Chapter 19
description
Transcript of Chapter 19
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EARLY LATIN AMERICA
Chapter 19
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Iberian Peninsula
Latin American lands provided valuable goods such as silver, gold, and crops
Iberians- Spanish and PortuguesePeninsula-consisted of Muslims and
Christians Christian Kingdoms
Portugal-Atlantic coast Aragon- East side of Peninsula Castile- Center of Peninsula
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Uniting the Empire
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Unify Spain Get rid of the religious and cultural division Granada- the last Muslim Kingdom in Iberian
Peninsula Isabella ordered Jews in her realm to either convert
to Christianity or leave 200,000 Jews leave (hurt the Castilian economy) 1942- Ferdinand and Isabella willing to support
Columbus (not Spanish) hoped to reach East Indies by sailing west. (the Granada war was over and the religious unification was established)
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Settling in Americas
Many commoners who settled in the Americas sought to recreate themselves as nobility with natives as their serfs
Slavery was already present in Spain so slave trade was extended to the Americas
Conquest- 3 periods 1. 1942-1570- main lines of administration and economy were
set out Human destruction and transforming new societies (p. 419 map)
2. 1570-1700- consolidation and maturity 3. 18th century- reform that strengthened the colonial
relationship to the Americas caused dissatisfaction and revolt
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Caribbean
First area of Spanish exploration and settlements
Set the model for other settlements in the Americas
After Columbus’ expedition- a return expedition the next year established a colony on the island Santo Domingo, or Hispaniola Puerto Rico (1508) Cuba (1511) 1513 settlements in Panama and northern coast of
South America
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Labor
Taino- people of the Caribbean provided surplus of labor
Encomienda- indigenous people granted to individual Spaniards for labor Use them for labor or to tax them Gold hunting, slaving and European diseases
depopulated the islands
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Conquests
50-500 menDone individully (with government approval)2 paths- 1 to Mexico and 1 to South AmericaHernan Cortes- 600 men to Mexico in search
of kingdom in center of land, took over Tenochtitlan
Moctezuma II- Aztec emperor, captured and killed
Able to defeat Aztecs by diseases, battle and aid from Aztec enemies
Mexico City
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Conquerors
Few were military menGave shares to those who were part of the
conquest. Shares not equal for all people (horses, family, friends got more)
Declared themselves as nobles Advantages of natives- horses, guns, steel
weaponsBy 1570- bureaucrats, merchants, and
colonists replaced conquerors
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New Spain- most of interior of Mexico dominated by the Spanish
Fransico Pizzaro- Inca empire (Peru)- est Lima
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado- southwest US up to Kansas (in search for gold)
Pedro de Valdivia- conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and est Santiago
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Spanish American Cities
Grid plan or checkerboard formTown hallMajor churchGovernor’s palace in the centerP.420 picture
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Depopulation
Immigration to Latin America (women and African slaves) turned an area of conquest into an area of settlement
Labor needs of the Islands, African slaves imported
Mistreatment and destruction of Native Americans
Bartolome de Las Casas- conquistador turned priest Tried to end abuses of natives
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Diseases
Small pox, influenza and measles War and diseases brought population in
central Mexico from 25 million to 2 millionThis decline matched the increase in
European livestock flourishing on newly created Spanish farms
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Exploitation of Indians
Mexico and Peru- indigenous nobility supported by Spanish authority remained as middle man to collect taxes or collect labor
Mita system- churches, roads, miningGold- Caribbean, Colombia, and ChileSilver-more than gold Mexico and Peru
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Heart of Silver
Potosi- modern day Bolivia- largest silver mine
Produced 80% of Peruvian silver first used NA slaves, then created labor draftMita mining systemExtracticed silver out of rock using mercuryHuancavelica- mountain of mercury “great marriage of Peru”
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Mines supplied by distant regions
Used supplies from neighboring regions for food, mules, clothing, coca leaves to stop hunger and ease the weariness with high altitudes
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Haciendas
Family owned rural estatesProduced grains, grapes, livestockNA provided laborProduced for consumers in Latin AmericaBecame basis for power are local aristocracy
in many regionsCoca and sugar (shipped to Europe)
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Self Sufficient Colonies
Ecuador, New Spain, and PeruSweatshops- produced by womenAmerica self sufficient- Europe only needed
for luxury itemsSpain restricted trading with other nations-
had to go through Spanish city SevilleRegistered ships, passengers, kept charts,
collected taxes Consulado- merchant guild of Seville, monopoly
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Shipping
Convoy systemTwo fleets sailed annually to trade goodsMet at Havana, CubaShips- galleons, large heavy armedTwo galleons would also sail from Manila in the
Philippines to Mexico loaded with Chinese silks, porcelain, and lacquer
Ports in Havana and Colombia provided shelter for treasure ships
Coast guardPirate raids
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Galleons
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Spanish Authority
American empire under rule of the crown based on the Pope.
Pope awarded West Indies to Castile to bring people into the Christian community
(Most Spanish conquistadors did not uphold this regulation)
Treaty of Tordesilla (1494) split spheres of influence between Portugal and Castile
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Bureaucratic System
Recopilacion- basis of Spanish laws in West IndiesKing ruled through Council of the Indies in SpainTwo viceroyalties- (Spanish colonial district) one
based in Mexico City and one in LimaViceroys- (direct representatives of the king) nobles
who represented the king Contained 10 judicial systems controlled by audiencias
(supreme court) Previous military experience
Local level- appointed magistrates applied the law, collected taxes, assigned the work of American communities
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Religious Structure
Franciscans, Dominicans and JesuitsWidespread conversion to Catholicism Took Pope’s declaration seriouslyCatholic church influenced architecture Printing press- religious texts and academic
textsSchools run by clergySor Juana Ines de la Cruz- author, poet,
musician. Welcomed at the court of the viceroy in Mexico City- gave up secular concerns to focus on faith
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Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
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Portuguese Colony
1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral- expedition to India but landed on coast of Brazil
Little attention to Brazil for 30 yearsPressure from French competitors 1532- coast cleared from competitorsSettlers set up colonies along coast
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Brazil Slave Economy
1600s7000 Slaves imported yearlyLeading sugar producerSocial hierarchy
White planters married local merchants and to few Portuguese bureaucrats
Bottom of society- slavesMissionaries
Jesuits – construction of churches and schools and net work of missions
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Fall of Sugar Boom
Competition for sugar lowered Brazilian economy
Dutch, English and French sugar coloniesPaulistas- Portuguese, traveled interior of
Brazil Started gold mining Minas Gerais- 1 of Brazil’s 26 states. Mountainous,
region for gold strikes People left coast line- Gold Rush Rio de Janeiro- colonial capital 1763, close to mines of
Mias Gerais Boost economy of Portugal
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Multiracial Societies
Indians, Europeans, AfricansEuropeans- conquerors, voluntary immigrantsIndians- conquered peopleAfricans- slavesMasters vs servantsChristians vs pagans
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Mixed Races
Indians Concubines and female servants Marriages with indigenous women were not unknown Few European women= mixing with Native population Mestizos- higher in social ranking
Slaves Slave owners sometimes exploited female slaves Sometimes freed their mulatto child
Result- large population of mixed backgroun
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Sociedad de castas
Sociedad de castas- race, and place of birth play a part in social ranking Whites on top Slaves, natives on bottom
People of mixed origins were known as castas 1650-5-10% of population 1750- 35-40% population
Peninsulares- those born in SpainCreoles- those born in New World
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Creoles
Dominated local economiesSaid legitimate Europeans (possibility of
Indian ancestry)Top in society but second under peninsularesStrong sense of self idenitity
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Spain Problems
Foreign warsIncreasing debtDecline in populationInternal revolts
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Spanish Probs
Threatened by growing monarchs in France, England
Since 16th century- English, French, Dutch ship raids
Could not take Mexico or Peru but Caribbean became a target
Buccaneers- no allegiance to anyone raiding Caribbean ports late 16th century
England took Jamaica-1654France took western Hispaniola (Haiti)Other islands fell too
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Silver payments decreasedColonies self sufficientAnnual fleet became irregularIncreasing control from local aristocrats in
coloniesBUT Spain kept its colonies for another
century
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Bourbon reforms
Charles II dies (no heir)Who will be king?Philip of Anjou- Bourbon, relative to king of
FranceWar of Spanish Succession- (1702-1713)
European powers Treaty of Utrecht
Recognized Bourbon family as rulers of Spain French merchants allowed to operate in Seville England trade slaves in Spanish America
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Philip V of Spain and the Duke of Vendôme commanded the Franco-Spanish charge at the Battle of Villaviciosa by Jean Alaux (1840).
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Bourbon Reforms
Make Spain more powerfulGovernment more effectiveAnyone opposed to new order would be
punished Jesuits- primary target
Alligence to Rome (Catholic)Creoles expelled from their bureaucratic
offices Revealed by Jose de Galvez’s 7 year investigations in
MexicoSpain and France allies- constantly at odds
with England
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Bourbon Reforms= elite upset
Control over economy Monopolies over essential items
Tobacco, gunpowderElites will become upset with Bourbon
reforms: Creoles Removed from government Created a militia with Creole officers opening of commerce
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Portugal Reforms
Marquis of Pombal- Prime Minister of Portugal
Influenced by English political techniquesWanted to strengthen royal authority in
BrazilFinancial reforms- eliminate smuggling goldDevelop Amazon regionExport cacao Cotton plantationsStopped slavery
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