-4 V sMrab;ral;karFøak;cuHsItuNðPaBmYyGgSa. dUecñH eTaHbIeGaymanbMErbMrYlsItuNðPaB 40 oC karfycuHbrimaNkMlaMgv:ulRtwmEt 6×10-3 V Edl mantMélRbEhlEt³

%05,0%10012

10610 3

=×× −

V

V énkMlaMgv:uldMeNIrkar EdlCakarERbRbYltictYc. mUlehtuBitR)akdénkarxUcxaténGaKuyKW karekIneLIgénPaBGn§ilrbs;eGLicRtUlItenAeBlEdlsItuNðPaBfycuH. sMrab;eGayGaKuy dMeNIrkarmuxgarRtwmRtUveGLicRtUlItRtUvEtcMlgcrnþeBjelj. b:uEnþ GIuy:ugpøas;TIyWtxøaMg enAkñúgmCÄdæanGn§il dUecñHkMlaMgTb;énsnÞnIyekInEdlnaMeGaymankarfycuHfamBlbeBa©j edayGaKuy. ebIsinGaKuyhak;dUcGs;ePøIgRtUv)ankMedAeTACitdl;sItuNðPaBbnÞb;enAéf¶ RtCak;xøaMgenaHvaRtlb;CamanlT§PaBpþl;famBldUcFmµtavij. GaKuylIcUmrwgGaKuylIcUmrwgGaKuylIcUmrwgGaKuylIcUmrwg

vamindUcGaKuyEdl)anBiPakSaBImuneT GaKuyrwgeRbIGgÁFaturwg ¬CaCagsUluysüúgTwk rWemSA)asEdllayTwk¦ CaeGLicRtUlItP¢ab;CamYyeGLicRtUt. rUbTI10 bgðajKMnUsbMRBYjén GaKuylIcUmrwg. plRbeyaCn_kñúgkareRCIserIslIcUmCaGaNUt KWfavamantMélEoviC¢manxøaMg ¬dUc)anbgðajkñúgtaragTI1¦. elIsBIenHlIcUmCaelah³Rsal dUecñHlIcUmRtwmEt6,941g¬ma:s

CMBYk19

19-28

m:UElrbs;va¦RtUvkaredIm,IbegáItmYym:UleGLicRtug. eGLicRtUlItenHKWCab:UlIEmEdlGac eGayGIuy:ugqøgkat; b:uEnþminmaneGLicRtugqøgkat;eT. katUtrbs;vaRtUv)aneFIVBI TiS2rWV6O13. kMlaMgv:ulBilénGaKuylIcUmrwgGacx<s;eTAdl; 3V ehIyvaGacsak)andUcGaKuysMNEdr. eTaHbIGaKuyTaMgenHminTan;manPaBeCOTukcitþx<s; nigeRbI)anyUrk¾eday k¾vaRtUv)aneKsaTrCa GaKuyénGnaKt. GaKuyGaKuyGaKuyGaKuy\\\\n§nn§nn§nn§n³³³³

\n§n³pUsIulCaRbPBsMxan;bMputénfamBl b:uEnþbMElgBI\n§n³pUsIuleTACafamBl GKÁisnI KWCadMeNIrmin)anpleRcInenaHeT. cUrBicarNaeTAelIcMehHemtan³

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI11111111³ ³ ³ ³ BilBilBilBil\\\\n§nn§nn§nn§n³³³³GuksIuEsnGuksIuEsnGuksIuEsnGuksIuEsn----GIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsnGIuRdUEsn. . . . nIEklnIEklnIEklnIEklnignIEklGuksIutRtUnignIEklGuksIutRtUnignIEklGuksIutRtUnignIEklGuksIutRtUvvvv))))ananananbgábbgábbgábbgáb;; ;;kkkk ñúgeGLicRtUtkabUnman ñúgeGLicRtUtkabUnman ñúgeGLicRtUtkabUnman ñúgeGLicRtUtkabUnman rn§CaeGLicRtUrn§CaeGLicRtUrn§CaeGLicRtUrn§CaeGLicRtUkkkkatalIkratalIkratalIkratalIkr....

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI10101010³³³³ ddddüaRkambMRbYjénüaRkambMRbYjénüaRkambMRbYjénüaRkambMRbYjénGaKuuylIcUmrwgGaKuuylIcUmrwgGaKuuylIcUmrwgGaKuuylIcUmrwg. . . . elahelahelahelah³ ³ ³ ³ Li CaGaNUt ehIy CaGaNUt ehIy CaGaNUt ehIy CaGaNUt ehIy TiS2 CakatUtCakatUtCakatUtCakatUt. . . . kñúgkñúgkñúgkñúg eBldMeNIrkarGIuyeBldMeNIrkarGIuyeBldMeNIrkarGIuyeBldMeNIrkarGIuy:::: uu uuglIcUmpøasglIcUmpøasglIcUmpøasglIcUmpøas;;;;TIkatTIkatTIkatTIkat;; ;;tameGLictameGLictameGLictameGLicRtUlIRtUlIRtUlIRtUlItbtbtbtb:::: UlIEmrwgUlIEmrwgUlIEmrwgUlIEmrwgBIGaBIGaBIGaBIGaNUtNUtNUtNUteTAkaeTAkaeTAkaeTAkatUt eBleGLic tUt eBleGLic tUt eBleGLic tUt eBleGLic RtughUrenAxageRkABIRtughUrenAxageRkABIRtughUrenAxageRkABIRtughUrenAxageRkABIGaNUteTAkatUGaNUteTAkatUGaNUteTAkatUGaNUteTAkatUttttedImedImedImedIm,,,,II II bMeBjesoKVIbMeBjesoKVIbMeBjesoKVIbMeBjesoKVI....

eGLicRtUKImI

19-29

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2 + 2H2O(l) + famBl GuksuItkmµ ³ 2H2(g) + 4OH-

(aq) 4H2O(l) + 4e- erdukmµ ³ O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4e- 4 OH-

(aq) edIm,IbegáItGKÁisnI kMedARtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayRbtikmµRtUv)aneRbImuneKbg¥s;sMrab;

bMEbøgTwkeGayeTACacMhay EdlbnÞab;mkeFIVeGaytYb‘Ín (turbine) edIrEdlbNþaleGay ma:sIunedIrEdr. mYyEpñkd¾sMxan;énfamBlEdlRtUv)anbeBa©jCaTMrg;kMedARtUv)an)at;bg;eTA kñúgmCÄdæanCMuvijenAtamdMNak;nImYy² EdleTaHbICaeragcRkpþl;famBlGKÁisnIl¥ya:gNak¾ edayk¾bMEbøgEt40PaKryb:ueNÑaHénfamBlKImIedImeGayeTACaGKÁisnI. edaysarRbtikmµ cMehHKWCaRbtikmµerduk vaKYrEtdMeNIrkarvaedaypÞal;tammeFüa)ayeGLicRtUKImI EdlbegáIn RbsiT§plénkarplitfamBl. vtßúbMNgGacRtUv)ansMerc eday]bkrN_EdleKsÁal;faCa BilBilBilBil\\\\n§n§n§n§nnnn³³³³ EdlCaBileGLicRtYKIImImYyRtUvkarnUvkarpÁt;pÁg;CabnþbnÞab;énRbtikredIm,IrkSadMeNIr karmuxgar.

kñúgTMrg;gaybMputrbs;vaBil\n§n³GIuRdUEsn-GuksIuEsnbgáeLIgedaysUluysüúgeGLic RtUlIt dUcCasUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmGIuRduksIutnigeGLicRtUtniclBIr. ]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnnigGuksIu- EsnbeBa©jBBuHqøgbnÞb;katUtnigGaNUt¬rUbTI11¦ EdlCakEnøgRbtikmµxageRkamekIteLIg³

GaNUt ³ 2H2(g) + 4OH-(aq) 4H2O(l) + 4e-

katUt ³ O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4e- 4 OH-(aq)

emf sþg;darbs;BilKWGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkamCamYyTinñn½yBItaragTI19-1: Eo = Eo

ox + Eored

= 0,83 V + 0,40V = 1,23V

dUecñHRbtikmµBilKWekItÉgeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da. cUrcMNaMfaRbtikmµenHKWdUceTAnwg RbtikmµcMehHGIuRdUEsnEdr. b:uEnþGuksIutkmµnigerdukmµRtUvRbRBwtþeTAedayELkBIKñaenAGaNUt nigkatUt. dUc)aøTInkñúgeGLicRtUtGuIRdUEsnsþg;daEdreGLicRtUtTaMgenaHmantYnaTIBIr. KWvaRtUv )aneRbICavtßúcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI nigvapþl;épÞcaM)ac;sMrab;karbMEbkFatudMbUgénm:UelKuleGayeTA CaRbePTGatUm muneBlepÞreGLicRtug. vaCaeGLicRtUkatalIkr. elah³dUcCa )aøkTIn nIEkl nigr:UdüÚmCaeGLicRtUkatalIkrl¥.

CMBYk19

19-30

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI12121212³³³³ BilBilBilBil\\\\n§nn§nn§nn§n³³³³GuksIuEsnGuksIuEsnGuksIuEsnGuksIuEsn----GIuRdUEsnEdleRGIuRdUEsnEdleRGIuRdUEsnEdleRGIuRdUEsnEdleRbIkñúgkmµbIkñúgkmµbIkñúgkmµbIkñúgkmµviFIGvkasviFIGvkasviFIGvkasviFIGvkas.... TwksuT§EdlTwksuT§EdlTwksuT§EdlTwksuT§EdlRtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anplitedayBilRtUv anplitedayBilRtUv anplitedayBilRtUv anplitedayBilRtUv ))))aneRbIedayGñkGvkasaneRbIedayGñkGvkasaneRbIedayGñkGvkasaneRbIedayGñkGvkas. . . .

bEnßmelIRbB½n§GuksIuEsn-GuIRdUEsn Bil\n§n³déTeTotmYycMnYnRtUv)anGPivDÆ. kñúg cMenamBilTaMgenHmanBil\n§n³GuksIuEsn-RbU)a:n. RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilKW³

GaNUt ³ C3H8(g) + 6H2O(l) 3CO2(g) + 20H+(aq)+ 20e-

katUt ³ 5O2(g) + 20 H+(aq) + 20e- 10H2O(l)

smIkarsrub ³ C3H8(aq) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g)+ 4H2O(l)

RbtikmµsrubenHKWdUcKñaeTAnwgcMehHRbU)a:nkñúgGuksIuEsn. mindUcGaKuyeT Bil\n§n³minsþúkfamBlKImIeT. RbtikrRtUvEtRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;eLIgvij

CaRbcaM ehIyplitplRtUvEtykecjBIBil\n§n³CaRbcaM. kñúglkçN³enH Bil\n§n³dUcCa ma:sIuneRcInCagvaCaGaKuy. b:uEnþ Bil\n§n³mindMeNIrkardUcma:sIunbeBa©jkMedAeT dUecñH vamin EmnsMrab;RbePTdUcKñaénkarkMnt;ETm:UDINamicenAkñúgbMElgfamBleT¬emIlKImIGnuvtþn_¦.

Bil\n§n³erobcM)anl¥RtwmRtUvGacpþl;pll¥70PaKry KWRbEhlBIrdgénplpþl;eday ma:sIuncMehHkñúg. elIsBIenHeTot ma:sIunBil\n§n³KµansMelglWxøaMg minj½r mincMlgkMedA KµankgVk;edaykMedA (thermal pollution) nigbBaða epSgeTotEdlekItmanCamYyeragcRk famBlFmµta. ya:gNak¾edayBil\n§n³ minTan;RtUv)aneRbITUlMTUlayenAeLIyeT. bBaða cMbgKWkgVHxateGLicRtUkatalIkr tMélefakedIm,IGacdMeNIrkarmuxgard¾manRbsiT§PaBsMrab;

eGLicRtUKImI

19-31

ry³eBlyUredayKµankxVk;. karGnuvtþEdlTTYl)aneCaKC½ybMputrbs;Bil\n§n³mkdl;sBV éf¶enH KWenAkñúgyanGvkas. 7 kMNERcH

kMkMkMkMNNNNERcHERcHERcHERcHKWCaBaküFmµtaeRbIsMrab;kareFIVeGayxUcelah³edaydMeNIrkareGLicRtUKImI. eyIgeXIjkMNERcHCaeRcInenACMuvijeyIg. kareLIgERcHelIEdk kareLIgRsGab; elIR)ak; karduHsñwmBN’ébtgelITg;Edgnigs<an;KWCacMnYntictYcénkMNERcH¬rUbTI13¦. kMNERcHbNþal eGaymanplb:HBal;ya:gxøaMgeTAelIsMNg;GaKar s<an k)a:l; nigrfynþ. tMélénkareLIg ERcHelah³ Edlb:HBal;eTAelIesdækic©shrdæGaemric)anRtUveK):an;sµanfamantMélelIsBI 10000landuløarkñúgmYyqñaM EpñkenHBiPakSaGMBIdMeNIrkarsMxan;²xøHEdlekItmanenAkñúgkMN ERcH nigviFIRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkarBarelah³Tb;Tl;karekItERcHelIelah³.

]TahrN_EdleKsÁal;CageKénkMNERcH KWkMNERcHelIEdk. ]sµ½n GuksIuEsnnigTwk RtUvEtmanvtþmanedIm,IeGayERcHsIuEdk. eTaHbIRbtikmµenHsaMjaMuKYrsmnigmingayRsYlyl; k¾edayk¾dMNak;kalsMxan;²RtUv)aneCOdUcxageRkam. tMbn;énépÞelah³eFIVCaGaNUtEdl GuksIutkmµekItman³

Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2e-

eGLicRtugRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecaledayEdkeFVIerdukmµGuksIuEsnbriyakaseTA CaTwkenAkatUt EdlCatMbn;mYyeToténépÞelah³EtmYy.

O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l)

RbtikmµerduksrubKW³ 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+ 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

tamTinñn½yBItaragTI 1 eyIgdwgfa emf sþg;dasMrab;dMeNIrkarenH Eo = Eo

ox + Eored

= 0,44V + 1,23V = 1,67V

cUrcMNaMfa RbtikmµenHRbRBwtþeTAkñúgmCÄdæanGasIut GIuy:ug H+ RtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;CaEpñk edayRbtikmµénkabUnDIGuksIutbriyakasCamYynwgTwkedIm,IbegáItCaH2CO3.

GIuy:ugEdk ¬Fe2+¦ EdlkekItenAGaNUt RtUv)anrgGuksIutkmµedayGuksuIEsn. 4Fe2+

(aq) + O2(g) + (4 +2x)H2O(l) 2Fe2O3 . xH2O(s) + 8H+(aq)

TMrg;GIuRdaténEdk(III) GuksIutRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCaERcH. brimaNénTwkEdlcUlrYmCa mYyEdkGuksIutERbRbYl dUecñHeyIgtagrUbmnþCa Fe2O3 . xH2O.

CMBYk19

19-32

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI13131313³³³³ ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____énERcHsIuénERcHsIuénERcHsIuénERcHsIu. . . . (a) kkkk))))aaaa:: ::llll;;;;EdlRtUvERcHsuI EdlRtUvERcHsuI EdlRtUvERcHsuI EdlRtUvERcHsuI (b) canRcanRcanRcanR))))akakakak;;;;eLIgsñwmBakeLIgsñwmBakeLIgsñwmBakeLIgsñwmBak;;;;kNþal kNþal kNþal kNþal (c) rUbrUbrUbrUb

sMNaksMNaksMNaksMNakesrIPaBEdlRtUvesrIPaBEdlRtUvesrIPaBEdlRtUvesrIPaBEdlRtUv))))anlabBN’munanlabBN’munanlabBN’munanlabBN’muneBlseBlseBlseBlsßßßßaaaabnaeLIgvijbnaeLIgvijbnaeLIgvijbnaeLIgvijenAenAenAenAqñaMqñaMqñaMqñaM1986198619861986.... rUbTI14bgðajBIclnkarénkarbegáItERcH. esoKVIeGLicRtugRtUv)anbMeBjedaybMlas;

TIrbs;eGLicRtugnigGIuy:ug enHKWCamUlehtuEdlERcHekItmanya:gelOnkñúgTwkGMbil. kñúg GakasFatuRtCak; GMbil (NaCl rW CaCl2 ) Edl)actampøÚvedIm,IrMlayTwkkknigRBilKWCamUl- ehtusMxan;énkMNERcHelIrfynþ.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-33

rUbrUbrUbrUbTITITITI14141414³³³³ dMedMedMedMeNNNNIrkareGLicRtUKImIEdlTakIrkareGLicRtUKImIEdlTakIrkareGLicRtUKImIEdlTakIrkareGLicRtUKImIEdlTak;;;;TgkñúgkarbegáItERcHTgkñúgkarbegáItERcHTgkñúgkarbegáItERcHTgkñúgkarbegáItERcH. . . . GIuyGIuyGIuyGIuy:::: ug ug ug ug H+ RtUvRtUvRtUvRtUvppppÁÁÁÁtttt;;;;ppppÁgÁgÁgÁg;; ;;edayedayedayeday H2CO3 EdlekItEdlekItEdlekItEdlekIt eLIgeeLIgeeLIgeeLIgennnnAeBl AeBl AeBl AeBl CO2 rlayrlayrlayrlaykñúgTwkkñúgTwkkñúgTwkkñúgTwk....

kMNERcHénelah³KWminRtUv)ankMNt;faEtRtwmEdkenaHeT. sUmBinitüemIlGaluy mIj:ÚmEdlCaelah³mYyRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVsMPar³eRbIR)as;CaeRcIn rYmmanynþehaH nigkMb:ug ePsC¢³. GaluymIj:ÚmmanTMenareFVIGuksuItkmµxøaMgCagEdk. kñúgtaragTI1 eyIgeXIjfaGaluy mIj:Úmmanb:UtgEsülerdukmµsþg;daGviC¢manxøaMgCagEdk. edayeyaleTAelIEtehtukarN_enH eyIgGacrMBwgfaynþehaHeLIgERcHbnþicmþg²kñúgBüúHePøóg ehIykMb:ugsUdaERbkøayeTACakMN GaluymIj:ÚmERcHsIu. dMeNIrkarekItERcHTaMgenaHminekIteLIgeT edaysarEtRsTab;Galuy mIj:ÚmGuksIut(Al 2O3){minrlay}ekItmanenAelIépÞrbs;va EdlenAeBlelah³enHRtUv)andak; eGayRtUvxül;GaluymIj:ÚmGuksIutenH CYykarBarEpñkxagkñúgrbs;vaBIkarkekItERcHbEnßm eTot. b:uEnþERcHekIteLIgelIépÞénEdkmanrn§eRcIneBkminGackarBarelah³EdlenABIeRkam )aneT.

elah³eFVIkak; dUcCaTg;Edg nigR)ak;k¾manERcH ¬sñwm¦Edr b:uEnþvayItxøaMg Cu(s) Cu2+

(aq) + 2e- Ag(s) Ag+

(aq) + e-

cMeBaHkardak;kñúgbriyakasFmµta Tg;EdgbegáItRsTab;esþIgénTg;EdgkabUNat (CuCO3) EdlsarFatuBN’ébtgRtUv)aneKehApgEdrfasñwm¬bnÞHesIþg²¦ EdlkarBarelah³ xagkñúgBIkareLIgsñwmbEnßmeTot. dUcKñaEdr eRKOgR)ak;EdleRbIkñúgpÞH)aybegáIt)anCaRsTab; esþIgénR)ak;s‘ulpY(Ag2S).

CMBYk19

19-34

RTwsþImYycMnYnRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgedIm,IkarBarelah³BIkMNERcH. PaKeRcInénRTwsþI TaMgenHmaneKalbMNgkarBarkMNERcH. viFICak;lak;bMputenaH KWlabépÞelah³CamYynwgfñaM lab. b:uEnþRbsinebIfñaMlabRtUvrbkmanrn§rebIkecjeFIVeGaytMbn;tUc²énEdkKµanfñaMenaHERcH nwgekIteLIgenAeRkamRsTab;fñaMBN’. épÞrbs;elah³EdkGacRtUv)aneFVIkuMeGayskmµeday dMeNIrkarGskmµkmµ(passivation). RsTab;GuksIutesþIgRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlEdlelah³ enaHRtUv)anRClk;edayPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMg dUcCaGasIutnIRTicxab;. sUluysüúgsUdüÚm RkUma:teRcInRtUv)aneKbEnßmeTAkñúgRbB½n§RtCak;nigr:adüaT½rrfynþ edIm,IkarBarkMNERcH.

TMenarsMrab;EdkeFVIGuksIutkmµRtUv)anbnßyy:agxøaMgenAeBlEdlva layCamYyelah³ mYycMnYneTotCasMelah³. ]TahrN_dUcCaEdkERcHGt;cab;CasMelah³énEdknigRkUmEdl RsTab;RkUmGuksIutekIteLIgsMrab;karBarEdkBIERcHsIu.

kugtWn½rEdkGacBasedayRsTab;elah³mYyeTotdUcCasMN)a:haMgrWs½gásI. kMb:ugsMN):ahaMgGacRtUv)aneFVIedayeRbIRsTab;esþIgénsMN):ahaMgelIEdk. kMNERcHRtUv)an karBarenAeBlRsTab;sMN):ahaMgenAEtman. b:uEnþenAeBlépÞenaHRtUv)andac; ERcHkekIteLIg Pøam. RbsinebIeyIgBinitüemIlb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;daeyIgeXIjfa EdkedIrtYCaGaNUtnig sMN):ahaMgCakatUtkñúgdMeNIrkMNERcHenH.

Fe(s) Fe2+ +2e- E0 = 0,44v

Sn2+

(aq) +2e- Sn (s) E0 = -0,14v

dMeNIrkarkarBarxusKñasMrab;snÞHs½gásI rWEdkEdlBasedaysMN. s½gásIgayrg GuksIutkmµCagEdk ¬sUmemIltarag1¦.

Zn(s) Zn2+(aq)

+2e- E0=0,76V

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI15151515³³³³ EdkeKalmYyEdlRtUvEdkeKalmYyEdlRtUvEdkeKalmYyEdlRtUvEdkeKalmYyEdlRtUv))))anananan karBarenAkatUtedays½gásIminman karBarenAkatUtedays½gásIminman karBarenAkatUtedays½gásIminman karBarenAkatUtedays½gásIminman ERcHsIueTenAkñúgTwk ERcHsIueTenAkñúgTwk ERcHsIueTenAkñúgTwk ERcHsIueTenAkñúgTwk cMENkcMENkcMENkcMENkEdEdEdEdkkkkeKal eKal eKal eKal EdlKµanGVIkEdlKµanGVIkEdlKµanGVIkEdlKµanGVIkarBararBararBararBar ERcHERcHERcHERcHsIuedaygaysIuedaygaysIuedaygaysIuedaygay....

eGLicRtUKImI

19-35

dUecñHeTaHCamankardac;beBa©jépÞEdk k¾elah³s½gásIenAEtTTYlrgGuksIutkmµdEdl. kñúgkrNIenHelah³s½gásIRtUv)aneRbICaGaNYtnigEdkKWCakatUt.

karkarBarenAkatUtKwCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlkñúgenaH elah³EdlRtUv)ankarBarBIERcHsIu KWeFIVCakatUteTAtamBileGLicRtUKImI. rUb15bgðajBIrebobEdlEdkeKalGacRtUv)ankarBarBI ERcHsIuedaykarP¢ab;EdkeKaleTAnwgbMENks½gásI. KµankarkarBardUcenaH EdkeKaleLIgERcH ya:gelOnenAkñúgTwk. karERcHsIubMBg;duMEdkdak;pÞal;dI nigFugsþúkeFVIBIEdkGacRtUv)ankarBarrW GacRtUv)ankat;bnßy)aneRcInedaykarP¢ab;vaeTAnwgs½gásIrWma:ejsüÚm EdleFVIGuksIutkmµxøaMg CagEdk¬rUbTI16¦.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI16161616³ ³ ³ ³ karkarBarenAkatUténkarkarBarenAkatUténkarkarBarenAkatUténkarkarBarenAkatUténFugEdk¬katUt¦edaymaFugEdk¬katUt¦edaymaFugEdk¬katUt¦edaymaFugEdk¬katUt¦edayma:: ::ejsüÚm EdlCaelahejsüÚm EdlCaelahejsüÚm EdlCaelahejsüÚm EdlCaelah³³³³EdlmanEdlmanEdlmanEdlmaneGLicRtUeGLicRtUeGLicRtUeGLicRtU viC¢manviC¢manviC¢manviC¢manCagCagCagCag¬GaNUt¦¬GaNUt¦¬GaNUt¦¬GaNUt¦. . . . edaysaredaysaredaysaredaysarmanmanmanmanEtmaEtmaEtmaEtma:: ::ejejejej::::süÚmsüÚmsüÚmsüÚmEdlEdlEdlEdl))))anbganbganbganbg;;;;enAkñúglMnaMeGLicRtUKenAkñúglMnaMeGLicRtUKenAkñúglMnaMeGLicRtUKenAkñúglMnaMeGLicRtUKimIenH CUnkalimIenH CUnkalimIenH CUnkalimIenH CUnkalvaRtUvvaRtUvvaRtUvvaRtUv))))an an an an eKehAfaGaNUteKehAfaGaNUteKehAfaGaNUteKehAfaGaNUtBlIkmµBlIkmµBlIkmµBlIkmµ....

KImIGnuvtþn_enATMB½r38 bgðajfaPaBmingayRsYlkñúgkarb:HeFµjGacCalT§plBI )atuPUteGLicRtUKImI. 8 GKÁisnIviPaK

pÞuúyeTAnwgRbtikmµerdukekItÉgEdlnaMeGaymanbMElgfamBlKImIeTACafamBl GKÁisnI GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKKWCadMeNIrkarEdlfamBlGKÁisnIRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbgáeGayRbtikmµKImImin ekItÉgekItman. BileGLicRtUlItBileGLicRtUlItBileGLicRtUlItBileGLicRtUlIt KWCa]bkrN_sMrab;dMeNIrkarGKÁisnIviPaK. eKalkarN_dUc KñaKWCamUldæanénGKÁisnIviPaKnigdMeNIrkarRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI. enATIenH eyIg nwgBiPakSaGMBI]TahrN_GKÁIsnIviPaKcMnYnbIEdlBwgEp¥kelIeKalkarN_TaMgenaH. bnÞab;mk eyIgnwgBinitüemIleTAelITidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaK.

CMBYk19

19-36

GKÁisnIviPaKsUdüÚmkørYrlayGKÁisnIviPaKsUdüÚmkørYrlayGKÁisnIviPaKsUdüÚmkørYrlayGKÁisnIviPaKsUdüÚmkørYrlay kñúgPaBrlayrbs;va sUdüÜmkørYEdlCasmasFatuGIuy:ugGacRtUv)aneFVIGKÁisnIviPaK

edIm,IbegáItelah³sUdüÚmnigkør. rUb17(a)KWCadüaRkaménBiledan ¬Downs cell¦ EdlRtUv)an eRbIsMrab;GKÁisnIviPaKRTg;RTayFMén NaCl. kñúg NaCl rlay kacugnigGaj:úgKWCaGIuy:ug Na+

nigCl- erogKña. rUb17(b) KWCadüaRkambMRbYj EdlbgðajnUvRbtikmµEdlekItmanenAeGLic- RtUt. BileGLicRtUlItmaneGLicRtUtmYyKU P¢ab;CamYyGaKuy. GaKuyeFIVCasñb;eGLicRtug EdlnaMeGLicRtugeTAkatUt EdlRbtikmµerdukmµekIteLIg nigTajeGLicRtugecjBIGaNUt EdlRbtikmµGuksIutkmµekIteLIg. RbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUtKW³

GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ 2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2e-

katUt¬erdukmµ¦ ³ 2Na+(l) + 2e- 2Na(l)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ 2Na+(l) + 2Cl-(l) 2Na(l) + Cl2(g)

dMeNIrkarenHCaRbPBsMxan;énelah³sUdüÚmsuT§nig]sµ½nkørsuT§.

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI17171717³³³³ karkarkarkarerobcMerobcMerobcMerobcMCakCakCakCak;; ;;EsþgEsþgEsþgEsþgEdlehAfaBiledanEdlehAfaBiledanEdlehAfaBiledanEdlehAfaBiledansMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;; ;;GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKsUdüÚmkørYrlaysUdüÚmkørYrlaysUdüÚmkørYrlaysUdüÚmkørYrlay (m.p 801oC). . . . eeeelahlahlahlah³³³³ sUdüÚmsUdüÚmsUdüÚmsUdüÚmkkkkekItenAkatUtkñúgPaBekItenAkatUtkñúgPaBekItenAkatUtkñúgPaBekItenAkatUtkñúgPaBCaGgÁFaturavCaGgÁFaturavCaGgÁFaturavCaGgÁFaturav.... edaysaredaysaredaysaredaysarelahelahelahelah³³³³sUdüÚmRsalCagsUdüÚmRsalCagsUdüÚmRsalCagsUdüÚmRsalCag NaCl rlayrlayrlayrlayssssUdüÚmUdüÚmUdüÚmUdüÚmGENþt GENþt GENþt GENþt xagelIxagelIxagelIxagelIépépépépÞÞÞÞdUcEdldUcEdldUcEdldUcEdl))))ananananbgðajbgðajbgðajbgðajnignignignigRtUvRtUvRtUvRtUv))))anRbmUlanRbmUlanRbmUlanRbmUl.... ]]]]sµ½sµ½sµ½sµ½nnnnkørYkørYkørYkørYkkkkekItenAekItenAekItenAekItenAGaNUGaNUGaNUGaNUt t t t nigRtUvnigRtUvnigRtUvnigRtUv))))anRbmUlanRbmUlanRbmUlanRbmUlenAEpñkkMBUl enAEpñkkMBUl enAEpñkkMBUl enAEpñkkMBUl (b)

düaRkambMRbYjdüaRkambMRbYjdüaRkambMRbYjdüaRkambMRbYjEdlbgðajBIRbtikmµEdlbgðajBIRbtikmµEdlbgðajBIRbtikmµEdlbgðajBIRbtikmµenAeGenAeGenAeGenAeGLicRtUtén LicRtUtén LicRtUtén LicRtUtén NaCl rlayrlayrlayrlay.... GaKGaKGaKGaKuyuyuyuyKWRtUvkaredImKWRtUvkaredImKWRtUvkaredImKWRtUvkaredIm,,,,IdMeNIrkarIdMeNIrkarIdMeNIrkarIdMeNIrkarRbtikmµRbtikmµRbtikmµRbtikmµ EdlEdlEdlEdlminekItÉgminekItÉgminekItÉgminekItÉgTaMgenHTaMgenHTaMgenHTaMgenH....

eGLicRtUKImI

19-37

karsµantamRTwsþIbgðajfa tMél Eo sMrab;dMeNIrkarTaMgmUlKWRbEhl –4V Edlman n½yfaenHKWCadMeNIrkarminÉg. dUecñHGtibrma4V RtUvEtRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;edayGaKuyedIm,IdMeNIr karRbtikmµ. kñúgkarGnuvtþ kMlaMgvu:lx<s;CagenH KWRtUvkarcaM)ac;edaysarEtKµanRbsiT§plkñúg dMeNIrkarGKÁisnIviPaK.

KImIGnKImIGnKImIGnKImIGnuvtþnuvtþnuvtþnuvtþn__ __ PaBPaBPaBPaBminminminminRsYlkñúgkarbRsYlkñúgkarbRsYlkñúgkarbRsYlkñúgkarb::::HeFµjHeFµjHeFµjHeFµj

enAkñúgTnþsa®sþTMenIbvtßúEdleKeRbICaTUeTAbMputedIm,Ib:HeFµjBukenaHRtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa sM)art (amalgam) sMrab;eFIVeFµj. sM)artKWCasarFatuEdleFIVeLIgedaybnSM)artCamYyelah³mYyrWeRcInepSg eTot. sM)artsMrab;eFIVeFµjmanpasrwgbI EdlmansÞWsüÚemRTI esÞIEtRtUvnwg AgHg3, Ag3Sn, Sn8Hg. b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;dasMrab;pasrwgTaMgenHKW Hg2

2+/ Ag2Hg3 = 0,85V, Sn2+/Ag3Sn = -0,05V, Sn2+ / Sn8Hg

= -0,13V. nrNamñak;EdlxaMb:HbnÞHGaluymIj:Úm¬dUcsnøwkGaluymIj:ÚmEdleKeRbIsMrab;x©b;sárRKab;¦ tam

rebob EdlbnÞHesþIgsgát;elIsIum:g;b:HeFµjnwgRbEhlCamanbTBiesaFn_énkarQWcab;. tamBitBil eGLicRtUKImI)anRtUvbegáIteLIgkñúgmat;edayGaluymIj:Úm (Eo = -1,66V )CaGaNUt sIum:g;b:HeFµj CakatUt ehIyTwkmat;CaeGLicRtUlIt. karb:HKñarvagGaluymIj:ÚmnigsIum:g;b:HeFµjCaesoKIVBilEdl bNþaleGaymancrnþexSayhUrrvageGLicRtUt. crnþenHePJacsrésRbsaTeFµjeFIVeGayGarmµN_ minRsYl.

RbePTmYyeToténPaBminRsYlKWenAeBlelah³eGLicRtUviC¢manexSay b:HCamYysIum:g;b:HeFµj. RbsinCasIum:g;b:HeFµjb:HCamYymaséneFµjenAEk,renaH swñwménsIum:g;b:HeFµjnwgekIteLIg. enAkñúgkrNI enH sIum:g;b:HeFµjedIrtYCaGaNUtehIymasCa katUt. eyageTAtamtMél Eo sMrab;pasTaMgbIenH eyIg eXIjfa pas Sn8Hg TMngCaekItERcHCageK. enAeBlehtukarN_enHekIteLIgGuIy:ug Sn(II) RtUv )anbeBa©jmkkñúgmat; begáItCakøinelah³minl¥.

kareLIgERcHry³eBlyUrnwgQaneTAdl;karCYbelakRKU eBTüeFµjCacugeRkayedIm,IeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrsIum:g;b:HeFµjecj.

karkarkarkareLIgERcHeLIgERcHeLIgERcHeLIgERcHénénénénsIumsIumsIumsIum:: ::gggg;;;;bbbb::::HeFµjHeFµjHeFµjHeFµjbNþalmbNþalmbNþalmbNþalmkBIkarbkBIkarbkBIkarbkBIkarb:: ::HHHHCamYymasCamYymasCamYymasCamYymaséneFµjEkéneFµjEkéneFµjEkéneFµjEk,,,,rKñarKñarKñarKña....

CMBYk19

19-38

GKÁisnIviPaKTwkGKÁisnIviPaKTwkGKÁisnIviPaKTwkGKÁisnIviPaKTwk TwkkñúgEkvebEs‘kñúglkçxNÐbriyakas(1atm nig 25oC) nwgminbMEbkedayxøÜnÉgedIm,I

begáItCa]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnnigGuksIuEsneLIy eRBaHEtbMErbMrYlfamBlesrIsþg;dasMrab;Rbtikmµ enHKWCabrimaNviC¢mand¾F M.

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) �Gº = 474,4kJ

b:uEnþRbtikmµenHGacRtUv)anGnÞgkñúgBil dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI18. BilGKÁisnIviPaKenHman eGLicRtUtmYyKUEdleFIVBIelah³mineFVIRbtikmµ dUcCa)aøTInRtaMkñúgTwk. enAeBlEdleGLicRtUt TaMgenaHRtUvP¢ab;CamYyGaKuy KµanGIVekIteLIgeTeRBaHminmanGIuy:ugRKb;RKan;kñúgTwksuT§edIm,I naMeGaymancrnþeT¬cUrcgcaMfa enAsItuNðPaB 25oC TwksuT§manEtGIuy:ug H+ 1×10-7 M nig GIuy:ug OH- 1×10-7M b:ueNÑaH.

müa:gvijeTot RbtikmµekIteLIgy:aggaykñúgsUluysüúgGasIuts‘upYric 0,1M eRBaHman GIuy:ugRKb;RKan; edIm,IcMlgcrnþGKÁisnI¬rUbTI19¦. Pøam²enaHBBuH]sµ½ncab;epþImelceLIgenAelI eGLicRtUtTaMgBIr. dMeNIrkarenAGaNUtKW³

2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-

cMENkenAkatUt eyIgman³ H+(aq) + e- ½H2(g)

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI18181818³ ³ ³ ³ ]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____sMrabsMrabsMrabsMrab;; ;;GKÁGKÁGKÁGKÁisnIviPaKTwkmaRt isnIviPaKTwkmaRt isnIviPaKTwkmaRt isnIviPaKTwkmaRt dæantUcdæantUcdæantUcdæantUc. . . . maDmaDmaDmaD]]]]sµ½sµ½sµ½sµ½nnnnGIuRdUEsnTTYlGIuRdUEsnTTYlGIuRdUEsnTTYlGIuRdUEsnTTYl))))ananananesµIrBIrdg esµIrBIrdg esµIrBIrdg esµIrBIrdg ¬bMBg¬bMBg¬bMBg¬bMBg;;;;xageqVg¦xageqVg¦xageqVg¦xageqVg¦ énmaDénmaDénmaDénmaD]]]]sµsµsµsµ½nnnnGuksIuEsn¬bMBgGuksIuEsn¬bMBgGuksIuEsn¬bMBgGuksIuEsn¬bMBg;;;; xagsþaM¦xagsþaM¦xagsþaM¦xagsþaM¦....

eGLicRtUKImI

19-39

RbtikmµsrubRtUv)anpþl;eGayeday³ GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦³ 2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+

(aq) + 4e- Eo= -1,23V

katUt¬erdukmµ¦ ³ 4[H+(aq) + e- ½H2(g) ] E

o= 0,00V

RbtikmµsrubKW ³ 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) Eo = -1,23V

cUrcMNaMfa cUrcMNaMfa cUrcMNaMfa cUrcMNaMfa KµanbrimaN H2SO4 RtUv)aneRbIR)as;eT.

GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKénénénénsUluysüúgsUluysüúgsUluysüúgsUluysüúgsUdüÚmkørYsUdüÚmkørYsUdüÚmkørYsUdüÚmkørY

GKÁisnIviPaKenHmanPaBsµúKsµajCageK kñúgcMeNam]TahrN_TaMgbIénGKÁisnIviPaK EdlykmkBinitüenATIenH BIeRBaHsUluysüúgTwksUdüÚmkørYmanRbePTmYycMnYnGacRtUvrgGuk- sIutkmµnigRtUvrgerdukmµ. RbtikmµGuksIutkmµGacekIteLIgenAxagGaNUtKW

¬1¦ 2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-

¬2¦ 2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e-

tamtaragTI1 eyIg)an O2(g) + 4H+

(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l) Eo = 1,23V Cl2(g) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq) Eo = 1,36V

b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;daén¬1¦nig¬2¦ KWminxusKñaxøaMgenaHeT b:uEnþtMélTaMgenHesIñeLIg fa TwkKYrEtrgGuksIutkmµCagenAxagGaNUt¬O2manTMenarticedIm,IrgerdukmµCag Cl2ehtuenHva manTMenarrgGuksIutkmµCag¦. eTaHbIya:gNa tamBiesaFn_eyIgeXIjfa]sµ½n EdlrMedaHecj enAGaNUtKWCa Cl2 minEmnO2eT. kñúgkarsikSadMeNIrkarGKÁisnIviPaKCUnkaleyIgdwgfakMlaMg vu:lRtUvkarsMrab;RbtikmµKWmantMélx<s;CagkarbBa¢ak;énb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUty:ageRcIn. kMlaMg vuvuvuvu :: ::lelIslelIslelIslelIs KWPaBxusKñarvagb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtnigkMlaMgv:ulBitR)akdRtUvkaredIm,Ibgá

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI19191919³³³³ düaRkamdüaRkamdüaRkamdüaRkambgðajBIRbtikmbgðajBIRbtikmbgðajBIRbtikmbgðajBIRbtikmµenAelIµenAelIµenAelIµenAelI eGLicRtUt kñúgeBlGKÁisnIviPaKTwkeGLicRtUt kñúgeBlGKÁisnIviPaKTwkeGLicRtUt kñúgeBlGKÁisnIviPaKTwkeGLicRtUt kñúgeBlGKÁisnIviPaKTwk....

CMBYk19

19-40

eGaymanGKÁisnIviPaK. kMlaMgvu:lelIssMrab;kMN O2 mantMélx<s;KYrsm. dUecñHenAeRkam lkçxNÐd MeNIrkarFmµta]sµ½n Cl2 kekIteLIgBitR)akdenAÉGaNUt CaCMnYs]sµ½n O2 .

erdukmµEdlGacekIteLIgenAkatUtKW ¬3¦ Na+

(aq) + e- Na(s) Eo = -2,71V

¬4¦ 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq) Eo = -0,83V

¬5¦ 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) Eo = 0,00V

Rbtikmµ¬3¦RtUv)aneKTat;ecal BIeRBaHvamanb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;daGviC¢manxøaMg eBk. Rbtikmµ¬5¦KWgayekIteLIgCag¬4¦eRkamlkçxNçsþg;da. eTaHbIya:gNa vamantMél RbEhlKñaenA pH =7 ¬dUckñúgkrNIsMrab;sUluysüúg NaCl¦. CaTUeTAeyIgeRbI¬4¦edIm,IBiBN’ GMBIRbtikmµenAkatUt eRBaHkMhab; H+

mantMélTabeBk¬RbEhl 1×10-7M ¦ edIm,IeGay¬5¦ manCMerIssmrmü. RbtikmµBak;kNþalBilenAkñúgGKÁisnIviPaKénsUluysüúgTwksUdüÚmkørYKW

GaNUt ¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ 2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + 2e-

katUt¬erdukmµ¦ ³ 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ 2H2O(l) + 2Cl- H2(g) + Cl2 + 2OH-(aq)

dUcRbtikmµsrubbgðaj kMhab;GIuy:ug Cl- fycuHkñúgeBleFIVGKÁisnIviPaKnigkMhab; GIuy:ug OH- ekIneLIg. dUecñH bEnßmeTAelI H2 nig Cl2 plitplmanRbeyaCn_ NaOH GacRtUv )anTTYledaykarbgð ÜtsUluysüúgTwkenAcugbBa©b;énGKÁisnIviPaK.

cUrcgcaMnUvRTwsþIbnþeTAenHBIkarviPaKrbs;eyIgénGKÁisnIviPaK³ kacugmanTMenarrgRbti- kmµerdukmµenAkatUtnigGaj:úgmanTMenarrgRbtikmµGuksIutkmµenAGaNUt ehIykñúgsUluysüúg TwkGacrgRbtikmµerdukmµnigrWGuksIutkmµ. lT§plKWGaRs½yelIRbePTénRbePTKImIepSg² eTotEdlmanvtþmankñúgsUluysüúg. ]TahrN_xageRkamTak;TgeTAnwgGKÁisnIviPaKénsUluysüúgTwksUdüÚms‘ulpat(Na2SO4).

]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI8888 sUluysüúgTwk Na2SO4 RtUv)anykeTAeFIVGKÁisnIviPaK edayeRbI]bkrN_dUcRtUv)an

bgðajkñúgrUbTI19. RbsinebIplitplkekItenAGaNUtnigkatUtCa]sµ½nGuksIuEsnnig]sµ½n GIuRdUEsnerogKña. cUrBiBN’naGMBIGKÁisnIviPaKEdlCaRbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUt.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-41

cMelIycMelIycMelIycMelIy³³³³ muneBleyIgBinitüRbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUt eyIgKYrEtKitemIlBIehtukarN_bnþeTA enH³ ¬1¦edayNa2SO4mineFIVGIuRdUlIskñúgTwk pHrbs;sUluysüúgKWCiteTAnwg7. ¬2¦ GIuy:ug Na+ minrgerdukmµenAkatUt nigGuIy:ug SO2-

4 minrgGuksIutkmµenAGaNUt. karsnñidæanenHRtUv )anbgðajBIGKÁisnIviPaKrbs;TwkkñúgvtþmanGasIuts‘ulpYricnigsUluysüúgTwksUdüÚmkørY. dUcenH RbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUtKW³

GaNUt ³ 2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+(ag) + 4e-

katUt ³ 2H2O(l) + 2e- H2(g) + 2OH- RbtikmµsrubEdlTTYl)an edaykarekIneLIgeTVdgénemKuNRbtikmµenAkatUt

edaykarbEnßmlT§pleTAelIRbtikmµenAGaNUtKW³ 6H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) + 4H+

(aq) + 4OH-(aq)

RbsinebIGIuy:ug H+ nigGIuy:ug OH- RtUv)anlaybBa©ÚlKña eyIg)an 4H+

(aq) + 4OH-(aq) 4H2O(l)

dUecñHRbtikmµsrubkøayCa 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ sUluysüúgTwkén Mg(NO3)2 RtUv)aneFIVGKÁisnIviPaK. etI]sµ½nGIVEdlRtUvTTYl)anenA

katUtnigGaNUt? GKÁisnIviPaKmankarGnuvtþsMxan;²enAkñúg]sSahkmµ BiesskñúgkarcMraj;

nigbnSúT§elah³. eyIgnwgBiPakSaGMBIkarGnuvtþþTaMgenHenACMBUkTI20. TidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaKTidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaKTidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaKTidæPaBbrimaNénGKÁisnIviPaK

RbRBwtþkmµbrimaNrbs;GKÁisnIviPaKRtUv)anGPivDÆCadMbUgedayelakpara:ed. Kat;)an segáteXIjfa ma:s;rbs;plitplkekIteLIg¬rWma:s;RbtikrRtUv)aneRbIR)as;¦enAelIeGLicRtUt KWsmamaRteTAnwgbrimaNGKÁisnIRtUv)anepÞrenAeGLicRtUtnig ma:s;m:UElrbs;sarFatuenaH. ]TahrN_ GKÁisnIviPaK NaCl rlayRbtikmµenAkatUteGayeyIgdwgfamYyGatUm Na RtUv)an plitenAeBlmYyGIuy:ug Na+ TTYlyk eGLicRtugBIeGLicRtUt. edIm,Ikat;bnßy1m:UlGIuy:ug Na+ eyIgRtUvEtpþl;cMnYnGavU:kaRdU (6,02×1023) éneGLicRtugeTAeGaykatUt. müa:gvijeTot sÞWsüÚemRTIrbs;RbtikmµenAGaNUt)anbgðajfa GuksIutkmµrbs;BIrGIuy:ug Cl- eGaykørYmYym:Uel Kul. dUecñH kMNmYym:Ulén Cl2 naMeGaymankarepÞr 2 m:UleGLicRtugBIGIuy:ug Cl- eTAeGay

CMBYk19

19-42

GaNUt. RsedogKñaenHEdr vaeRbIBIrm:UleGLicRtugedIm,Ikat;bnßymYym:UlénGIuy:ug Mg2+ nig bIm:UleGLicRtugedIm,Ikat;bnßymYym:UlGIuy:ug Al 3+.

Mg2+ + 2e- Mg Al 3+ + 3e- Al

rUbTIrUbTIrUbTIrUbTI20202020³³³³ dMNakdMNakdMNakdMNak;;;;kalTaMLayEdlTakkalTaMLayEdlTakkalTaMLayEdlTakkalTaMLayEdlTak;;;;TgdlTgdlTgdlTgdl;;;;karKNnabrimaNrbskarKNnabrimaNrbskarKNnabrimaNrbskarKNnabrimaNrbs;;;;sarsarsarsarFatu EdlFatu EdlFatu EdlFatu EdlrgrgrgrgerdukerdukerdukerdukmµrWmµrWmµrWmµrWGuksIutkGuksIutkGuksIutkGuksIutkmµmµmµmµ kñúgGKÁisnIviPaKkñúgGKÁisnIviPaKkñúgGKÁisnIviPaKkñúgGKÁisnIviPaK....

2F≎ 1mol Mg2+

3F≎ 1mol Al3+

Edl F KWCapara:ed enAkñúgkarBiesaFGKÁisnIviPaKCaTUeTAeyIgvas;crnþ¬CaGMEB‘A’ ¦Edlqøgkat;BileGLic RtUlItkñúgGMLuúgeBlkMnt;mYy. TMnak;TMngrvagbnÞúk¬CakULM‘C’ ¦ nwgcrnþKW³

1C = 1A × 1s

EdlKULMCabrimaNbnÞúkGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;esoKVIkñúgry³eBl1vinaTIEdlmancrnþ1A. rUbTI20 bgðajBIdMNak;kalTaMgLayEdlTak;Tgdl;karKNnabrimaNrbs;sarFatukekItkñúg GKÁisnIviPaK. eyIgnwgBnül;GMBIdMeNIrkaredayBinitüemIl CaCl2 rlaykñúgBileGLicRtUlIt mYy. ]bmacrnþ 0,452A qøgkat;BilenHkñúgry³eBl 1h 50mn. etIplitplb:unµannwgkekIt eLIgenAkatUtnigGaNUt? kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaGKÁisnIviPaKRbePTenH CMhandMbUgeyIgRtUv kMnt;faetIFatuNaEdlnwgrgGuksIutkmµenAGaNUt ehIyFatuNanwgrgerdukmµenAkatUt. CMerIs R)akdenATIenH KWeyIgmanEtGIuy:ug Ca2+ nig Cl-kñúgkarCaCl2rlay. dUecñHeyIgsresrsmIkar Bak;kNþalnigsmIkarsrub)andUcteTA÷

GaNUt ¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ 2Cl-(l) Cl2(g) + 2e- katUt ¬erdukmµ¦ ³ Ca2+

(l) + 2e- Ca(l)

Rbtikmµsrub ³ Ca2+(l) + 2Cl-(l) Ca(l) + Cl2(g)

crnþ ¬GMEB¦ nigry³eBl

cMnYnpara:ed cMnUnm:Ul rbs;sarFatu

erdukmµ rW GuksIutkmµ

brimaNCaRkamrbs;sarFaturg

erdukmµrW GuksItkmµ

bnÞúk KitCakULM

eGLicRtUKImI

19-43

brimaNénelah³kal;süÚmnig]sµ½nkør EdlkekIteLIgKWGaRs½yelIcMnYneGLicRtug Edlqøgkat;BileGLicRtUlItEdlx øÜnvak¾GaRs½yelIcrnþKuNnwgry³eBlrWbnÞúk

csA

C

h

shAC 31044,2

11

13600

50,1452,0? ×=×

×××= eday 1F = 96.500C ehIy 2F RtUvkaredImI,eFIVerdukmµ 1mol énGIuy:ug Ca2+ ma:s;rbs;elah³ Ca kekItenAkatUtRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³

gCamolCl

gCa

F

molCl

C

FCgCa 507,0

1

08,40

2

1

500.96

11044,2?

2

23 =××××=

RbtikmµenAGaNUtbBa¢ak;fa 1m:Ulrbs;kør (Cl) RtUv)anplitkñúg 2F énGKÁisnIviPaK. dUecñH ma:s]sµ½nkørkekIteLIgKW

22

2232 896,0

1

90,70

2

1

500.96

11044,2? gCl

molCl

gCl

F

molCl

C

FCgCl =××××=

]TahrN_CabnþeTAenHGnuvtþviFIenHeTAelIGKÁisnIviPaKkñúgsUluysüúgTwk ]]]]TahrNTahrNTahrNTahrN____TITITITI9999

crnþ1.26A RtUv)anqøgkat;BileGLicRtUlItEdlp ÞúkGasIuts‘upYricravkñúgry³eBl7ema:g 44naTI. cUrsresrsmIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµnigKNnamaDrbs;]sµ½nEdlTTYl)anenASTP. cMcMcMcMelIyelIyelIyelIy³ ³ ³ ³ enAxagedIménCMBUkenH eyIg)aneXIjsmIkarRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilsMrab;dMeNIrkar enHKW

GaNUt¬GuksIutkmµ¦ ³ −+ ++→ eHOOH aqgl 442 )()(2)(2 katUt¬erdukmµ¦ ³ [ ])(22

1)(4 gaq HeH →+ −+

Rbtikmµsrub ³ )(2)(2)(2 22 ggl OHOH +→ dMbUgeyIgKNnarkcMnYnkULMénGKÁisnIEdlqøgkat;Bil

CsA

C

h

shAC 41037,3

.1

1

1

360044,726,1? ×=×××=

eyIgeXIjfa ral;m:Ulrbs;GuksIuEsnkekIteLIgenAGaNUt4m:UleGLicRtugRtUv)an begáIteLIg dUecñH

22

2242 79,2

1

00,32

4

1

500.96

11037,3? gO

molO

gO

F

molO

C

FCgO =××××=

maDGuksIuEsn 2,79g enA STP RtUv)anpþl;eGayeday

P

nRTV =

CMBYk19

19-44

Latm

KmolKatmLgmolg95,1

1

)273)(./.0821,0)(00,32/79,2( 1

==−

dUcKñaenHEdr sMrab;GIuRdUEsn eyIgsresr

22

2242 352,0

1

016,2

2

1

500,96

11037,3? gH

molH

gH

F

molH

C

FCgH =××××=

maDrbs;GIuRdUEsn 0,352g enA STP RtUv)anpþl;eGayeday

P

nRTV =

Latm

KmolKatmLgmolg91,3

1

)273)(./.0821,0)(016,2/352,0( 1

==−

BnülBnülBnülBnül;;;;³³³³ cUrcaMfamaDrbs;GIuRdUEsnekIneLIgeTVdgénmaDrbs;GuksIuEsn EdlGIVeyIgrMBwgTukenaH KWeyaleTAelIc,ab;GavUkaRdU ¬enAsItuNðPaB sMBaF nigmaDdUcKña KWsmmaRtpÞal;eTAnwgcMnYn m:Ulrbs;]sµ½n¦. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;GnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþGnuvtþnnnn____³³³³ crnþefrRtUvqøgkat;BileGLicRtUlIt mYyEdlpÞúkma:ejsüÚmkørYrlaykñúg ry³eBl 18ema:g. ebIsinCa Cl2 4,8×105g TTYl)an etIeyIgRtUvkarcrnþb:unµanGMEB? segçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwHsegçbsmIkarKnøwH Eo

cell = Eoox + Eo

red ¬1¦ karKNna emf sþg;darbs;BileGLicRtUKImI.

�G = -nFEcell ¬2¦ TMnak;TMngbERmbRmYlfamBlesrI eTAnwgemf rbs;Bil.

�Go = -nFEocell ¬3¦ TMnak;TMngbERmbRmYlfamBlesrIsþg;daeTAnwgemf sþg;da.

KnF

RTEcell ln0 = ¬4¦ TMnak;TMng emf sþg;darbs;BileTAnwgefrlMnwg.

E = Eo - nF

RTln Q (6) smIkar Nernst eRbIedIm,IKNnark emf rbs;BilenA

eRkamlkçxNçminsþg;da. segçbsegçbsegçbsegçbehtukarNehtukarNehtukarNehtukarN____nigbBaØnigbBaØnigbBaØnigbBaØtþitþitþitþi³³³³ 1. RbtikmµerdukTak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞreGLicRtug. smIkartageGaylMnaMerdukGacRtUv)anføwg

edayeRbIviFIGIuy:ug-eGLicRtug. 2. RKb;RbtikmµeGLicRtUKImITaMgGs;Tak;TgeTAnwgkarepÞreGLicRtug ehtudUecñHehIy)anCa

RbtikmµeGLicRtUKImICaRbtikmµerduk.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-45

3. enAkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI GKÁisnIRtUv)anplitedayRbtikmµKImIekItÉg. GuksuItkmµnigerdu kmµekIteLIgdac;edayELkBIKña KWGuksuIkmµekItenAkatUt nigerdukmµekItenAGaNUt ehIy eGLicRtugrt;tamRbB½n§esoKVIeRkA.

4. BileGLicRtUKImImanBIrEpñk KWCaBak;kNþalBil ehIyRbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUtCaRbtikmµ Bak;kNþalBil. s<anGMbilGaceGayGIuy:ugrt;rvagBak;kNþalBilTaMgenH)an.

5. kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr(emf)rbs;Bil KWCaplsgkMlaMgvu:lrvageGLicRtUtTaMgBIr. enAesoKVI eRkA eGLicRtugrt;BIGaNUteTAkakUtkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI. kñúgsUluysüúgGaj:úgpøas;TIeTA rkGaNUt ehIykacugpøas;TIeTArkkatUt.

6. brimaNGKÁisnIdwknaMedaymYym:UleGLicRtug RtUv)aneKeGayeQµaHfa haVra:ed Edlman tMélesµInwg 96.500 KULúM.

7. b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;da bgðajBIlk çN³Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeFobénRbtikmµerdukmµBak; kNþalBil ehIyGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IeFIVkarBüakrN_BIplitpl karkMNt;Tis niglkçN³ ekItÉgrbs;RbtikmµerdukmµvagsarFatuepSg²Kña.

8. karfycuHfamBlesrIénRbB½n§kñúgRbtikmµerdukelIkElg KWesµInwgkmµnþGKÁisnIRtUv)aneFVI edayRbB½n§eTAelImCÄdæanCMuvij b¤ �G = - nFE.

9. efrlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµerdukGacRtUv)anrkeXIjBIkMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrsþg;darbs;Bil. 10. smIkar Nernst pþl;nUvTMnak;TMngrvag emf rbs;BilnigkMhab;rbs;RbtikrnigpliplenA

eRkamlkçxNÐminsþg;da. 11. GaKuyEdlbgáeLIgBIBileGLicRtUKImImYyb¤eRcIn RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:gTUlMTUlay

EdlvaCaRbPBfamBledayxøÜnÉg. GaKuyxøHRtUv)ansÁal;ya:gc,as;KWBils¶Üt dUcCaBil LWkøg;es GaKuy)art GaKuysMNEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgrfynþ. Bil\n§n³plitfamBl GKÁisnIBIRbtikrEdlRtUv)anpÁt;pÁg;\tQb;Qr.

12. karkat;suIelah³ dUcCakareLIgERcHrbs;Edk KWCa)atuPUteGLicRtUKImI. 13. crnþGKÁisnIBIRbPBxageRkARtUv)aneRbIedIm,ICMrujeGaymanRbtikmµKImIekItÉgenAkñúgBil

eGLicRtUlIt. brimaNrbs;plitplEdl)anekIteLIg b¤brimaNRbtikrRtUv)aneRbIKW GaRs½yelIbrimaNGKÁisnIRtUv)anepÞrenAeGLicRtUt.

CMBYk19

19-46

BaküKnøwHBaküKnøwHBaküKnøwHBaküKnøwH GaNUtGaNUtGaNUtGaNUt Anode 19-6

GaKuyGaKuyGaKuyGaKuy Battery 19-24

katUtkatUtkatUtkatUt Cathode 19-6

BilvBilvBilvBilv:::: ultaultaultaulta Cell voltage 19-7

kMkMkMkMNNNNERcHERcHERcHERcH Corrosion 19-31

GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaK Electrolysis 19-36

BileGLBileGLBileGLBileGLicRtUlIt icRtUlIt icRtUlIt icRtUlIt Electrolytic cell 19-36

eGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImIeGLicRtUKImI Electrochemistry 19-1

BileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImI Electrochemical cell 19-5

kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrkMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrkMlaMgGKÁisnIclkrkMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr Electromotive force (emf) 19-7

papapaparararara:: ::edededed Faraday 19-16

BilBilBilBil\\\\n§nn§nn§nn§n³³³³ Fuel cell 19-29

RbtikmµBakRbtikmµBakRbtikmµBakRbtikmµBak;;;;kNþalBilkNþalBilkNþalBilkNþalBil Half-cell reaction 19-6

smIkarsmIkarsmIkarsmIkar Nernst Nernst equation 19-19

kMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgkMlaMgvvvv:: :: ulelIsulelIsulelIsulelIs Overvoltage 19-40

emf (Eo) sþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada Standard emf (Eo) 19-10

bbbb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülGuksIutkmµEsülGuksIutkmµEsülGuksIutkmµEsülGuksIutkmµsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada Standard oxidation potential 19-9

bbbb:::: UtgUtgUtgUtg;;;;EsülerdukmµEsülerdukmµEsülerdukmµEsülerdukmµsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada Standard reduction potential 19-7

sMnYrniglMhat; karkarkarkarføwføwføwføwggggsmIkarlMnwgerduksmIkarlMnwgerduksmIkarlMnwgerduksmIkarlMnwgerduk lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 1. cUrføwgsmIkarerdukxageRkamtamviFIGIuy:ugeGLicRtug³

a- H2O2 + Fe2+ Fe3+ + H2O ¬kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut¦

b- Cu + HNO3 Cu2+ + NO + H2O ¬kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut¦

c- CN- + MnO4- CNO- + MnO2 ¬kñúgsUluysüúg)as¦

d- Br2 BrO3- + Br- ¬kñúgsUluysüúg)as¦

e- OS - 232 + I2 I- + -2

64OS ¬kñúgsUluysüúg)as¦

eGLicRtUKImI

19-47

2. cUrføwgsmIkarerdukxageRkam tamviFIGIuy:ugeGLicRtug³ a- Mn2+ + H2O2 MnO2 + H2O ¬kñúgsUluysüúg)as¦ b- Bi(OH)3 + SnO - 2

2 SnO -23 + Bi ¬kñúgsUluysüúg)as¦

c- OCr - 272 + C2O4

2- Cr3+ + CO2 ¬kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut¦

d- ClO-3 + Cl- Cl2 + ClO2 ¬kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut¦

e-

BileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImIBileGLicRtUKImInignignignigemfsþgsþgsþgsþg;;;;dadadada sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeron

3. cUrpþl;niymn½yBaküteTAenH÷ GaNUt katUt kMlaMgGKÁisnIclkr b:Utg;Esül GuksIutkmµ sþg;da nigb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;da.

4. cUrBnül;BIlkçN³RKwHkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI. ehtuGIV)anCasmasPaKTaMgBIrénBilRtUvenA dac;BIKña?

5. etImuxgaréns<anGMbilCaGIV? etIRbePTeGLicRtUlItGIVEdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgs<anGMbil? 6. etIdüaRkamBilCaGIV? cUrsresrdüaRkamBilsMrab;BileGLicRtUKImIEdlmaneGLicRtUt Al

dak;kñúgsUluysüúg Al(NO3) 1M ehIyeGLicRtUtR)ak;dak;kñúgsUluysüúg AgNO3 1M. 7. etIxusKñaya:gdUemþcrvagBak;kNþalRbtikmµEdl)anBiPakSakñúgdMeNIrkarerdukenACMBUkTI4

nigRbtikmµBak;kNþalBilEdl)anBiPakSakñúgCMBYkenHEpñkTI2? 8. bnÞab;BIdMeNIrkarBildanIEj:l¬emIlrUbTI1¦Gs;ry³eBlBIrbInaTImksisSmñak;kt;sMKal;

eXIjfa emf rbs;Bilcab;epþImfycuH. ehtuGIV? 9. cUreRbIBt’mankñúgCMBYkTI2taragTI1 nigKNnaefrpara:ed. 10. cUrBiPakSalkçN³ekItÉgénBileGLicRtUKImIkñúgn½y emf (Eo

cell) sþg;darbs;va. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 11. cUrKNna emf sþg;darbs;BilEdleRbI Mg/Mg2+ nig Cu/Cu2+CaRbtikmµBak;kNþalBil

enA 25oC. cUrsresrsmIkarRbtikmµBilEdlekIteLIgeRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da. 12. cUrKNna emf sþg;darbs;BilEdleRbIRbtikmµBak;kNþalBil Ag/Ag+ nig Al/Al 3+.

cUrsresrRbtikmµBilEdlekIteLIgeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da. 13. cUrBüakrN_faetI Fe3+GaceFIVGuksIutkmµ I- eGayeTACa I2 enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;daEdrb¤eT.

CMBYk19

19-48

14. etIFatubnÞal;xageRkamenHNaGaceFIVGuksIutkmµTwkedIm,ITTYl)an O2 enAeRkamlkçxNÐ sþg;da? H+

(aq) , Cl-(aq) ,Cl2(aq) Cu2+(aq), Pb2+

(aq) ,MnO4-(aq) ¬kñúgmCÄdæanGasIut¦.

15. cUrBinitüemIlRbtikmµBak;kNþalxageRkam³ MnO4

-(aq) + 8H+

(aq) +5e- Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

NO3-(aq) + 4H+

(aq) + 3e- NO(g) +2H2O(l)

cUrBüakrN_faetIGIuy:ug NO3- nwgeFIVGuksIutkmµelI Mn2+edIm,ITTYl)an MnO4

- enAeRkam lkçxNÐsþg;daEdrrWeT. 16. cUrBüakrN_faetIRbtikmµxageRkamGacekItÉgkñúgsUluysüúgTwkenAsItuNðPaB 25oC Edrb¤

eT . snµtfakMhab;edIménFaturlayTaMgGs;KW1,0M. a- Ca(s) + Cd2+

(aq) Ca2+(aq) + Cd(s)

b- 2Br-(aq) + Sn2+(aq) Br2(l) + Sn(s)

c- 2Ag(s) + Ni2+(aq) 2Ag+

(aq) + Ni(s) d- Cu+

(aq) + Fe3+(aq) Cu2+

(aq) + Fe2+(aq)

17. etIRbePTNamYyEdlenAkñúgKUnImYy² KWCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµl¥CageKenAeRkamlkçxN sþg;da? (a) Br2 rW Au3+ , (b) H2 rW Ag+, (c) Cd2+ rW Cr3+, (d)O2 kñúgmCÄdæanGasIut rw O2 kñúgmCÄdæan)as.

18. etIRbePTNaénKUnImYy²KWCaPñak;garerdukmµl¥CageK enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da? (a)NarWLi,

(b)H2 rW I2, (c)Fe2+rW Ag, (d)Br- rW Co2+. lklklklkçNNNN³³³³ekItÉgekItÉgekItÉgekItÉgénénénénRbtikmµerdukRbtikmµerdukRbtikmµerdukRbtikmµerduk sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMYrrMYrrMYrrMlwkeLIgvijlwkeLIgvijlwkeLIgvijlwkeLIgvij 19. cUrsresrsmIkarTak;Tgnwg �Go nig K eTAnwg emf sþg;daénBil. cUreGayniymn½yén

BaküTaMgenH. 20. cUreRbobeFobPaBgayénkarvas;efrlMnwgtameGLicRtUKImICamYyPaBgaytammeFüa)ay

KImI¬sUmemIlsmIkarTI10kñúgCMBYkTI18¦. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 21. etIefrlMnwgénRbtikmµxageRkamCaGIVenA 25oC?

Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) ⇌ Mg2+

(aq) + Zn(s) 22. efrlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamKW 2,69× 1012 enA 25oC.

Sr(s) + Mg2+(aq) ⇌ Sr2+

(aq) + I2(s)

eGLicRtUKImI

19-49

cUrKNna Eo sMrab;BilEdlbegáIteLIgedayBak;kNþalBil Sr / Sr2+ nig Mg/Mg2+. 23. cUreRbIb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;da edIm,IKNnaefrlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµnImYy² dUcxageRkamenA

sItuNðPaB 25oC a- Br2(l) + 2I-(aq) ⇌ 2Br -(aq) + I2

b- 2Ce4+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) ⇌ Cl2(g) + 2Ce3+

(aq)

c- 5Fe2+(aq) + )(4 aqMnO − + 8H+

(aq) ⇌ Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O + 5Fe3+

(aq) 24. cUrKNna �Go nig Kc sMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC

a- Mg(s) + Pb2+(aq) ⇌ Mg2+

(aq) + Pb(s)

b- Br2(l) + 2I-(aq) ⇌ 2Br- (aq) + I2(s)

c- O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4Fe2+

(aq) ⇌ 2H2O(l) + 4Fe3+(aq)

d- 2Al(s) + 3I2(s) ⇌ 2Al3+(aq) + 6I-(aq)

25. enAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;da etIRbtikmµekItÉgGIVnwgekIteLIgkñúgsUluysüúgTwkkñúgcMeNam GIuy:ug Ce4+ , Ce3+ , Fe3+nig Fe2+? cUrKNna Eo , �Go nig K énRbtikmµenH.

26. eKeGay Eo = 0,52V sMrab;Rbtikmµerduk Cu+(aq) + e- Cu(s) cUrKNna Eo,�Go

nig K sMrab;RbtikmµxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC: 2Cu+

(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s)

\\\\T§iBlénkMhabT§iBlénkMhabT§iBlénkMhabT§iBlénkMhab;;;;eTAelIeTAelIeTAelIeTAelI emf énénénénBilBilBilBil sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvij 27. cUrsresrsmIkar Nernst nigBnül;BaküTaMgGs; 28. cUrsresrsmIkar Nernst sMrab;dMeNIrkarxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB T:

a- Mg(s) + Sn2+(aq) Mg2+

(aq) + Sn(s) b- 2Cr(s) + 3Pb2+

(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Pb(s)

lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 29. etIGVICab:Utg;Esülrbs;BilEdlbegáIteLIgedayBak;kNþalBil Zn/Zn2+ nig Cu/Cu2+

enAsItuNðPaB 25oC ebIsineKeGay [Zn2+] = 0,25M nig [Cu2+] = 0,15M? 30. cUrKNna Eº , E nig �Go sMrab;RbtikmµxageRkam³

a- Mg(s) + Sn2+(aq) Mg2+

(aq) + Sn(s) eKeGay [Mg2+] = 0,045M ,

[Sn2+] = 0,035M

b- 3Zn(s) + 2Cr3+(aq) 3Zn2+

(aq) + 2Cr(s) eKeGay [Cr3+]= 0,010M ,

CMBYk19

19-50

[Zn2+]= 0,0085M

31. cUrKNnab:Utg;Esülsþg;darbs;BilEdlbgáeLIgedayBak;kNþalBil Zn/Zn2+ nig SHE. etI emf rbs;BilnwgmantMélesµIb:unµan ebIsineKeGay [Zn2+] = 0,45M,

2HP = 2,0atm nig

[H+]=1,8M? 32. etI emf rbs;BilEdlmanBak;kNþalBil [Pb]/[Pb2+] nigBak;kNþalBil Pt/H2/ H

+ man tMélesµIb:unµan? ebIsineKeGay [Pb2+] = 0,10M, [H+] = 0,050M nig

2HP =1,0atm. 33. edayeyaleTAtamkarerobcMkñúgrUbTI1 cUrKNnapleFob [Cu2+]/[Zn2+] EdlRbtikmµxag

eRkamCaRbtikmµekItÉgenAsItuNðPaB 25oC÷ Cu(s) + Zn2+

(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)

34. cUrKNna emf rbs;BilkMhab;xageRkamenH³ Mg(s) | Mg2+ (0,24M) || Mg2+ (0,53M) | Mg(s)

GaKuynigBilGaKuynigBilGaKuynigBilGaKuynigBil\\\\n§nn§nn§nn§n³³³³ sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvijYrrMlwkeLIgvij 35. cUrBnül;BIPaBxusKñarvagBileGLicRtUKImIdMbUg¬EdlCaBilminGacsak)an¦nigGaKuy

¬dUcCaGaKuysMN¦EdlGacsak)an . 36. cUrbkRsayBIKuNvibtþinigKuNsm,tþirbs;Bil\n§n³ Edll¥CageragcRkfamBlFmµtakñúg

karplitcrnþGKÁisnI. lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 37. Bil\n§n³GuksIuEsn-GIuRdUEsnRtUv)anBiPakSakñúgEpñk6.

a- etImaD]sµ½nGIuRdUEsnRtUv)ansþúkenAsItuNðPaB 25oC sMBaF 155atm esµIb:unµanEdl caM)ac;edIm,IdMeNIrkarma:sIunGKÁisnI EdlbegáItcrnþ 8,5A kñúgry³eBl3ema:g?

b- etImaD¬CalIRt¦xül;enA 25oC sMBaF 1atm nwgqøgkat;Bilkñúgry³eBlmYynaTIedIm,I dMeNIrkarma:sIunesµIb:unµan? eyIgsnµtfaxül;manGuksIuEsn 20PaKry KitCamaDnig GuksIuEsnTaMgGs;RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgBil. smasPaKdéTeTotrbs;xül;min)anb:H- Bal;dl;RbtikmµBil\n§n³eT. cUrsnµtfa ]sµ½nmanlkçN³brisuT§.

38. cUrKNnaemf sþg;darbs;Bil\n§n³RbU)a:n Edl)aneronenATMB½rTI19-31 kñúgsItuNðPaB25oC

edayeKeGay �Gof rbs;RbU)a:nKW -23,5kJ/mol.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-51

kMNkMNkMNkMNERcHERcHERcHERcH sMnYrrMlwkemeronsMnYrrMlwkemeronsMnYrrMlwkemeronsMnYrrMlwkemeron 39. EdkEfb Edlrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgk,aleLasIu KWEtgEteRsabedaybnÞHesþIgrbs;kat;mJ:Úm. cUr

Bnül;BImuxgarénRsTab;esþIgrbs;kat;mJ:Úm. 40. EdkRClk;s½gásI KWCaEdkEfbEdlRtUv)aneRsabedays½gásI. kMb:ugsMN)a:haMgRtUv)aneFIV

edayEdkEfbeRsabedayRsTab;sMN)a:haMg. cUrBnül;BImuxgarRsTab;TaMgenHnigeGLic RtUKImIénRbtikmµERcHsIuEdkEdlekItman ebIsineGLicRtUlItb:HelIépÞekasdac;bnÞHs½gásI EdkrWkMb:ugsMN)a:haMg.

41. RsTab;R)ak;eLIgRsGab;eday Ag2S. kareLIgRsGab;enHGacRtUv)anykecjedaykar dak;rbs;eFVIBIR)ak;enAkñúgxÞHpÞúksUluysüúgeGLicRtUlItnicl dUcCaNaCl. cUrBnül;BI eKalkarN_eGLicRtUKImIsMrab;dMenIrkarenH ¬b:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;dasMrab;RbtikmµBak; kNþalBil Ag2S(s) + 2e- Ag(s) + S2-

(aq) KW –0,71V ¦. 42. etITMenarEdkkñúgkarbegáItERcHGaRs½yelI pH rbs;sUluysüúgrebobNa? GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaK sMsMsMsMNNNNYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeronYrrMlwkemeron 43. etIGIVCaPaBxusKñarvagBileGLicRtUKImI¬dUcCaBildanIEj:l¦ nigBileGLicRtUlIt? 44. etIGIVCaviPaKTanrbs;elakpara:ed eTAelIGKÁisnIviPaKbrimaN? lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;; 45. RbtikmµBak;kNþalenAeGLicRtUtKW

Mg2+¬rlay¦ + 2e- Mg(s)

cUrKNnabrimaNCaRkamrbs;ma:ejsüÚmEdlGacRtUv)anplitedaykarpþl; 1,00F eTA eGayeGLicRtUt. 46. cUBinitüemIlGKÁisnIviPaK)arüÚmkørYrlay(BaCl2)

(a) cUrsresrRbtikmµBak;kNþlsmIkar. (b) etIelah³)arüÚm(Ba) b:unµanRkam EdlGacRtUv)anplitedaykarpþl; 0,50A

kñúgry³eBl30naTI?

CMBYk19

19-52

47. edayKitEteTAelItMélrbs;GKÁisnIetIvatMélefakCagb:unµanedIm,IplitsUdüÚmmYyetanrW GaluymIj:ÚmmYyetantamGKÁisnIviPaK?

48. ebIsintMélcrnþGKÁisnIedIm,Iplitma:ejsüÚmedayGKÁisnIviPaKénma:ejsüÚmkørYrlayKW 155$kñúgelah³mYyetan etItMélb:unµan¬Caduløar¦éncrnþGKÁisnIcaM)ac;edIm,Iplit

(a) GaluymIj:Úm 10etan (b) sUdüÚm 30 etan (c) kal;süÚm 50etan?

49. smIkarmYyénRbtikmµBak;kNþalrbs;GKÁisnIviPaKTwkKW 2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H+

(aq) +4e-

ebIsin 0,076L rbs;GuksIuEsnRtUv)anRbmUlenAsItuNðPaB 25oC nig 755mmHg. etImanb:unµanpara:edénGKÁisnI)anqøgkat;sUluysüúg? 50. etImanb:unµanpara:edénGKÁisnIEdlRtUvkaredIm,Iplit

(a)- 0,84L rbs;GuksIuEsnenA 25oC nig 1atm BIsUluysüúgTwk H2SO4?

(b)- 1,50L rbs;kørY enA 750mmHg nig 20oC BIsUdüÚmkørYrlay? (c)- 6,0g rbs; Sn BI SnCl2 rlay?

51. cUrKNnabrimaN Cu nig Br2 EdlTTYl)ankñúgry³eBl1ema:genAeGLicRtUtniclkñúg sUluysüúg CuBr2 edaycrnþ 4,50A.

52. enAkñúgGKÁisnIviPaKsUluysüúgTwk AgNO3 R)ak; 0,67g RtUv)ankkbnÞab;BIdMeNIrkarGs; mYyry³mk.

(a) cUrsresrsmIkarBak;kNþalRbtikmµerdukmµrbs; Ag+.

(b) etIRbtikmµBak;kNþalGuksIutkmµEdlGacekIteLIg)anKWGIV? (c) cUrKNnabrimaNcrnþGKÁisnIEdlRtUv)aneRbICaKULMú?

53. crnþminERbRbYlmYyRtUv)anqøgkat; CoSO4 rlaykU)al;2,35g RtUv)anplit. cUrKNnabri maNCakULMúéncrnþEdlRtUv)aneRbI.

54. crnþGKÁisnIefrmYyRtUv)aneRbIGs;ry³eBl3/75ema:geGayrt;kat;BileGLicRtUlItBIr EdltCaes‘rI. mYymansUluysüúgAgNO3nigTI2mansUluysüúgCuCl2 kñúgkMLúgeBlenH 2Rkamrbs;R)ak;RtUv)ankkenAkñúgBilTI1.

(a)- etImanTg;Edgb:unµanRkamRtUv)ankkenAkñúgBileGLicRtUlItTI2?

eGLicRtUKImI

19-53

(b)- etImancrnþb:unµanrt;qøgkat;BileGLicRtUlItTaMgBIrKitCaGMEB? 55. etIkarplit]sµ½nkørBIBileGLicRtUlItedayeRbIsUluysüúgTwk NaCl CaeGLicRtUlIRtnig

pþl;crnþ 1,500×103A )anb:unµan¬CaKILÚRkam¦kñúgmYyem:ag? RbsiT§PaBrbs;GaNUtsMrab; RbtikmµGuksIutkmµ Cl- KW 93PaKry.

56. bnÞHRkUmesþIg²RtUv)anGnuvtþedayGKÁisnIviPaKedIm,IeGaymankkrkñúgsUluysüúgDIRkUma:t eTAtamBak;kNþalRbtikmµminTan;føwgxageRkam³

Cr2O72-

(aq) + e- + H+(aq) Cr(s) + H2O(l)

etIeKRtUvkarry³eBlb:unµan edIm,IGnuvtþbnÞHRkUmkMras; 1,0×10-2mm eTAelIkagmux rfynþmYyEdlmanépÞ 0,25m2 enAkñúgBileGLicRtUlItmYyEdlmancrnþ 25,0A? ¬dg;sIuet rbs;RkUmKW 7,19g/cm3¦ 57. karqøgkat;crnþ0,750Akñúgry³eBl25,0naTI Cu 0,369g RtUv)ankkBIsUluysüúgCuSO4.

tambMrab;enH cUrKNnama:sm:Ulrbs; Cu. 58. brimaN 0,300g én Cu RtUv)ankkBIsUluysüúg CuSO4 edaykarqøgkat;crnþ 3,00A tam

sUluysüúgkñúgry³eBl 304vinaTI. cUrKNnatMélefrpara:ed. 59. kñúgkarBiesaFGKÁisnIviPaKCak;lak;mYy)anbgðajfa 1,44g én Ag RtUv)ankkkñúgBilmYy

¬EdlmansUluysüúgTwk AgNO3¦ cMENk 0,120g rbs;elah³ X minsÁal;mYyRtUv)an kkenAelIBilmYyeTot ¬EdlmansUluysüúgTwkXCl3¦ tCaes‘rICamYyBilAgNO3. cUrKNnama:s;m:Ulrbs; X.

60. RbtikmµmYykñúgcMeNamRbtikmµBak;kNþalrbs;GKÁisnIviPaKTwkKW 2H+

(aq) + 2e- H2(g)

ebImaDén]sµ½nGIuRdUEsn 0.845LRtUv)anRbmUlenA25ºC nigsMBaF 782mmHg etIcMnYnpara:ed F énGKÁisnI)anqøgkat;sUluysüúgesµIb:unµan? lMhatlMhatlMhatlMhat;;;;bEnßmbEnßmbEnßmbEnßm 61. sMrab;RbtikmµerduknImYy²xageRkam

(a) H2(g) + Ni2+(aq) H+

(aq) + Ni(s)

(b) MnO4-(aq) + Cl-(aq) Mn2+

(aq) + Cl2(g) ¬kñúgsUluysüúgGasIut¦ (c ) Cr(s) + Zn2+

(aq) Cr3+(aq) + Zn(s)

k-cUrsrsrRbtikmµBak;kNþal

CMBYk19

19-54

x- cUrføwgsmIkarénRbtikmµTaMgmUl K- cUrkMnt;TisRbtikmµEdlnwgekItÉgeRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da. 62. GuksIutkmµ 25,0 mL rbs;sUluysüúgpÞúk Fe2+ RtUvkar 26,0mL rbs; K2Cr2O7

0,0250M kñúgsUluysüúGasIut. cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkam nigKNnakMhab;Cam:Ulrbs;Edk ¬Fe2+¦.

+272OCr + Fe2+ + H+ Cr3+ + Fe3+

63. vtþman SO2 kñúgxül;TTYlxusRtUvCasMxan;sMrab;)atuPUtGasIutePøóg. kMhab;rbs; SO2 Gac RtUv)ankMnt;tamGRtamaRtCamYysUluysüúgEBm:g;kaNatsþg;dadUcxageRkam³

5SO2 + 2MnO4- + 2H2O −2

45SO + 2Mn2+ + 4H+

cUrKNnabrimaNCaRkamrbs; SO2 enAkñúgKMrUxül;Fmµta ebIsin 7,37mL rbs;sUluysüúg KMnO4 mankMhab; 0,00800M RtUvkarsMrab;karGRtamaRtenH.

64. KMrUEr:EdkmYymanTMgn;0,2792gRtUv)anrMlaykñúgbrimaNelIslubénsUluysüúgGasIutrav. Edk(II)TaMgGs;RtUv)anbMEbøgeGayeTACaGIuy:ugEdk(III) . sUluysüúgenHRtUvkar23,30mL

rbs; KMnO4 0,0194M sMrab;GRtamaRt. cUrKNnaPaKryCama:srbs;GIuy:ugEdkenAkñúg Er:enaH.

65. kMhab;rbs;sUluysüúgTwkGuksuIEsenGacRtUv)ankMnt;edayGRtamaRtCamYysUluysüúg b:UtasüÚmEBm:gkaNatsþg;daenAkñúgmCÄdæanGasIuteTAtamsmIkarminlMnwgxageRkam³ MnO4

- + H2O2 → Mn2+ + O2 a- cUrføwgsmIkarxagelI. b- ebIsin 36,44mL rbs;sUluysüúgb:UtasüÚmEBm:g;taNatmankMhab; 0,01652M

RtUvkarsMrab;eFIVGuksIutkmµ 25mL TaMgGs;énsUluysüúgTwkGuksIuEsenenH. cUr KNnam:ULarIetrbs;sUluysüúgTwkGuksIuEsen.

66. GasIutGuksalic (H2C2O4) manvtþmanenAkñúgrukçCatinigbEnøCaeRcIn a- cUrføwgsmIkarxageRkamkñúgsUluysüúgGasIut −

4MnO + −242OC Mn2+ + CO2

b- ebIsinCa 1,00g PaKsMNakén H2C2O4 RtUvkar 24mL énsUluysüúg KMnO4

0,0100M edIm,IeGayeTAdl;cMNuclMnwg etIPaKryCama:s;rbs; H2C2O4 enAkñúg PaKsMNakenHmanb:unµan?

67. cUrbMeBjtaragxageRkam. cUrbgðajfa RbtikmµBilÉg minekItÉgrWsßitkñúgPaBlMnwg.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-55

E �G RbtikmµBilRbtikmµBilRbtikmµBilRbtikmµBil >0

>0 = 0

68. kal;süÚmGuksaLat (CaC2O4) minrlaykñúgTwkeT. lkçN³enHRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMnt; brimaNGIuy:ugCa2+enAkñúgQam. kal;süÚmGuksaLatEdlykecjBIQamRtUv)anrMlay kñúgGasIut nigRtUv)aneTAeFIVGRtaedaysUluysüúgsþg;daKMnO4 dUcEdl)anerobrab;kñúg lMhat;TI66. enAkñúgkarsal,gmYyRtUv)aneKdwgfa kal;süÚmGuksaLatEdlEjkecjBI Qam 10,0mL énPaKsMNakrbs;QamRtUvkar KMnO4 24,2 mL 9,56×10-4M sMrab; GRtamaRt. cUrKNnabrimaNCamIlIRkamrbs;kal;süÚmkñúgmYymIlIlIRtQam.

69. tamBt’manxageRkam cUrKNnakMritrlayrbs; AgBr AgBr(s) + e- Ag(s) + Br-(aq) Eo= 0,07V Ag+

(aq) + e- Ag(s) Eo= 0,80V 70. cUrBinitüBileGLicRtUKImImYyEdlman SHE nigBak;kNþalBil EdleRbIRbtikmµ Ag+

(aq) + e- Ag(s) (a) cUrKNnab:Utg;Esülsþg;darbs;Bil. (b) etIRbtikmµBilEdlekItÉgenAeRkamlkçxNçsþg;daCaGIV? (c) cUrKNnab:Utg;Esülrbs;BilenAeBl [H+] RtUv)anbþÚreTA (i) 1,0×10-2M (ii) 1,0×1-5

M FatubnÞal;epSgeTotTaMgGs;RtUv)ansßitenAeRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da. (d) edayeyaleTAtamkarerobcMBilenH cUresñIrebobbegáItsMrab; pH Em:Rt.

71. BileGLicRtUKImImYymaneGLicRtUtR)ak;kñúgsUluysüúgR)ak;nIRtat (AgNO3) 346mL

kMhab; 0,100M nigeGLicRtUtma:ejsüÚm Mg kñúgsUluuysüúgma:ejsüÚmnIRtat

Mg(NO3)2 288 ml nigkMhab; 0,1M. (a) cUrKNna Ecell rbs;BilenA 25oC. (b) crnþRtUv)aneRbIkñúgBilrhUtdl;eKTTYl)an1,20gR)ak;kkenAelIeGLicRtUtR)ak;.

cUrKNna E rbs;BilenAkñúgdMNak;karRbtibtþikarenH. 72. cUrBnül;ehtuGVIk¾]sµ½nkørGacRtUv)anTTYlBIGKÁisnIviPaKsUluysüúgTwk NaCl b:uEnþ]sµ½n

PøúyGrminGacTTYl)anedayGKÁisnIviPaKsUluysüúgTwk NaF.

CMBYk19

19-56

73. cUrKNna emf rbs;BilkMhab;xageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC Cu(s) | Cu2+ (0,080M) || Cu2+ (1,2M) | Cu(s)

74. RbtikmµenAxagkatUtrbs;BilLWkøg;esRtUv)aneGaydUcxageRkam MnO2(s) + Zn2+

(aq) + 2e- ZnMn2O4(s)

ebIsinBilLWkøg;esplitcrnþ0,0050AcUrKNnary³eBlenAkñúgkarpþl;crnþenHeday dwg fama:s;rbs; MnO2 edImman 4,0g enAkñúgBil. eKsnµtfamanbrimaNGIuy:ug Zn2+ elIs. 75. ]bmafaGñkRtUv)anesñIeGayepÞógpÞat;RbtikmµenAelIeGLicRtUtkñúgBiesaFn_ EdlRtUv)an

bgðajkñúg]TahrN_TI8. bEnßmelI]bkrN_nigsUluysüúgGñkRtUv)aneKeGayRkdasTUNW- sulBIr mYyBN’exov nigmYyeTotBN’Rkhm. cUrBN’naBIdMNak;kalEdlGñkRtUveFVIkñúg BiesaFn_enH.

76. cMeBaHcMnYnqñaMminTan;dwgc,as;eTfaetIGIuy:ug)art(I) manGtßiPaBenAkñúgsUluysüúg Ca Hg+ rW Hg2

2+ . edIm,IEbgEckrvaglT§PaBTaMgBIr eyIgKYrerobcMRbB½n§dUcxageRkam³ Hg(l) | soln A || soln B | Hg(l)

EdlsUluysüúgAman 0,263g)art(I)nIRtatkñúgmYylIRt ehIysUluysüúg Bman 2,63g )art (I) nIRtatkñúgmYylIRt. ebIsinCaeKvas; emf rbs;BilKW 0,0289V enAsItuNðPaB18oC. etIeyIgGacsnñidæanBIRbePTGIuy:ug)art)anya:gdUemþc?

77. sUluysüúgTwk KI EdleKbnþk;epNulpþaelGinBIrbItMNk;RtUv)aneFVIGKÁisnIviPaKedayeRbI ]bkrN_dUcrUbbgðajxageRkam³

eGLicRtUKImI

19-57

cUrBiBN’naGMBIGIVEdlGñkGacsegáteXIjenAGaNUtnigkatUt ¬bEnßm³m:UelKulDIGIuy:Utrlay tictYcb:ueNÑaHenAkñúgTwk b:uEnþenAkñúgvtþmanrbs; I- vabegáItCaGIuy:ug I3

- BN’etñat. sUmemIl lMhat ;102CMBYkTI2¦. 78. dMuelah³ma:ejsüÚmTMgn; 1,56g RtUv)andak;enAkñúg 100,0mL én 0,100M AgNO enA

sItuNðPaB 25oC. cUrKNna [Mg2+] ehIy [Ag+] kñúgsUluysüúgeBlmanlMnwg. etIma:s; rbs;ma:ejsüÚmEdlenAsl;b:unµan? maDEdlenAsl;minERbRbYl.

79. cUrBiBN’naGMBIBiesaFn_EdlGaceGayGñkkMnt;)anfaetImYyNaCakatUtnigmYyNaCa GaNUtenAkñúgBileGLicRtUKImI EdleRbIeGLicRtUtTg;Edgnigs½gásI.

80. sUluysüúgGasIutmYyRtUv)aneFIVGKÁisnIviPaKedayeRbIeGLicRtUtTg;Edg. enAcrnþefr 1,18A )anbNþaleGayGaNUt)at;bg;Gs; 0,584g bnÞab;BIdMeNIrkar)an 1,52 � 103s. (a) etI]sµ½nGIVEdlekIteLIgenAkatUt ehIymaDrbs;vamanb:unµanenA STP ?

(b) eKeGaybnÞúkeGLicRtugKW 1,6022 � 10-19C cUrKNnacMnYnGavUkaRdU . eKsnµtfa Cu rgGuksIutkmµeTACaGuIy:ug Cu2+.

81. enAkñúgBiesaFn_GKÁisnIviPaKmYyEdlTak;TgGIuy:ug Al 3+ én Al 60,2g RtUvTTYl)anenAeBl Edlcrnþ 0,352A RtUv)aneRbI. etIeyIgRtUveRbIeBlb:unµannaTIkñúgGKÁisnIviPaK?

82. cUrBinitüGuksIutkmµrbs;Gam:Uj:ak;xageRkam 4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(l)

(a) cUrKNna ∆GosMrab;RbtikmµenH. (b) RbsinebIRbtikmµenHRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgBil\n§n³ etIb:Utg;Esülsþg;darbs;BilGacCaGIV?

83. BileGLicRtUKImImYyRtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayRClk;srésTg;Edgkñúg25,0mLénsUluysüúg

CuSO4 kMhab; 0,20M nigsréss½gásIRClk;kñúgsUluysüúg ZnSO4 25,0mL kMhab; 0,20M. (a) cUrKNnaemf rbs;BilenHenA25ºC nigcUrBüakrN_faetIGIVnwgekIteLIgRbsinebIbrimaN

tictYcénsUluysüúg NH3 xab;RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúg (i)sUluysüúgTg;Edg (ii)sUluy- süúgs½gásI. eKsnµtfamaDenAEpñknImYy²enAsl;efr 25,0mL.

(b) enAkñúgBiesaFn_mYydac;edayELk 25,0mL én NH3kMhab; 3,00M RtUv)anbEnßmcUl eTAkñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4. ebIsin emf rbs;Bil 0,68V cUrKNnaefrkMN(Kf ) rbs;

+243)(NHCu .

CMBYk19

19-58

84. enAkñúgBiesaFn_GKÁisnIviPaKmYy sisS)andak;nUvbrimaNGKÁisnIdUcKñaeGayqøgkat;Bil GKÁisnIviPaKBIr mYypÞúkGMbilR)ak; nigmYyeTotpÞúkGMbilmas. Gs;ry³eBlmYykMNt; mk sisSenaHeXIjfaman R)ak; 2,64g nigmas 1,61g kkenAxagkatUt. etIGuksIutkmµ rbs;maskñúgGMbilmasCaGIV?

85. RbCaCnrs;enARbeTsEdlmanGakasFatuRtCak; EdlCakEnøgmanRBileRcInRtUv)aneKEN naMmineGaykMedAkEnøgdak;LanenApÞHrbs;eKenArdUvRtCak;eT. etIvamanmUlehtueGLicRtU KImIGIV cMeBaHGnusasn_enH?

86. eKeGay 2Hg2+

(aq) + 2e- )(22 aqHg + Eo = 0,92V

)(22 aqHg + + 2e- 2Hg(l) Eo = 0,85V

cUrKNna ∆Go nig K sMrab;dMeNIrkarxageRkamenAsItuNðPaB 25oC )(

22 aqHg + Hg2+

(aq) + Hg(l)

¬RbtikmµxagelICa]TahrN_mYyénRbtikmµDIsµÚtkmµ EdlFatumYyeFVITaMgGuksIutkmµnig erdukmµ¦.

87. PøúyGr (F2) RtUv)anTTYledaysarGKÁisnIviPaKénGIuRdUEsnPøúyGrYrav EdlpÞúkb:UtasüÚm PøúyGrY(KF)

(a) cUrsresrRbtikmµBak;kNþalBil nigRbtikmµsrubéndMeNIrkarenH. (b) etIGVICaeKalbMNgrbs;b:UtasüÚmPøúyGrY?

(c) cUrKNnamaDrbs;PøúyGr¬CalIRt¦ EdleKTTYl)anenAsItuNðPaB24oC nig sMBaF 1,2atm bnÞab;BIkareFIVGKÁisnIviPaKsUluysüúgenaHGs;ry³eBl25h enA crnþ 502A.

88. sUluysüúg 300mL én NaCl RtUv)aneFIVGKÁisnIviPaKGs;ry³eBl6naTI. ebIsin pH rbs;sUluysüúgcugeRkayman 12,24 cUrKNnacrnþCamFümEdlRtUv)aneRbI.

89. tam]sSahkmµ Tg;EdgRtUv)aneKbnSúT§edayGKÁisnIviPaK. Tg;EdgminsuT§edIrtYCaGaNUt ehIyTg;EdgsuT§eFIVCakatUt. eGLicRtUtTaMgBIrRtUv)anRClk;kñúgsUluysüúg CuSO4 enA eBlGKÁisnIviPaK Tg;EdgenAxagGaNUtdac;cUleTAkñúgsUluysüúgCaGIuy:ugCu2+enAEdl GIuy:ugTg;EdgRtUveFIVerdukmµenAxagkatUt. (a) cUrsresrRbtikmµBak;kNþalBil nigRbtikmµsrubsMrab;dMeNIrkarGKÁisnIviPaKenH.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-59

(b) ]bmafaGaNUtRtUv)anrMxanedayelah³R)ak;nigs½gásI. cUrBnül; etIGIVekIteLIgcMeBaH PaBminsuT§TaMgenHenAeBlGKÁisnIviPaK.

(c) etIRtUvcMNayeBlevlaGs;b:unµan edIm,ITTYl)an 1,00kg Tg;EdgedaykareRbIcrnþ 18,9A.

90. sUluysüúgTwkénGMbil)øaTInmYyRtUv)aneFIVGKÁisnIviPaKenAcrn þ2,50A Gs;ry³eBl2ema:g. CalT§pl9,09grbs;elah³)aøTIn)anekIteLIgenAxagkatUt. cUrKNnabnÞúkenAelIGIuy:ug )øaTInkñúgsUluysüúgenH.

91. cUrBinitüBileGLicRtUKImI EdlmaneGLicRtUtma:ejsüÚmdak;kñúgsUluysüúg Mg(NO3)2 kMhab;1M nigeGLicRtUtkat;mJ:Úmdak;kñúgsUluysüúgCd(NO3)2kMhab;1,0M. cUrKNna Eo

rbs;BilenHnigKUsdüaRkamEdlbgðajGaNUtnigkatUt ehIynigTisénlMhUreGLicRtug. 92. crnþ 6,00A qøgkat;BileGLicRtUlItmYy EdlmanGasuIts‘ulpYricravGs;ry³eBl3,40h ebI

sinmanGuksIuEsn(O2) )ankekIteLIgenAGaNUt4,26L¬enASTP¦ cUrKNnabnÞúk ¬CaKULúM¦ kñúgmYyeGLicRtug .

93. masnwgminrlaykñúgGasIutnIRTicxab;nigGasIutkørIRDicxab;eT. b:uEnþelah³enHrlaykñúg l,ayGasIutTaMgBIr¬mYyEpñkCa HNO3 nigbIEpñkCa HCl KitCamaD¦EdleKehAfa GakarW CIya:(aqua regia).

(a) cUrsersrsmIkarlMnwgsMrab;RbtikmµenH ¬ENnaM³ enAcMeNamplitplKWman HAuCl4 ehIy NO2¦

(b) etImuxgarrbs; HCl CaGIV? 94. cUrBnül;ehtuGIV)anCaBileGLicRtUKImIl¥bMputpþl;kMlaMgvu:lminelIsBI 1,5V eTA 2,5V.

etIGIVCakþIsgÇwmsMrab;karGPivDÆBileGLicRtUKImIBiesaFn_mankMlaMgvu:l 5V rWelIsBIenH. 95. cgáwHR)ak;nigSHE RtUv)aneKBnøiceTAkñúgsUluysüúgTwkEq¥ténR)ak;GuksaLat (Ag2C2O4)

enAsItuNðPaB25oC. plsgb:Utg;EsülRtUv)anvas;rvagcgáwHR)ak;nigSHE KW0,589V Edl cgáwHR)ak;KWviC¢man. cUrKNna efrplKuNkMritrlayrbs;R)ak;GuksaLat.

96. s½gásICaelah³GMpUET KWfavaeFIVRbtikmµCamYyGasIutpgnig)aspg. b:Utg;EsülGuksIut- kmµsþg;daKW 1,36V sMrab;Rbtikmµ³

Zn(s) + 4OH-(aq) −2

4)(OHZn (aq) + 2e-

cUrKNnaefrkMN (Kf) sMrab;Rbtikmµ

CMBYk19

19-60

Zn2+ + 4OH- ⇌ −24)(OHZn (aq)

97. edayeRbITinñn½ykñúgtarag1cUrkMnt;fa etITwkGuksIuEsennwgrgDIsµÚtkmµkñúgmCÄdæanGasIutEdr b¤eT. 2H2O2 2H2O + O2

98. TMhM¬b:uEnþminEmnsBaØaeT¦ énb:Utg;EsüleGLicRtUtsþg;darbs;elah³BIr X nig Y KW X2+ + 2e- X |Eo| = 0,25V Y2+ + 2e- Y |Eo| = 0,34V

EdlsBaØa | | bgðajEtTMhM ¬minEmnsBaØa¦ rbs;tMélEo RtUv)anR)ab;. enABak;kNþal Bilén X nig Y RtUv)anPöab;eGLicRtugrt;BI X rt; Y. enAeBlEdl X RtUv)anP¢ab;CamYy SHE

eGLicRtugrt;BI X eTA SHE.

(a) etItMél Eo rbs;Bak;kNþalBilviC¢man rWGviC¢man? (b) etIGVICa emf sþg;darbs;BilEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday X nig Y?

99. BileGLicRtUKImImYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgdUcteTA³ Bak;kNþalBilmYymansrés)øaTIn RClk;cUleTAkñúgsUluysüúgEdlmanGIuy:ug Sn2+ 1,0M nigGIuy:ug Sn4+1,0M Bak;kNþal BilmYyeTotmansréstalüÚmRClk;cUleTAkñúgsUluysüúg Tl+ 1,0M.

(a) cUrsresrsmIkarBak;kNþalBil nigRbtikmµsrub. (b) efrlMnwgenAsItuNðPaB 25GgSaes mantMélb:unµan? (c) etIkMlaMgv:ulénBilesµIb:unµan ebIkMhab;rbs; Tl+ ekIneLIgdb;dg?

( VE TiTio 34,0/ −=+ )

100. eKeGayb:Utg;Esülerdukmµsþg;darbs; Au3+ enAkñúgtaragTI1 Au3+

(aq) + e- Au(s) Eº = 1,69V

cUreqøIynUvsMNYrxageRkam³ (a) ehtuGIV)anCamasmineLIgRsGab;enAkñúgxül;? (b) etIvismamaRtxageRkamnwgekItÉgEdrb¤eT?

3Au +(aq) Au3+(aq) + 2Au(s)

(c) cUrBüakrN_Rbtikmµrvagmasnig]sµ½nPøúyGr. 101. karelbcUlbrimaNd¾tictUcén)art (Hg) RtUv)ancat;TukfamineRKaHfñak;xøaMgeBkeT.

etIkarGHGagenHenAEtRtwmRtUvrWeT ebIsinrsRkBHrbs;GñkCaGasIutnIRTic(HNO3) CMnYYs eGayGasIutkørIRDic?

102. enAeBl25ml énsUluysüúgEdlpÞúkFe2+ nig Fe3+RtUv)aneFVIGaRtaCamYy 23mlkMhab; 0.02M énKMnO4¬kñúgGasIutGasIuts‘ulpYricrav¦ GIuy:ugFe2+ TaMgGs;RtUv)anrgGuksIutkmµ

eGLicRtUKImI

19-61

Ca Fe3+. bnÞab;mk sUluysüúgenHRtUv)andak;eGaymanRbtikmµCamYy Zn edIm,IbMEbøg Fe3+ TaMgGs;eTA Fe2+. enATIbB©ab; 40ml énsUluysüúg KMnO4 RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúg sUluysüúgedIm,IGuksIutkmµ Fe2+ TA Fe3+. cUrKNnakMhat;m:UElén Fe2+ nig Fe3+ enAkñúg sUluysüúgedIm.

103. BinitüemIlBildaEj:lkñúgrUbTI1. enATidæPaBxageRkAGaNUtKWGviCömannigkatUtviCöman ¬eGLicRtugrt;BIGaNUteTAkatUt¦. b:uEnþenAkñúgsUluysüúg Gaj:úgrt;eTAxagGaNUtEdl mann½yfavaRtUvEtmanbnÞúkviC©mancMeBaHGaj:úg. edaysarGaNUtminGacviCömannig GviCömankñúgeBldMNalKña cUrBnül;sMrab;sßanPaBekIteLIgpÞúyKñaenH.

104. GaKuysMNmYyRtUvGanedayGMEBema:g EdlCacMnYnGMEBEdlvaGacbeBa©jkñúgmYy ema:g.

a) cUrbgðajfa 1 A . h = 3600C. b) GaNUtsMN (Pb) énGaKuysMNmYymanma:ssrub 406g. cUrKNnakMlaMg(Capacity)

GtibrmatamRTwsþIrbs;GaKuyKitCaGMEBema:g. cUrBnül;fa ehtuGIV)anCaenAkñúgkar Gnuvtþn_eyIgminEdlTajykfamBleRcIndUcenHBIGaKuy. (Hint: snµtfasMNTaMg Gs;RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgRbtikmµeGLicRtUKImI nigsMedAelIRbtikmµeGLicRtUt¦.

c) cUrKNnaEºcell nig ∆ Gº sMrab;GaKuyenH.

105. kMhab;énGasIuts‘ulpYric (H2SO4) kñúgGasIutsMNénrfynþmYykñúgry³eBlmYy)an fycuHBI 38% KitCama:s ¬dg;sIuet d= 1.20g/ml eTA 26% ¦KitCama:s (1,19g/mL). snµtfamaDénGasIutKW 724 ml enAefr. a) KNnabnÞúksrubKitCaKULMúpþl;edayGaKuyenaH. b) cUrrkry³eBl¬KitCaem:ag¦ edIm,IsakGaKuyeLIgvijmkkMhab;GasIuts‘ulpYricedIm

eday eRbIcrnþ 22.4 A.

106. BinitüemIldMeNIrkarrbs;BildanIEj:leRkamlkçxN½Ðminsþg;da. ]bmafa Rbtikmµrbs; BilRtUv)anKuNnwg2. etI\TiæBlGIVEdlmancMeBaHbrimaNnImYy²kñúgsmIkar Nernst xag eRkam³ a) E, b) Eº , c) Q, d) lnQ nig e) n?

107. søabRBamYyRtUv)anRClk;R)ak;edayGKÁisnIviPaKenAkñúgsUluysüúgAgNO3.

CMBYk19

19-62

a) cUrKUsdüaRkamsMrab;dMeNIrkarenH. b) ebIsin 0.884g én Ag kkelIsøabRBaenAcrnþefr 18.5mA etIGKÁisnIviPaKRbRBwtþ

eTAGs;ry³eBlb:unµan¬KitCanaTI¦? 108. cUrBnül; etIF2 nwgkøayCaPñak;garGuksIutkmµxøaMgCagCamYykarekIneLIgénkMhab;H+ rWeT? 109. b:unµanqñaMfIµ²enHmankarcab;GarmµN_eRcIneTAelIkareRbIR)as;rfynþGKÁisnI. cUrbgðajBI KuNsm,tiþnigKuNvibtiþrbs;rfynþGKÁisnI edayeRbobeFobCamYyrfynþEdleRbIR)as;ma:sIun cMehHxagkñúg.

110. cUrKNnasMBaFénGIuRdUEsn H2 (1atm) RtUvkarsMrab;rkSaefrlMnwgcMeBaHRbtikmµxageRkam enA 25ºC

Pb(s) + 2H+ (aq) ⇔ Pb2+(aq) + H2(g)

[Pb2+] = 0.035M , pH= 1.6. 111. bnÞHma:ejsüÚm(Mg) nigExSlYsTg;Edg(Cu) RtUv)anRtaMedayEpñkkñúgsUluysüúgGasIut- kørIRDic(HCl) kMhab;0.1M kñúgEkvebEs‘. elah³TaMgBIrenHRtUv)antPöab;xageRkAedayExS elah³mYyeTot. BBuHRtUv)aneKemIleXIjenAépÞxagelIénma:ejsüÚm(Mg) nigTg;Edg (Cu). a) cUrsresrsmIkartageGayRbtikmµEdlekItmancMeBaHelah³. b) etIPsþútagGVIxøHEdlbgðajfaTg;Edg Cu minrgGuksIutkmµeTACa Cu2+? c) kñúgeBlmYyenaH sUluysüúgs‘Ut (NaOH)RtUv)anbEnßmeTAkñúgEkvebEs‘edIm,IbnSab

GasIut HCl. eRkayBIbEnßm NaOH eKeXIjmankkrBN’sekIteLIg. etIkkrenaH CakkrGIV?

112. GaKuys½gásI-xül; bgðajBIkþIsgÇwmeRcInsMrab;rfynþGKÁisnIBIeRBaHvaman ma:sRsal ehIyvaGacsakCafIµ)an. Zn(s)+1/2O2(g) ZnO(s) a) sresrknøHsmIkarenAeGLicRtUts½gásI-xül; nigKNna emf sþg;darbs;GaKuyenA sItuNðPaB 25ºC. b) KNna emf eRkamlkçxNÐRbtibtiþkarBitenAeBlsMBaFedayEpñkrbs;GuksIuEsn esIµ 0.21 atm. c) cUrKNnadg;sIuetfamBl¬vas;CaKILÚs‘UlEdlGacTTYl)anBI 1Kg rbs;elah³¦ rbs;eGLicRtUts½gásI.

eGLicRtUKImI

19-63

d) ebIcrnþ 2.1 x 105A qøgkat;RbB½næGaKuys½gásI-xül; cUrKNnamaDxül;KitCa L

EdlRtUvkarsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;GaKuyerogral;vinaTI. snµtfasItuNðPaBKW25ºCnigsMBaFedayEpñk rbs;GuksIuEsnKW 0.21 atm. 113. cUrKNna EºsMrab;Rbtikmµ)art (Hg) CamYy³ a) 1M HCl b) 1M HNO3

etIGasIutmYyNaEdlnwgeFIVGuksIutkmµ)art Hg eTA Hg22+ eRkamlkçxNÐsþg;da?

etIGñkGackMnt;)anfa etIbMBg;sakmYyNapÞúk HNO3 nig Hg nigbMBg;sakmYyNapÞúk HCl nig Hg?

cMelIylMhatcMelIylMhatcMelIylMhatcMelIylMhat;;;;GnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþnGnuvtþn____³ ³ ³ ³ 1) 5Fe2+ + MnO4

- + 8H+ →5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O . 2) eT , 3) 0.34 V . 4) 1.1 x 10-42,

5) ∆ Gº = -4.1x 102 KJ. 6) RtUv. 7) 0.38 V . 8) GaNUt O2 nig katUt H2. 9) 2.0 x 104A.

cMelIylMhatcMelIylMhatcMelIylMhatcMelIylMhat;;;;³³³³ 2) (a) Mn2+ + H2O2 + 2OH- → MnO2 + 2H2O , (b) 2Bi(OH)3 + 3SnO2

2- → 2Bi + 3H2O + 3SnO3

2- , (c) Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 3C2O4

2- → 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7H2O, (d) 2Cl- +

2ClO3- + 4H+ → Cl2 + 2ClO2 + 2H2O 12) 2.46 V . 14) Cl2(g) nig MnO4

-(aq)

16) (a) nig (d) . 18) (a) Li , (b) H2, (c) Fe2+, (d) Br- 22) 0.368 V . 24) (a) -432 KJ

x 1075, (b) -104 KJ, 2 x 1018, (c) -178 KJ, 1 x 1031, (d) -1.27 x 103 KJ, 8 x 10211 . 26)

0.37 V, -36 KJ, 2 x 106 . 30) (a) 2.23 V, 2.23 V, -430 KJ, (b) 0.02 V, 0.04 V, -23 KJ

. 32) 0.083 V . 34) 0.01 V. 38) 1.09 V. 46) (b) 0.64 g 48) (a) $2.09 x 103, (b)

$2.46 x 103, (c) $4.70 x 103 . 50) (a) 0.14 F, (b) 0.121 F, (c) 0.1 F 52) (a) Ag+ + e-

→ Ag, (b) 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, (c) 6.0 x 102 C . 54) (a) 0.589 Cu, (b) 0.133 A

56) 2.3 h . 58) 9.66 x 104 C . 60) 0.0710 F. 62) 0.156 M . 64) 45.1% . 66) (b)

5.40%. 68) 0.231 mg Ca2+/ml Qam . 70) (a) 0.8 V, (b) 2Ag+ + H2 →2Ag + 2H+,

(c) (i) 0.92 V, (ii) 1.10 V, (d) dMeNIrkarrbs;BilCapH Em:Rt. 72) ]sµ½nkør manRbtikmµCa mYyTwk . 74) 2.5 x 102 h. 76) Hg2

2+. 78) [Mg2+] = 0.05 M, [Ag+] = 7 x 10-55 M,

CMBYk19

19-64

1.44 g . 80) (a) 0.206 L H2 , (b) 6.09 x 1023/mol. 82) (a) -1356.8 KJ, (b) 1.17 V. 84) +3. 86) 6.8 KJ, 0.064. 88) 1.4 A. 90) +4. 92) 1.60 x 10-19 C/e- . 94)

Bil)anbegIáteLIgeday Li/Li + nig F2/F eGaytMélGtibrma 5.92 V v:ul. 96) 2 x 1020.

98) 0.59 V. 100) (a) erdukmµb:Utg;EsülénGuksIuEsnminRKb;RKan;edIm,IGuksIutkmµ mas. (b) yes, (c) 2Au + 3F2 → 2AuF3. 102) [Fe2+]= 0.092 M , [Fe3+]= 0.068. 104) (b)

104 A .h, (c) 2.01 V ; 3.88 x 105 J. 106) (a) min)anpøas;bþÚr. (b) min)anpøas;bþÚr. (c)

kaer. (d) eTVdg. (e) eTVdg. 108) xaMøg . 110) 4.4 x 102 atm. 112) (a) Zn →Zn2+ +

2e-; 1/2O2 + 2e- → O2-, 1.65 V, (b) 1.63 V, (c) 4.87 x 103 KJ/Kg, (d) 62 L.

G a f ’ k M ) a M g K I m I

T w k k x V k ;

klk;CaGñkbBa©úHbBa©ÚleKnigCaGñkmancitþGMNt;. «etIGñkdwgeTfamanGIVenAkñúgTwkpwkrbs;Gñk?» Kat;sYr Tom. muneBlEdl Tom

GaceqøIy)an Kat;bnþfa «´sUmcg¥úlbgðajR)ab;Gñk». dMbUgKat;bMeBjEkvnUvTwk ma:suInkñúgpÞH)ay bnÞab;mkKat;)anbegáIt]bkrN_GKÁisnI EdlmanRbdab;sÞg;mYyKUnigGMBUl

Gñ

eGLicRtUKImI

19-65

ePøIgmYy. vahak;dUcCa]bkrN_sakl,gGKÁisnIsþg;daEdr. Kat;)anbBa©ÚlRbdab;sÞg;cUleTA kñúgTwk ehIyGMBUl)anbeBa©jBnøW. bnÞab;mkeTot Gñklk;cab;epþImcak;TwkBIkñúgfUrEdlman søak«Twkbit»cUleTAkñúgEkvmYyepSgeTot. eBlenH eBlEdlKat;bBa©ÚlRbdab;sÞg;cUleTA kñúgTwk GMBUlminPøWeT.

«l¥etIGñkGacBnül;)anBIPaBxusKñaEdrb¤eT?» Gñklk;emIleTA Tom edayjjwm ya:geCOCak;. «R)akdNas;» Tom )ancab;epþImrMlwkBiesaFn_EdlKat;)aneronenAviTüal½y CayUrqñaMmkfa «Twkma:sIunmansarFatuEr:EdlbNþaleGayva >>>»

«RtwmRtUv¡»Gñklk;)ankat;Rbsasn_. «b:uEnþ́ minTan;c,as;eTfaetIGñkdwgfaetITwk pwkrbs;RbeTs)anpþl;TukçeTasy:agdUcemþcenaHeT.» Kat;)anhuceGay Tom nUvkUnesovePA mYyEdlmancMNgeCIgfa «GBÖÚtehtuénTwkbit» ehIyGanEpñkEdleKsresrfa «lkçxNÐ ebHdUgGacCalT§plbNþalmkBImankMnkEr: »Gñklk;R)ab;eTA Tom.

«Twkma:sIunGacemIleTAføa eTaHbIeyIgdwgfavapÞúkFatuEr:rlayk¾eday. GIVEdlRbCa- CnmindwgenaH KWfavamansarFatuemIlmineXIj Edlb:HBal;dl;suxPaBrbs;eyIg. ´sUm GnuBaØatbgðajGñk». Gñklk;)anbnþeFIVkarbgðajR)ab;viFImYyepSgeTot. eBlenH Kat;begáIt ]bkrN_mYyEdlKat;ehAfa «]bkrN_begIátkkr (precipitator)» EdlmaneGLicRtUtFM² BIrP¢ab;eTAnwgRbGb;exµAmYy. Kat;)anniyay «sUmemIletImanGIVenAkñúgTwkma:sIunrbs;eyIg» eBlkMBugbMeBjEkvTwkmYyBIk,alma:sIun. Twkma:sIunemIleTAeLIgføanigsuT§l¥. Gñklk;)an s‘k]bkrN_begáItkkeTAkñúgqñab;crnþqøas;. kñúgry³eBlb:unµanvinaTIesaHBBuH)anelceLIgBI eGLicRtUtTaMgBIr. Twkma:sIunemIleTAmanBN’elOgRsal. ry³eBlBIrbInaTIBN’etñat)an ekIteLIgenAelIépÞrbs;Twk. bnÞab;15naTIEkvTwkeBjeTAedaykkr(precipitate)manBN’etñat eTA. EtenAeBlEdlKat;eFIVBiesaFn_dUcKñaenHCamYyTwkbitKWKµanGIVekIteLIgeT. Tom mineCOeT «GñkÉgcg;mann½yfa FatuBN’etñatexµAenH)anmkBITwkEdl´pwk b¤»«mkBIkEnøgNaeTot?»Gñklk;eqøIyedayjjwm. «GIVEdl]bkrN_begáItkkreFVIkarKW ykecjnUvral;elah³F¶n;nigsarFatuEdlmincg;)anepSgeTotTaMgGs;. Rkumh‘unrbs;́ plit ]bkrN_sMrab;bitTwkedayeRbITwkma:sIunsMrab;eFIVTwkbitEdlCaTwkEdlmansuvtßiPaBsMrab;pwk.

CMBYk19

19-66

sMrab;tMél600$én]bkrN_bitTwkGñknwgGacplitTwkbitEdlmantMélEtb:unµanesnb:ueNÑaH CMnYseGaycMNayluy 80esnsMrab;TwkmYykaLúg (gallon) BITIpSar.»

Tom RtUv)aneKlYgelamcitþ b:uEnþKat;)ansMerccitþrg;caMsin. munGVITaMgGs;luy 600$

KWeRcInNas;sMrab;TijeRKOgma:sIunkMbiuckMb:ukenHEdlKat;eXIjRtYs²enH. Kat;)ansMerccitþeTA suMeyabl;mitþPkþrbs;Kat;eQµaH Sarah CaRKUKImIenAviTüal½ykñúgRsukmuneBldak;edImTunTij ]bkrN_enaH. Gñklk;)ansnüaRtlb;mkvijkñúgry³eBlBIrbIéf¶eTot ehIy)anTuk]bkrN_ begIátkkrCamYy Tom EdlGaceGayKat;sakl,gemIlsin.

]]]]bkrNbkrNbkrNbkrN____begIátkkr begIátkkr begIátkkr begIátkkr (precipitator) EdlEdlEdlEdleGLicRtUteGLicRtUteGLicRtUteGLicRtUtRClkRClkRClkRClk;;;;kñúgTwkmakñúgTwkmakñúgTwkmakñúgTwkma:: ::sIunsIunsIunsIun. . . . xageqVgxageqVgxageqVgxageqVg³³³³ muneBlGKÁisnIviPaKmuneBlGKÁisnIviPaKmuneBlGKÁisnIviPaKmuneBlGKÁisnIviPaK ))))ancabancabancabancab;;;;epþImepþImepþImepþIm.... xagsþaMxagsþaMxagsþaMxagsþaM³³³³ 15151515naTIbnnaTIbnnaTIbnnaTIbn Þabababab;;;;GKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaKGKÁisnIviPaK))))ancabancabancabancab;;;;epþImepþImepþImepþIm.... sBasBasBasBaØØØØaRaRaRaR))))abababab;;;;lklklklkççççNNNN³³³³KImIKImIKImIKImI 1- bnÞab;BI Sarah )anBinitüemIl]bkrN_begáItkkr nag)ansnñidæanfa vaCa]bkrN_GKÁisn

IviPaKEdlbgáeLIgedayGIVEdlRsedognwgeGLicRtUtGaluymIj:Úm nigeGLicRtUtEdk. edayGKÁisnIviPaKminGacRbRBwtþeTACamYycrnþqøas;¬ehtuGIV)anCaGt;)an?¦ ]bkrN_begáIt kkrRtUvEtmanEpñkEktMrUv]bkrN_EdlbMEbgcrnþqøas;eTAcrnþCab;. ehtuGIV)anCaTwkeLIg kMedAya:gelOnkñúgeBlGKÁisnIviPaK?

eGLicRtUKImI

19-67

2- BIBN’etñaténplitplGKÁisnIviPaKnaMdl;karsnñidæanfa elah³NaedIrtYrCakatUtnig eGLicRtUtNaedIrtYCaGaNUt.

3- sresrRbtikmµTaMgGs;EdlGacekIteLIgenAGaNUtnigkatUt. Bnül;ehtuGIV)anCaGac manRbePTelIsBImYyénRbtikmµEdlekItmanenAelIeGLicRtUt.

4- kñúgkarviPaKsUluysüúg Sarah )anrkeXIjGaluymIj:Úm. esñITMrg;KYreGayeCO)an sMrab;GaluymIj:ÚmEdlmanGIuy:ug. etIlkçN³GVIrbs;GaluymIj:ÚmEdlbNþaleGayvaRtUv )anrlaykñúgsUluysüúg?

5- esñIeLIgkarsakl,gBIr EdlGacGHGagkarsnñidæanrbs; Sarah fakkrekIteLIgBIeGLic- RtUtminEmnBITwkma:sIuneT.

Chapter 19 Electrochemistry - WordPress.com

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 19 Electrochemistry - WordPress.com