Psychological Disorders Chapter 13. Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Section 1.
Chapter 18---Psychological Disorders
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Transcript of Chapter 18---Psychological Disorders
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CHAPTER 18---PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
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WHAT ARE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS? Behaviors patterns or mental
process that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life.
1/3 of all adults have experienced some type of psychological disorder.
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IDENTIFYING AND SYMPTOMS
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WHAT IS NORMAL? What is average for most people?
Laughing/ too much at nothing.
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PROBLEMS WITH DEFINING PSYCH DISORDERS The behavior of the majority is
not always wise or healthy Some Atypical behaviors are
eccentric (artistic geniuses) rather than indicative of a disorder
People with psych disorders usually do not differ much from “normal” people
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SYMPTOMSTypically what is most common not a good guide
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MALADAPTIVE impairs an individual’s ability to function in everyday life.
hazardous to oneself or others
alcohol and drug use
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EMOTIONAL DISCOMFORT anxiety and depression feelings of hopelessness,
extreme sadness, worthlessness, Guilt, thought of suicide severe emotional discomfort
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SOCIALLY UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR violates society’s accepted norms
cultural differences a problem
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CLASSIFYING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Change with each edition of the DSM
or diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
The 3rd DSM edition in 1980 psychological disorders have been categorized on the basis of observable signs and symptoms rather than presumed causes.
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ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS1. Identify three problems with defining
normal behaviors as the behavior displayed by the majority of people.
2. How have the criteria for the classisification of psychological disorders been arranged since 1980’s?
3. Give an example of a feeling or a behavior that would be considered normal in one circumstance but a sign of psychological disorder in a different circumstance.
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CHAPTER 18SECTION 2Anxiety Disorders
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ANXIETY DISORDERS A state of dread or uneasiness in response to a vague/ imagined danger
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CHARACTERIZED by Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, nervousness, concern for lost of control, inability to relax
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PHYSICAL SIGNS- trembling, sweating, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, increase blood pressure, flushed face, feeling of faintness/ light head
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PHOBIC DISORDERS (MOST COMMON)
Persistent, excessive, irrational fear, of a object or situation
Most common Types zoophobia—fear of animals claustrophobia—enclosed spaces acrophobia---heights arachnophobia---spiders Nomo-phobia- fear of losing your
cell phone
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SOCIAL PHOBIA- FEAR OF SOCIAL SITUATIONS Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia (50-
80% of phobic individuals)Panic attack (recurring and
unexpected) a short period of intense fear (1 min –
few hours) shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid hart
rate, sweating, choking, nausea, trembling, shaking,
going to die for no apparent reason
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Agoraphobia (common among
adults)
Generalized anxiety disorder
fear of being in places/ situations in which Impossible to escape
have panic attack by avoiding behaviors
excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances that lasts for at least 6 months
common anxiety disorder typically focus on
finances, work, interpersonal problems,
accidents or illness
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Obsessive-Compulsive
disorder (OCD)
Obsessions --unwanted thoughts ideas or mental images.
Compulsions---- repetitive ritual behaviors
cleaner, checkers, washers, Hoarders, repeaters, orderers.
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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER---CAUSED BY A TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE.
flash back, nightmares, numbness of feelings, avoidance increased tension causes- rape, severe child abuse,
assault, serve accident, airplane crash, natural
disasters, war experiences
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PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEWPsychoanalytic view
•Anxiety is the result of forbidden childhood urges that have been repressed. •When surfaced may become obsessions and compulsive behaviors
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Learning view Cognitive
Phobias are conditioned or learned in childhood
May occur from traumatic events
People make themselves feel anxious by responding negatively to most situations
Feel helpless to control what happens to them
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Biological viewsHeredity plays a role in most
psychological disorders
Interaction factors- both bio and psych together
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SECTION 2 REVIEW
1. How does anxiety differ from fear?
2. Describe the relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia.
3. Explain why studies of twins are important for determining whether a disorder has a biological basis.
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CHAPTER 18 SECTION 3DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
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DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS REFERS TO THE SEPARATION OF
CERTAIN PERSONILITY COMPPONENTS OR MENTAL PROCESSES FORM CONSCIOUS THOUGHT.
MAY LOSE THEIR MEMORY OF A PARTICULAR EVENT OR FORGET THEIR IDENTITY
OCCURS WHEN FACED WITH URGES OR EXPERIENCES THAT VERY STRESSFUL
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3 TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
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1. DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA Characterized by sudden lost of memory
following a stressful or traumatic event Typically can’t remember any events
that occurred for a certain period of time surrounding the traumatic event
May forget all prior experiences, personal information, own name, family and friends
May last a few hours or years No biologically explanation.
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2. DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE
Characterized by forgetting personal information and past events
Taking on a new identity relocating from home and new career
Usually follows a traumatic event When fugue ends will not remember
anything during the fugue state
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3.DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER Formerly called multiple personality
disorder Existence of 2 or more personalities Personalities may or may not be aware
of each other Personality: different (age, sex, health) Typically have suffered severe physical,
sexual, and/or psychological abuse.
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DEPERSONALIZATION DISORDERS Feeling of detachment from one’s
mental processes or body. Feeling outside of your body/ observing
yourself Common with other disorders Stressful event
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EXPLAINING DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
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PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW Dissociate in order to prepress
unacceptable urgesDissociative amnesia or fugue – forgets the
disturbing urgesDissociative identity –develops- new
personalities to take responsibility Depersonalization-goes outside of self away
from the turmoil within
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LEARNING VIEW Have learned not to think about
disturbing events in order to avoid shame, guilt, and pain
Dissociate themselves from stressful event
Reinforced by reduces anxiety when trauma is forgotten
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COGNITIVE / BIOLOGICAL VIEW No complete
explanation as of yet
At present there is no convincing evidence that either biological or genetic factors play a role
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SECTION 3 QUESTIONS1.Describe the four dissociative disorders.2. In some cultures people are
encouraged to go into trance like states. Should this type of dissociation be considered a sign of a psychological disorder? Why or why not?
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CHAPTER 18 SECTION 4Somatoform Disorders
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SOMATOFORM DISORDERS Expression of psychological distress
through physical symptoms Psychological problem along with
physical (paralysis)
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MALINGERING The conscious attempt to FAKE an
illness in order to avoid work, school, or other responsibilities
People with somatoform disorders do not fake their illness.
Honestly feel pain and paralysis
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6 TYPES OF SOMATOFORM
DISORDERS2 most common
Conversion disorder and Hypochondria
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CONVERSION DISORDER Experience change in or loss of physical
functioning in a major part of the body No known medical explanation Patient show little or no concern about
their symptoms.
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HYPOCHONDRIA Person’s unrealistic preoccupation with
thoughts of illness or disease. Maintains their erroneous belief despite
medical doctor
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EXPLAINING SOMATOFORM DISORDERSPsychological view Primarily psychological Repressing emotions associated with
forbidden urges/ expressed in physical symptoms
Compromise unconscious need to express feelings and fear of expressing them
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BIOLOGICAL VIEW Indications that biological and genetic
factors involved.
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SECTION 41. Define malingering. How does
somatization differ from malingering?2. How do conversion disorder and
hypochondriasis differ?3. How do you think learning theorists
might explain somatoform disorders? Do you agree with this type of explanation? Why or Why not?
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SECTION 5MOOD DISORDERS
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NORMAL UPS AND DOWNS Everyone experience life's ups/downs Some people experience mood changes
that seem inappropriate for or inconsistent with the situation to which they are responding.
Life is good= sadness Elated for no apparent reason Abnormal moods like these, you may
have a mood disorder.
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2 GENERAL CATEGORIES Depression
Feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness
Bipolar disorderCycles of mood
changesDepression----wild
elation
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7 types of mood disorders
divided into Depressive
and bipolar disorders
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MAJOR DEPRESSION-MOST COMMON Must experience at least 5 of the
following 9 symptoms for 2 wks/every day Depressed mood for most of the day Loss of interest pleasure in all things Weight loss/ gain Sleep more / less Change in physical and emotional reactions Fatigue/ loss of energy Feeling worthless/ guilty Inability to concentrate/ make decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
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SEVERELY DEPRESSED
Consumed by feelings of worthlessness of guilt
Calls for immediate treatment15% or more eventually commit suicide.
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BIPOLAR DISORDER/ ORMANIC DEPRESSION
Dramatic ups and downs in mood Period of mania or extreme excitement
Hyperactivity and chaotic behavior change to Depression very quickly no
apparent reason Traits
Inflated self-esteem Inability to sit stillPressure to keep talking and switching from
topic to topicRacing thoughtsDifficulty concentrating
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MANIC PHASE- VERY DISRUPTIVE Highly excited Act silly Argumentative Delusions about
their superior abilities
Others jealous of them
Hallucination hearing imaginary voices
Seeing things that are not there
Impulsive behaviors Quitting their jobs to
pursue wild dreams Spending sprees Foolish business
investments
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EXPLAINING MOOD DISORDERS Psychological View
Internalizes anger- directs to themselves Biological view
Has a genetic basis( chemical imbalance) 25 % have family members who have
moods disorders Learning View
Learned helplessness Cognitive View
Habitual style of explaining life events based on prior experiences
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SECTION 51. What is the difference between
depression and bipolar disorder?2. List five symptoms of major
depression.3. Describe and explain self-esteem, self-
efficacy and expectancy from the perspective of attribution theory.
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SECTION 6 SCHIZOPHRENIA
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SCHIZOPHRENIA Considered the most serious Typically Appears in young adulthood May occur suddenly Characterized by
- loss of contact with reality Linked to genetics No cure There is effective treatment
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SYMPTOMS Hallucinations Delusions Thought
disorders Auditory (voices) delusions of
grandeur (superior to others)
Persecution (paranoid)
Speech( disorganized confused)
Social withdraw Loss of social
skills Loss of normal
emotional responsiveness
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TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA Paranoid
Delusion of auditory hallucinations/ single theme
Grandeur-Jealousy- persecution-CIA after them
Disorganized Incoherent in their thought/
speech/delusions/ hallucinations/emotionless or show inappropriate emotions
CatatonicDisturbance of movement/ slow/ stupor
switching to agitation/ holds body positions
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EXPLAINING SCHIZOPHRENIA Psychological View
Overwhelming of the Ego by urges from the ID
Conflict fantasies confused with reality Biological View
A brains disorder/ frontal lobeBio risks- heredity complications during
pregnancy and birth
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Multi-factorial model of schizophreniaBiological and psychological factors interactGenetics create a vulnerability + trauma
could = schizophreniaOnce developed family environment can
negatively affect the disorderEnvironmental factors alone does not lead
to schizophrenia.
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SECTION 61. List four symptoms of schizophrenia.2. How does paranoid schizophrenia
differ from disorganized schizophrenia?3. Explain why a multi-factorial model of
schizophrenia may help in explaining the disorder?
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SECTION 7PERSONALITY DISORDERS
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PERSONALITY DISORDERS Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt
social life and work/ distress the person Late in adolescence/ affect thought
process, emotions and behavior Are enduring traits that are major
components of the individual’s personality
1-10% of the population (Antisocial personality disorder)
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TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS10 TYPES---4 DISCUSSED Paranoid personality disorder
Distrustful-suspicious of othersDifficult- argumentative, cold, aloof, view of
reality is distorted (isolated life) Schizoid personality disorder
No interest in relationship with peopleLack normal emotional responsivenessNo relationships-loners, few friends Do not have delusion or hallucinations
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Antisocial personality disorderPersistent behavior pattern of disregard/
violation of the right of other peopleDo not feel guilt or remorseChildhood---Hurt people and animals-stealAdulthood—recklessness, no job, breaks the
law Avoidant personality disorder
Want relationships/ fear and disapproval stops them
Shy, withdrawn,Always have social problems/ phobiasAll encompassing condition
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EXPLAINING PERSONALITY DISORDERS Psychological view
Lack of guilt/ failure of developing a conscious or super ego
Harsh punishment/ environment =lack of sense of guilt
experiences influence learning how to relate to people
No role models/ aggressive role models
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BIOLOGICAL VIEWGenetic\ runs in familiesFrontal part of the brain/emotionsFewer neurons than other peopleLess responsiveLess likely to show guilt for their misdeeds
Less likely to fear punishment
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SECTION 71.What is the major difference between
personality disorders and other psychological disorders they may resemble?
2. Describe three behaviors of an individual with avoidant personality disorder.
3. Why do you think people with antisocial personality disorder are often more difficult to treat than people with other ypes of personality disorders?
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ASSIGNMENTPAGE 432 Thinking critically (1-5)
PAGE 433 Interpreting graphs (1+2) Analyzing primary sources
(3+4)